core.c

/*
 * Performance events core code:
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 2008 Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
 *  Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Red Hat, Inc., Ingo Molnar
 *  Copyright (C) 2008-2011 Red Hat, Inc., Peter Zijlstra <pzijlstr@redhat.com>
 *  Copyright  ©  2009 Paul Mackerras, IBM Corp. <paulus@au1.ibm.com>
 *
 * For licensing details see kernel-base/COPYING
 */

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/idr.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/tick.h>
#include <linux/sysfs.h>
#include <linux/dcache.h>
#include <linux/percpu.h>
#include <linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/reboot.h>
#include <linux/vmstat.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/hardirq.h>
#include <linux/rculist.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/anon_inodes.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/ftrace_event.h>
#include <linux/hw_breakpoint.h>
#include <linux/mm_types.h>
#include <linux/cgroup.h>

#include "internal.h"

#include <asm/irq_regs.h>

struct remote_function_call {
	struct task_struct	*p;
	int			(*func)(void *info);
	void			*info;
	int			ret;
};

static void remote_function(void *data)
{
	struct remote_function_call *tfc = data;
	struct task_struct *p = tfc->p;

	if (p) {
		tfc->ret = -EAGAIN;
		if (task_cpu(p) != smp_processor_id() || !task_curr(p))
			return;
	}

	tfc->ret = tfc->func(tfc->info);
}

/**
 * task_function_call - call a function on the cpu on which a task runs
 * @p:		the task to evaluate
 * @func:	the function to be called
 * @info:	the function call argument
 *
 * Calls the function @func when the task is currently running. This might
 * be on the current CPU, which just calls the function directly
 *
 * returns: @func return value, or
 *	    -ESRCH  - when the process isn't running
 *	    -EAGAIN - when the process moved away
 */
static int
task_function_call(struct task_struct *p, int (*func) (void *info), void *info)
{
	struct remote_function_call data = {
		.p	= p,
		.func	= func,
		.info	= info,
		.ret	= -ESRCH, /* No such (running) process */
	};

	if (task_curr(p))
		smp_call_function_single(task_cpu(p), remote_function, &data, 1);

	return data.ret;
}

/**
 * cpu_function_call - call a function on the cpu
 * @func:	the function to be called
 * @info:	the function call argument
 *
 * Calls the function @func on the remote cpu.
 *
 * returns: @func return value or -ENXIO when the cpu is offline
 */
static int cpu_function_call(int cpu, int (*func) (void *info), void *info)
{
	struct remote_function_call data = {
		.p	= NULL,
		.func	= func,
		.info	= info,
		.ret	= -ENXIO, /* No such CPU */
	};

	smp_call_function_single(cpu, remote_function, &data, 1);

	return data.ret;
}

#define PERF_FLAG_ALL (PERF_FLAG_FD_NO_GROUP |\
		       PERF_FLAG_FD_OUTPUT  |\
		       PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP)

/*
 * branch priv levels that need permission checks
 */
#define PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PERM_PLM \
	(PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_KERNEL |\
	 PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_HV)

enum event_type_t {
	EVENT_FLEXIBLE = 0x1,
	EVENT_PINNED = 0x2,
	EVENT_ALL = EVENT_FLEXIBLE | EVENT_PINNED,
};

/*
 * perf_sched_events : >0 events exist
 * perf_cgroup_events: >0 per-cpu cgroup events exist on this cpu
 */
struct static_key_deferred perf_sched_events __read_mostly;
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(atomic_t, perf_cgroup_events);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(atomic_t, perf_branch_stack_events);

static atomic_t nr_mmap_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_comm_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_task_events __read_mostly;
static atomic_t nr_freq_events __read_mostly;

static LIST_HEAD(pmus);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(pmus_lock);
static struct srcu_struct pmus_srcu;

/*
 * perf event paranoia level:
 *  -1 - not paranoid at all
 *   0 - disallow raw tracepoint access for unpriv
 *   1 - disallow cpu events for unpriv
 *   2 - disallow kernel profiling for unpriv
 */
int sysctl_perf_event_paranoid __read_mostly = 1;

/* Minimum for 512 kiB + 1 user control page */
int sysctl_perf_event_mlock __read_mostly = 512 + (PAGE_SIZE / 1024); /* 'free' kiB per user */

/*
 * max perf event sample rate
 */
#define DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE		100000
#define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_PERIOD_NS	(NSEC_PER_SEC / DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE)
#define DEFAULT_CPU_TIME_MAX_PERCENT	25

int sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate __read_mostly	= DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE;

static int max_samples_per_tick __read_mostly	= DIV_ROUND_UP(DEFAULT_MAX_SAMPLE_RATE, HZ);
static int perf_sample_period_ns __read_mostly	= DEFAULT_SAMPLE_PERIOD_NS;

static atomic_t perf_sample_allowed_ns __read_mostly =
	ATOMIC_INIT( DEFAULT_SAMPLE_PERIOD_NS * DEFAULT_CPU_TIME_MAX_PERCENT / 100);

void update_perf_cpu_limits(void)
{
	u64 tmp = perf_sample_period_ns;

	tmp *= sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent;
	do_div(tmp, 100);
	atomic_set(&perf_sample_allowed_ns, tmp);
}

static int perf_rotate_context(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx);

int perf_proc_update_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
		void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp,
		loff_t *ppos)
{
	int ret = proc_dointvec(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);

	if (ret || !write)
		return ret;

	max_samples_per_tick = DIV_ROUND_UP(sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate, HZ);
	perf_sample_period_ns = NSEC_PER_SEC / sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate;
	update_perf_cpu_limits();

	return 0;
}

int sysctl_perf_cpu_time_max_percent __read_mostly = DEFAULT_CPU_TIME_MAX_PERCENT;

int perf_cpu_time_max_percent_handler(struct ctl_table *table, int write,
				void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp,
				loff_t *ppos)
{
	int ret = proc_dointvec(table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);

	if (ret || !write)
		return ret;

	update_perf_cpu_limits();

	return 0;
}

/*
 * perf samples are done in some very critical code paths (NMIs).
 * If they take too much CPU time, the system can lock up and not
 * get any real work done.  This will drop the sample rate when
 * we detect that events are taking too long.
 */
#define NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES 128
DEFINE_PER_CPU(u64, running_sample_length);

void perf_sample_event_took(u64 sample_len_ns)
{
	u64 avg_local_sample_len;
	u64 local_samples_len;

	if (atomic_read(&perf_sample_allowed_ns) == 0)
		return;

	/* decay the counter by 1 average sample */
	local_samples_len = __get_cpu_var(running_sample_length);
	local_samples_len -= local_samples_len/NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES;
	local_samples_len += sample_len_ns;
	__get_cpu_var(running_sample_length) = local_samples_len;

	/*
	 * note: this will be biased artifically low until we have
	 * seen NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES.  Doing it this way keeps us
	 * from having to maintain a count.
	 */
	avg_local_sample_len = local_samples_len/NR_ACCUMULATED_SAMPLES;

	if (avg_local_sample_len <= atomic_read(&perf_sample_allowed_ns))
		return;

	if (max_samples_per_tick <= 1)
		return;

	max_samples_per_tick = DIV_ROUND_UP(max_samples_per_tick, 2);
	sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate = max_samples_per_tick * HZ;
	perf_sample_period_ns = NSEC_PER_SEC / sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate;

	printk_ratelimited(KERN_WARNING
			"perf samples too long (%lld > %d), lowering "
			"kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to %d\n",
			avg_local_sample_len,
			atomic_read(&perf_sample_allowed_ns),
			sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate);

	update_perf_cpu_limits();
}

static atomic64_t perf_event_id;

static void cpu_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			      enum event_type_t event_type);

static void cpu_ctx_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			     enum event_type_t event_type,
			     struct task_struct *task);

static void update_context_time(struct perf_event_context *ctx);
static u64 perf_event_time(struct perf_event *event);

void __weak perf_event_print_debug(void)	{ }

extern __weak const char *perf_pmu_name(void)
{
	return "pmu";
}

static inline u64 perf_clock(void)
{
	return local_clock();
}

static inline struct perf_cpu_context *
__get_cpu_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	return this_cpu_ptr(ctx->pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
}

static void perf_ctx_lock(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			  struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	raw_spin_lock(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);
	if (ctx)
		raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
}

static void perf_ctx_unlock(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			    struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	if (ctx)
		raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
	raw_spin_unlock(&cpuctx->ctx.lock);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF

/*
 * perf_cgroup_info keeps track of time_enabled for a cgroup.
 * This is a per-cpu dynamically allocated data structure.
 */
struct perf_cgroup_info {
	u64				time;
	u64				timestamp;
};

struct perf_cgroup {
	struct cgroup_subsys_state	css;
	struct perf_cgroup_info	__percpu *info;
};

/*
 * Must ensure cgroup is pinned (css_get) before calling
 * this function. In other words, we cannot call this function
 * if there is no cgroup event for the current CPU context.
 */
static inline struct perf_cgroup *
perf_cgroup_from_task(struct task_struct *task)
{
	return container_of(task_css(task, perf_subsys_id),
			    struct perf_cgroup, css);
}

static inline bool
perf_cgroup_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);

	/* @event doesn't care about cgroup */
	if (!event->cgrp)
		return true;

	/* wants specific cgroup scope but @cpuctx isn't associated with any */
	if (!cpuctx->cgrp)
		return false;

	/*
	 * Cgroup scoping is recursive.  An event enabled for a cgroup is
	 * also enabled for all its descendant cgroups.  If @cpuctx's
	 * cgroup is a descendant of @event's (the test covers identity
	 * case), it's a match.
	 */
	return cgroup_is_descendant(cpuctx->cgrp->css.cgroup,
				    event->cgrp->css.cgroup);
}

static inline bool perf_tryget_cgroup(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return css_tryget(&event->cgrp->css);
}

static inline void perf_put_cgroup(struct perf_event *event)
{
	css_put(&event->cgrp->css);
}

static inline void perf_detach_cgroup(struct perf_event *event)
{
	perf_put_cgroup(event);
	event->cgrp = NULL;
}

static inline int is_cgroup_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return event->cgrp != NULL;
}

static inline u64 perf_cgroup_event_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_cgroup_info *t;

	t = per_cpu_ptr(event->cgrp->info, event->cpu);
	return t->time;
}

static inline void __update_cgrp_time(struct perf_cgroup *cgrp)
{
	struct perf_cgroup_info *info;
	u64 now;

	now = perf_clock();

	info = this_cpu_ptr(cgrp->info);

	info->time += now - info->timestamp;
	info->timestamp = now;
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp_out = cpuctx->cgrp;
	if (cgrp_out)
		__update_cgrp_time(cgrp_out);
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp;

	/*
	 * ensure we access cgroup data only when needed and
	 * when we know the cgroup is pinned (css_get)
	 */
	if (!is_cgroup_event(event))
		return;

	cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(current);
	/*
	 * Do not update time when cgroup is not active
	 */
	if (cgrp == event->cgrp)
		__update_cgrp_time(event->cgrp);
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(struct task_struct *task,
			  struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp;
	struct perf_cgroup_info *info;

	/*
	 * ctx->lock held by caller
	 * ensure we do not access cgroup data
	 * unless we have the cgroup pinned (css_get)
	 */
	if (!task || !ctx->nr_cgroups)
		return;

	cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(task);
	info = this_cpu_ptr(cgrp->info);
	info->timestamp = ctx->timestamp;
}

#define PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT	0x1 /* cgroup switch out every event */
#define PERF_CGROUP_SWIN	0x2 /* cgroup switch in events based on task */

/*
 * reschedule events based on the cgroup constraint of task.
 *
 * mode SWOUT : schedule out everything
 * mode SWIN : schedule in based on cgroup for next
 */
void perf_cgroup_switch(struct task_struct *task, int mode)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	struct pmu *pmu;
	unsigned long flags;

	/*
	 * disable interrupts to avoid geting nr_cgroup
	 * changes via __perf_event_disable(). Also
	 * avoids preemption.
	 */
	local_irq_save(flags);

	/*
	 * we reschedule only in the presence of cgroup
	 * constrained events.
	 */
	rcu_read_lock();

	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
		if (cpuctx->unique_pmu != pmu)
			continue; /* ensure we process each cpuctx once */

		/*
		 * perf_cgroup_events says at least one
		 * context on this CPU has cgroup events.
		 *
		 * ctx->nr_cgroups reports the number of cgroup
		 * events for a context.
		 */
		if (cpuctx->ctx.nr_cgroups > 0) {
			perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
			perf_pmu_disable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);

			if (mode & PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT) {
				cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_ALL);
				/*
				 * must not be done before ctxswout due
				 * to event_filter_match() in event_sched_out()
				 */
				cpuctx->cgrp = NULL;
			}

			if (mode & PERF_CGROUP_SWIN) {
				WARN_ON_ONCE(cpuctx->cgrp);
				/*
				 * set cgrp before ctxsw in to allow
				 * event_filter_match() to not have to pass
				 * task around
				 */
				cpuctx->cgrp = perf_cgroup_from_task(task);
				cpu_ctx_sched_in(cpuctx, EVENT_ALL, task);
			}
			perf_pmu_enable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
			perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
		}
	}

	rcu_read_unlock();

	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_out(struct task_struct *task,
					 struct task_struct *next)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp1;
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp2 = NULL;

	/*
	 * we come here when we know perf_cgroup_events > 0
	 */
	cgrp1 = perf_cgroup_from_task(task);

	/*
	 * next is NULL when called from perf_event_enable_on_exec()
	 * that will systematically cause a cgroup_switch()
	 */
	if (next)
		cgrp2 = perf_cgroup_from_task(next);

	/*
	 * only schedule out current cgroup events if we know
	 * that we are switching to a different cgroup. Otherwise,
	 * do no touch the cgroup events.
	 */
	if (cgrp1 != cgrp2)
		perf_cgroup_switch(task, PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT);
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
					struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp1;
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp2 = NULL;

	/*
	 * we come here when we know perf_cgroup_events > 0
	 */
	cgrp1 = perf_cgroup_from_task(task);

	/* prev can never be NULL */
	cgrp2 = perf_cgroup_from_task(prev);

	/*
	 * only need to schedule in cgroup events if we are changing
	 * cgroup during ctxsw. Cgroup events were not scheduled
	 * out of ctxsw out if that was not the case.
	 */
	if (cgrp1 != cgrp2)
		perf_cgroup_switch(task, PERF_CGROUP_SWIN);
}

static inline int perf_cgroup_connect(int fd, struct perf_event *event,
				      struct perf_event_attr *attr,
				      struct perf_event *group_leader)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *cgrp;
	struct cgroup_subsys_state *css;
	struct fd f = fdget(fd);
	int ret = 0;

	if (!f.file)
		return -EBADF;

	rcu_read_lock();

	css = css_from_dir(f.file->f_dentry, &perf_subsys);
	if (IS_ERR(css)) {
		ret = PTR_ERR(css);
		goto out;
	}

	cgrp = container_of(css, struct perf_cgroup, css);
	event->cgrp = cgrp;

	/* must be done before we fput() the file */
	if (!perf_tryget_cgroup(event)) {
		event->cgrp = NULL;
		ret = -ENOENT;
		goto out;
	}

	/*
	 * all events in a group must monitor
	 * the same cgroup because a task belongs
	 * to only one perf cgroup at a time
	 */
	if (group_leader && group_leader->cgrp != cgrp) {
		perf_detach_cgroup(event);
		ret = -EINVAL;
	}
out:
	rcu_read_unlock();
	fdput(f);
	return ret;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_shadow_time(struct perf_event *event, u64 now)
{
	struct perf_cgroup_info *t;
	t = per_cpu_ptr(event->cgrp->info, event->cpu);
	event->shadow_ctx_time = now - t->timestamp;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_defer_enabled(struct perf_event *event)
{
	/*
	 * when the current task's perf cgroup does not match
	 * the event's, we need to remember to call the
	 * perf_mark_enable() function the first time a task with
	 * a matching perf cgroup is scheduled in.
	 */
	if (is_cgroup_event(event) && !perf_cgroup_match(event))
		event->cgrp_defer_enabled = 1;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_mark_enabled(struct perf_event *event,
			 struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *sub;
	u64 tstamp = perf_event_time(event);

	if (!event->cgrp_defer_enabled)
		return;

	event->cgrp_defer_enabled = 0;

	event->tstamp_enabled = tstamp - event->total_time_enabled;
	list_for_each_entry(sub, &event->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		if (sub->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
			sub->tstamp_enabled = tstamp - sub->total_time_enabled;
			sub->cgrp_defer_enabled = 0;
		}
	}
}
#else /* !CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF */

static inline bool
perf_cgroup_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return true;
}

static inline void perf_detach_cgroup(struct perf_event *event)
{}

static inline int is_cgroup_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return 0;
}

static inline u64 perf_cgroup_event_cgrp_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return 0;
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

static inline void update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_out(struct task_struct *task,
					 struct task_struct *next)
{
}

static inline void perf_cgroup_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
					struct task_struct *task)
{
}

static inline int perf_cgroup_connect(pid_t pid, struct perf_event *event,
				      struct perf_event_attr *attr,
				      struct perf_event *group_leader)
{
	return -EINVAL;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(struct task_struct *task,
			  struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
}

void
perf_cgroup_switch(struct task_struct *task, struct task_struct *next)
{
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_set_shadow_time(struct perf_event *event, u64 now)
{
}

static inline u64 perf_cgroup_event_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return 0;
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_defer_enabled(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

static inline void
perf_cgroup_mark_enabled(struct perf_event *event,
			 struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
}
#endif

/*
 * set default to be dependent on timer tick just
 * like original code
 */
#define PERF_CPU_HRTIMER (1000 / HZ)
/*
 * function must be called with interrupts disbled
 */
static enum hrtimer_restart perf_cpu_hrtimer_handler(struct hrtimer *hr)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	enum hrtimer_restart ret = HRTIMER_NORESTART;
	int rotations = 0;

	WARN_ON(!irqs_disabled());

	cpuctx = container_of(hr, struct perf_cpu_context, hrtimer);

	rotations = perf_rotate_context(cpuctx);

	/*
	 * arm timer if needed
	 */
	if (rotations) {
		hrtimer_forward_now(hr, cpuctx->hrtimer_interval);
		ret = HRTIMER_RESTART;
	}

	return ret;
}

/* CPU is going down */
void perf_cpu_hrtimer_cancel(int cpu)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	struct pmu *pmu;
	unsigned long flags;

	if (WARN_ON(cpu != smp_processor_id()))
		return;

	local_irq_save(flags);

	rcu_read_lock();

	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);

		if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_sw_context)
			continue;

		hrtimer_cancel(&cpuctx->hrtimer);
	}

	rcu_read_unlock();

	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

static void __perf_cpu_hrtimer_init(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx, int cpu)
{
	struct hrtimer *hr = &cpuctx->hrtimer;
	struct pmu *pmu = cpuctx->ctx.pmu;
	int timer;

	/* no multiplexing needed for SW PMU */
	if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_sw_context)
		return;

	/*
	 * check default is sane, if not set then force to
	 * default interval (1/tick)
	 */
	timer = pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms;
	if (timer < 1)
		timer = pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms = PERF_CPU_HRTIMER;

	cpuctx->hrtimer_interval = ns_to_ktime(NSEC_PER_MSEC * timer);

	hrtimer_init(hr, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL_PINNED);
	hr->function = perf_cpu_hrtimer_handler;
}

static void perf_cpu_hrtimer_restart(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
	struct hrtimer *hr = &cpuctx->hrtimer;
	struct pmu *pmu = cpuctx->ctx.pmu;

	/* not for SW PMU */
	if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == perf_sw_context)
		return;

	if (hrtimer_active(hr))
		return;

	if (!hrtimer_callback_running(hr))
		__hrtimer_start_range_ns(hr, cpuctx->hrtimer_interval,
					 0, HRTIMER_MODE_REL_PINNED, 0);
}

void perf_pmu_disable(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	int *count = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
	if (!(*count)++)
		pmu->pmu_disable(pmu);
}

void perf_pmu_enable(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	int *count = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
	if (!--(*count))
		pmu->pmu_enable(pmu);
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct list_head, rotation_list);

/*
 * perf_pmu_rotate_start() and perf_rotate_context() are fully serialized
 * because they're strictly cpu affine and rotate_start is called with IRQs
 * disabled, while rotate_context is called from IRQ context.
 */
static void perf_pmu_rotate_start(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
	struct list_head *head = &__get_cpu_var(rotation_list);

	WARN_ON(!irqs_disabled());

	if (list_empty(&cpuctx->rotation_list))
		list_add(&cpuctx->rotation_list, head);
}

static void get_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	WARN_ON(!atomic_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount));
}

static void put_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	if (atomic_dec_and_test(&ctx->refcount)) {
		if (ctx->parent_ctx)
			put_ctx(ctx->parent_ctx);
		if (ctx->task)
			put_task_struct(ctx->task);
		kfree_rcu(ctx, rcu_head);
	}
}

static void unclone_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	if (ctx->parent_ctx) {
		put_ctx(ctx->parent_ctx);
		ctx->parent_ctx = NULL;
	}
}

static u32 perf_event_pid(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *p)
{
	/*
	 * only top level events have the pid namespace they were created in
	 */
	if (event->parent)
		event = event->parent;

	return task_tgid_nr_ns(p, event->ns);
}

static u32 perf_event_tid(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *p)
{
	/*
	 * only top level events have the pid namespace they were created in
	 */
	if (event->parent)
		event = event->parent;

	return task_pid_nr_ns(p, event->ns);
}

/*
 * If we inherit events we want to return the parent event id
 * to userspace.
 */
static u64 primary_event_id(struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 id = event->id;

	if (event->parent)
		id = event->parent->id;

	return id;
}

/*
 * Get the perf_event_context for a task and lock it.
 * This has to cope with with the fact that until it is locked,
 * the context could get moved to another task.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
perf_lock_task_context(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn, unsigned long *flags)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;

retry:
	/*
	 * One of the few rules of preemptible RCU is that one cannot do
	 * rcu_read_unlock() while holding a scheduler (or nested) lock when
	 * part of the read side critical section was preemptible -- see
	 * rcu_read_unlock_special().
	 *
	 * Since ctx->lock nests under rq->lock we must ensure the entire read
	 * side critical section is non-preemptible.
	 */
	preempt_disable();
	rcu_read_lock();
	ctx = rcu_dereference(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
	if (ctx) {
		/*
		 * If this context is a clone of another, it might
		 * get swapped for another underneath us by
		 * perf_event_task_sched_out, though the
		 * rcu_read_lock() protects us from any context
		 * getting freed.  Lock the context and check if it
		 * got swapped before we could get the lock, and retry
		 * if so.  If we locked the right context, then it
		 * can't get swapped on us any more.
		 */
		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, *flags);
		if (ctx != rcu_dereference(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn])) {
			raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, *flags);
			rcu_read_unlock();
			preempt_enable();
			goto retry;
		}

		if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&ctx->refcount)) {
			raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, *flags);
			ctx = NULL;
		}
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
	preempt_enable();
	return ctx;
}

/*
 * Get the context for a task and increment its pin_count so it
 * can't get swapped to another task.  This also increments its
 * reference count so that the context can't get freed.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
perf_pin_task_context(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	unsigned long flags;

	ctx = perf_lock_task_context(task, ctxn, &flags);
	if (ctx) {
		++ctx->pin_count;
		raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
	}
	return ctx;
}

static void perf_unpin_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);
	--ctx->pin_count;
	raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
}

/*
 * Update the record of the current time in a context.
 */
static void update_context_time(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	u64 now = perf_clock();

	ctx->time += now - ctx->timestamp;
	ctx->timestamp = now;
}

static u64 perf_event_time(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		return perf_cgroup_event_time(event);

	return ctx ? ctx->time : 0;
}

/*
 * Update the total_time_enabled and total_time_running fields for a event.
 * The caller of this function needs to hold the ctx->lock.
 */
static void update_event_times(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	u64 run_end;

	if (event->state < PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE ||
	    event->group_leader->state < PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
		return;
	/*
	 * in cgroup mode, time_enabled represents
	 * the time the event was enabled AND active
	 * tasks were in the monitored cgroup. This is
	 * independent of the activity of the context as
	 * there may be a mix of cgroup and non-cgroup events.
	 *
	 * That is why we treat cgroup events differently
	 * here.
	 */
	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		run_end = perf_cgroup_event_time(event);
	else if (ctx->is_active)
		run_end = ctx->time;
	else
		run_end = event->tstamp_stopped;

	event->total_time_enabled = run_end - event->tstamp_enabled;

	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
		run_end = event->tstamp_stopped;
	else
		run_end = perf_event_time(event);

	event->total_time_running = run_end - event->tstamp_running;

}

/*
 * Update total_time_enabled and total_time_running for all events in a group.
 */
static void update_group_times(struct perf_event *leader)
{
	struct perf_event *event;

	update_event_times(leader);
	list_for_each_entry(event, &leader->sibling_list, group_entry)
		update_event_times(event);
}

static struct list_head *
ctx_group_list(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	if (event->attr.pinned)
		return &ctx->pinned_groups;
	else
		return &ctx->flexible_groups;
}

/*
 * Add a event from the lists for its context.
 * Must be called with ctx->mutex and ctx->lock held.
 */
static void
list_add_event(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	WARN_ON_ONCE(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT);
	event->attach_state |= PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT;

	/*
	 * If we're a stand alone event or group leader, we go to the context
	 * list, group events are kept attached to the group so that
	 * perf_group_detach can, at all times, locate all siblings.
	 */
	if (event->group_leader == event) {
		struct list_head *list;

		if (is_software_event(event))
			event->group_flags |= PERF_GROUP_SOFTWARE;

		list = ctx_group_list(event, ctx);
		list_add_tail(&event->group_entry, list);
	}

	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		ctx->nr_cgroups++;

	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		ctx->nr_branch_stack++;

	list_add_rcu(&event->event_entry, &ctx->event_list);
	if (!ctx->nr_events)
		perf_pmu_rotate_start(ctx->pmu);
	ctx->nr_events++;
	if (event->attr.inherit_stat)
		ctx->nr_stat++;
}

/*
 * Initialize event state based on the perf_event_attr::disabled.
 */
static inline void perf_event__state_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
	event->state = event->attr.disabled ? PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF :
					      PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
}

/*
 * Called at perf_event creation and when events are attached/detached from a
 * group.
 */
static void perf_event__read_size(struct perf_event *event)
{
	int entry = sizeof(u64); /* value */
	int size = 0;
	int nr = 1;

	if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
		size += sizeof(u64);

	if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
		size += sizeof(u64);

	if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
		entry += sizeof(u64);

	if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP) {
		nr += event->group_leader->nr_siblings;
		size += sizeof(u64);
	}

	size += entry * nr;
	event->read_size = size;
}

static void perf_event__header_size(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_sample_data *data;
	u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;
	u16 size = 0;

	perf_event__read_size(event);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP)
		size += sizeof(data->ip);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR)
		size += sizeof(data->addr);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD)
		size += sizeof(data->period);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT)
		size += sizeof(data->weight);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_READ)
		size += event->read_size;

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC)
		size += sizeof(data->data_src.val);

	event->header_size = size;
}

static void perf_event__id_header_size(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_sample_data *data;
	u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;
	u16 size = 0;

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID)
		size += sizeof(data->tid_entry);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
		size += sizeof(data->time);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER)
		size += sizeof(data->id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID)
		size += sizeof(data->id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
		size += sizeof(data->stream_id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU)
		size += sizeof(data->cpu_entry);

	event->id_header_size = size;
}

static void perf_group_attach(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event *group_leader = event->group_leader, *pos;

	/*
	 * We can have double attach due to group movement in perf_event_open.
	 */
	if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_GROUP)
		return;

	event->attach_state |= PERF_ATTACH_GROUP;

	if (group_leader == event)
		return;

	if (group_leader->group_flags & PERF_GROUP_SOFTWARE &&
			!is_software_event(event))
		group_leader->group_flags &= ~PERF_GROUP_SOFTWARE;

	list_add_tail(&event->group_entry, &group_leader->sibling_list);
	group_leader->nr_siblings++;

	perf_event__header_size(group_leader);

	list_for_each_entry(pos, &group_leader->sibling_list, group_entry)
		perf_event__header_size(pos);
}

/*
 * Remove a event from the lists for its context.
 * Must be called with ctx->mutex and ctx->lock held.
 */
static void
list_del_event(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	/*
	 * We can have double detach due to exit/hot-unplug + close.
	 */
	if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT))
		return;

	event->attach_state &= ~PERF_ATTACH_CONTEXT;

	if (is_cgroup_event(event)) {
		ctx->nr_cgroups--;
		cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
		/*
		 * if there are no more cgroup events
		 * then cler cgrp to avoid stale pointer
		 * in update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx()
		 */
		if (!ctx->nr_cgroups)
			cpuctx->cgrp = NULL;
	}

	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		ctx->nr_branch_stack--;

	ctx->nr_events--;
	if (event->attr.inherit_stat)
		ctx->nr_stat--;

	list_del_rcu(&event->event_entry);

	if (event->group_leader == event)
		list_del_init(&event->group_entry);

	update_group_times(event);

	/*
	 * If event was in error state, then keep it
	 * that way, otherwise bogus counts will be
	 * returned on read(). The only way to get out
	 * of error state is by explicit re-enabling
	 * of the event
	 */
	if (event->state > PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
		event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;
}

static void perf_group_detach(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event *sibling, *tmp;
	struct list_head *list = NULL;

	/*
	 * We can have double detach due to exit/hot-unplug + close.
	 */
	if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_GROUP))
		return;

	event->attach_state &= ~PERF_ATTACH_GROUP;

	/*
	 * If this is a sibling, remove it from its group.
	 */
	if (event->group_leader != event) {
		list_del_init(&event->group_entry);
		event->group_leader->nr_siblings--;
		goto out;
	}

	if (!list_empty(&event->group_entry))
		list = &event->group_entry;

	/*
	 * If this was a group event with sibling events then
	 * upgrade the siblings to singleton events by adding them
	 * to whatever list we are on.
	 */
	list_for_each_entry_safe(sibling, tmp, &event->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		if (list)
			list_move_tail(&sibling->group_entry, list);
		sibling->group_leader = sibling;

		/* Inherit group flags from the previous leader */
		sibling->group_flags = event->group_flags;
	}

out:
	perf_event__header_size(event->group_leader);

	list_for_each_entry(tmp, &event->group_leader->sibling_list, group_entry)
		perf_event__header_size(tmp);
}

static inline int
event_filter_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return (event->cpu == -1 || event->cpu == smp_processor_id())
	    && perf_cgroup_match(event);
}

static void
event_sched_out(struct perf_event *event,
		  struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
		  struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	u64 tstamp = perf_event_time(event);
	u64 delta;
	/*
	 * An event which could not be activated because of
	 * filter mismatch still needs to have its timings
	 * maintained, otherwise bogus information is return
	 * via read() for time_enabled, time_running:
	 */
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE
	    && !event_filter_match(event)) {
		delta = tstamp - event->tstamp_stopped;
		event->tstamp_running += delta;
		event->tstamp_stopped = tstamp;
	}

	if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
		return;

	event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
	if (event->pending_disable) {
		event->pending_disable = 0;
		event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;
	}
	event->tstamp_stopped = tstamp;
	event->pmu->del(event, 0);
	event->oncpu = -1;

	if (!is_software_event(event))
		cpuctx->active_oncpu--;
	ctx->nr_active--;
	if (event->attr.freq && event->attr.sample_freq)
		ctx->nr_freq--;
	if (event->attr.exclusive || !cpuctx->active_oncpu)
		cpuctx->exclusive = 0;
}

static void
group_sched_out(struct perf_event *group_event,
		struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
		struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *event;
	int state = group_event->state;

	event_sched_out(group_event, cpuctx, ctx);

	/*
	 * Schedule out siblings (if any):
	 */
	list_for_each_entry(event, &group_event->sibling_list, group_entry)
		event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);

	if (state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE && group_event->attr.exclusive)
		cpuctx->exclusive = 0;
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to remove a performance event
 *
 * We disable the event on the hardware level first. After that we
 * remove it from the context list.
 */
static int __perf_remove_from_context(void *info)
{
	struct perf_event *event = info;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);

	raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
	event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
	list_del_event(event, ctx);
	if (!ctx->nr_events && cpuctx->task_ctx == ctx) {
		ctx->is_active = 0;
		cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL;
	}
	raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);

	return 0;
}


/*
 * Remove the event from a task's (or a CPU's) list of events.
 *
 * CPU events are removed with a smp call. For task events we only
 * call when the task is on a CPU.
 *
 * If event->ctx is a cloned context, callers must make sure that
 * every task struct that event->ctx->task could possibly point to
 * remains valid.  This is OK when called from perf_release since
 * that only calls us on the top-level context, which can't be a clone.
 * When called from perf_event_exit_task, it's OK because the
 * context has been detached from its task.
 */
static void perf_remove_from_context(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct task_struct *task = ctx->task;

	lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

	if (!task) {
		/*
		 * Per cpu events are removed via an smp call and
		 * the removal is always successful.
		 */
		cpu_function_call(event->cpu, __perf_remove_from_context, event);
		return;
	}

retry:
	if (!task_function_call(task, __perf_remove_from_context, event))
		return;

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	/*
	 * If we failed to find a running task, but find the context active now
	 * that we've acquired the ctx->lock, retry.
	 */
	if (ctx->is_active) {
		raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
		goto retry;
	}

	/*
	 * Since the task isn't running, its safe to remove the event, us
	 * holding the ctx->lock ensures the task won't get scheduled in.
	 */
	list_del_event(event, ctx);
	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to disable a performance event
 */
int __perf_event_disable(void *info)
{
	struct perf_event *event = info;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);

	/*
	 * If this is a per-task event, need to check whether this
	 * event's task is the current task on this cpu.
	 *
	 * Can trigger due to concurrent perf_event_context_sched_out()
	 * flipping contexts around.
	 */
	if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx)
		return -EINVAL;

	raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);

	/*
	 * If the event is on, turn it off.
	 * If it is in error state, leave it in error state.
	 */
	if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
		update_context_time(ctx);
		update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);
		update_group_times(event);
		if (event == event->group_leader)
			group_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
		else
			event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
		event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;
	}

	raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Disable a event.
 *
 * If event->ctx is a cloned context, callers must make sure that
 * every task struct that event->ctx->task could possibly point to
 * remains valid.  This condition is satisifed when called through
 * perf_event_for_each_child or perf_event_for_each because they
 * hold the top-level event's child_mutex, so any descendant that
 * goes to exit will block in sync_child_event.
 * When called from perf_pending_event it's OK because event->ctx
 * is the current context on this CPU and preemption is disabled,
 * hence we can't get into perf_event_task_sched_out for this context.
 */
void perf_event_disable(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct task_struct *task = ctx->task;

	if (!task) {
		/*
		 * Disable the event on the cpu that it's on
		 */
		cpu_function_call(event->cpu, __perf_event_disable, event);
		return;
	}

retry:
	if (!task_function_call(task, __perf_event_disable, event))
		return;

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	/*
	 * If the event is still active, we need to retry the cross-call.
	 */
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE) {
		raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
		/*
		 * Reload the task pointer, it might have been changed by
		 * a concurrent perf_event_context_sched_out().
		 */
		task = ctx->task;
		goto retry;
	}

	/*
	 * Since we have the lock this context can't be scheduled
	 * in, so we can change the state safely.
	 */
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
		update_group_times(event);
		event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;
	}
	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_disable);

static void perf_set_shadow_time(struct perf_event *event,
				 struct perf_event_context *ctx,
				 u64 tstamp)
{
	/*
	 * use the correct time source for the time snapshot
	 *
	 * We could get by without this by leveraging the
	 * fact that to get to this function, the caller
	 * has most likely already called update_context_time()
	 * and update_cgrp_time_xx() and thus both timestamp
	 * are identical (or very close). Given that tstamp is,
	 * already adjusted for cgroup, we could say that:
	 *    tstamp - ctx->timestamp
	 * is equivalent to
	 *    tstamp - cgrp->timestamp.
	 *
	 * Then, in perf_output_read(), the calculation would
	 * work with no changes because:
	 * - event is guaranteed scheduled in
	 * - no scheduled out in between
	 * - thus the timestamp would be the same
	 *
	 * But this is a bit hairy.
	 *
	 * So instead, we have an explicit cgroup call to remain
	 * within the time time source all along. We believe it
	 * is cleaner and simpler to understand.
	 */
	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		perf_cgroup_set_shadow_time(event, tstamp);
	else
		event->shadow_ctx_time = tstamp - ctx->timestamp;
}

#define MAX_INTERRUPTS (~0ULL)

static void perf_log_throttle(struct perf_event *event, int enable);

static int
event_sched_in(struct perf_event *event,
		 struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
		 struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	u64 tstamp = perf_event_time(event);

	if (event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
		return 0;

	event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE;
	event->oncpu = smp_processor_id();

	/*
	 * Unthrottle events, since we scheduled we might have missed several
	 * ticks already, also for a heavily scheduling task there is little
	 * guarantee it'll get a tick in a timely manner.
	 */
	if (unlikely(event->hw.interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS)) {
		perf_log_throttle(event, 1);
		event->hw.interrupts = 0;
	}

	/*
	 * The new state must be visible before we turn it on in the hardware:
	 */
	smp_wmb();

	if (event->pmu->add(event, PERF_EF_START)) {
		event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
		event->oncpu = -1;
		return -EAGAIN;
	}

	event->tstamp_running += tstamp - event->tstamp_stopped;

	perf_set_shadow_time(event, ctx, tstamp);

	if (!is_software_event(event))
		cpuctx->active_oncpu++;
	ctx->nr_active++;
	if (event->attr.freq && event->attr.sample_freq)
		ctx->nr_freq++;

	if (event->attr.exclusive)
		cpuctx->exclusive = 1;

	return 0;
}

static int
group_sched_in(struct perf_event *group_event,
	       struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
	       struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *event, *partial_group = NULL;
	struct pmu *pmu = group_event->pmu;
	u64 now = ctx->time;
	bool simulate = false;

	if (group_event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
		return 0;

	pmu->start_txn(pmu);

	if (event_sched_in(group_event, cpuctx, ctx)) {
		pmu->cancel_txn(pmu);
		perf_cpu_hrtimer_restart(cpuctx);
		return -EAGAIN;
	}

	/*
	 * Schedule in siblings as one group (if any):
	 */
	list_for_each_entry(event, &group_event->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		if (event_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx)) {
			partial_group = event;
			goto group_error;
		}
	}

	if (!pmu->commit_txn(pmu))
		return 0;

group_error:
	/*
	 * Groups can be scheduled in as one unit only, so undo any
	 * partial group before returning:
	 * The events up to the failed event are scheduled out normally,
	 * tstamp_stopped will be updated.
	 *
	 * The failed events and the remaining siblings need to have
	 * their timings updated as if they had gone thru event_sched_in()
	 * and event_sched_out(). This is required to get consistent timings
	 * across the group. This also takes care of the case where the group
	 * could never be scheduled by ensuring tstamp_stopped is set to mark
	 * the time the event was actually stopped, such that time delta
	 * calculation in update_event_times() is correct.
	 */
	list_for_each_entry(event, &group_event->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		if (event == partial_group)
			simulate = true;

		if (simulate) {
			event->tstamp_running += now - event->tstamp_stopped;
			event->tstamp_stopped = now;
		} else {
			event_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
		}
	}
	event_sched_out(group_event, cpuctx, ctx);

	pmu->cancel_txn(pmu);

	perf_cpu_hrtimer_restart(cpuctx);

	return -EAGAIN;
}

/*
 * Work out whether we can put this event group on the CPU now.
 */
static int group_can_go_on(struct perf_event *event,
			   struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			   int can_add_hw)
{
	/*
	 * Groups consisting entirely of software events can always go on.
	 */
	if (event->group_flags & PERF_GROUP_SOFTWARE)
		return 1;
	/*
	 * If an exclusive group is already on, no other hardware
	 * events can go on.
	 */
	if (cpuctx->exclusive)
		return 0;
	/*
	 * If this group is exclusive and there are already
	 * events on the CPU, it can't go on.
	 */
	if (event->attr.exclusive && cpuctx->active_oncpu)
		return 0;
	/*
	 * Otherwise, try to add it if all previous groups were able
	 * to go on.
	 */
	return can_add_hw;
}

static void add_event_to_ctx(struct perf_event *event,
			       struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	u64 tstamp = perf_event_time(event);

	list_add_event(event, ctx);
	perf_group_attach(event);
	event->tstamp_enabled = tstamp;
	event->tstamp_running = tstamp;
	event->tstamp_stopped = tstamp;
}

static void task_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_event_context *ctx);
static void
ctx_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
	     struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
	     enum event_type_t event_type,
	     struct task_struct *task);

static void perf_event_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
				struct perf_event_context *ctx,
				struct task_struct *task)
{
	cpu_ctx_sched_in(cpuctx, EVENT_PINNED, task);
	if (ctx)
		ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_PINNED, task);
	cpu_ctx_sched_in(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE, task);
	if (ctx)
		ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE, task);
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to install and enable a performance event
 *
 * Must be called with ctx->mutex held
 */
static int  __perf_install_in_context(void *info)
{
	struct perf_event *event = info;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
	struct perf_event_context *task_ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
	struct task_struct *task = current;

	perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, task_ctx);
	perf_pmu_disable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);

	/*
	 * If there was an active task_ctx schedule it out.
	 */
	if (task_ctx)
		task_ctx_sched_out(task_ctx);

	/*
	 * If the context we're installing events in is not the
	 * active task_ctx, flip them.
	 */
	if (ctx->task && task_ctx != ctx) {
		if (task_ctx)
			raw_spin_unlock(&task_ctx->lock);
		raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
		task_ctx = ctx;
	}

	if (task_ctx) {
		cpuctx->task_ctx = task_ctx;
		task = task_ctx->task;
	}

	cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_ALL);

	update_context_time(ctx);
	/*
	 * update cgrp time only if current cgrp
	 * matches event->cgrp. Must be done before
	 * calling add_event_to_ctx()
	 */
	update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);

	add_event_to_ctx(event, ctx);

	/*
	 * Schedule everything back in
	 */
	perf_event_sched_in(cpuctx, task_ctx, task);

	perf_pmu_enable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
	perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, task_ctx);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Attach a performance event to a context
 *
 * First we add the event to the list with the hardware enable bit
 * in event->hw_config cleared.
 *
 * If the event is attached to a task which is on a CPU we use a smp
 * call to enable it in the task context. The task might have been
 * scheduled away, but we check this in the smp call again.
 */
static void
perf_install_in_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
			struct perf_event *event,
			int cpu)
{
	struct task_struct *task = ctx->task;

	lockdep_assert_held(&ctx->mutex);

	event->ctx = ctx;
	if (event->cpu != -1)
		event->cpu = cpu;

	if (!task) {
		/*
		 * Per cpu events are installed via an smp call and
		 * the install is always successful.
		 */
		cpu_function_call(cpu, __perf_install_in_context, event);
		return;
	}

retry:
	if (!task_function_call(task, __perf_install_in_context, event))
		return;

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	/*
	 * If we failed to find a running task, but find the context active now
	 * that we've acquired the ctx->lock, retry.
	 */
	if (ctx->is_active) {
		raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
		goto retry;
	}

	/*
	 * Since the task isn't running, its safe to add the event, us holding
	 * the ctx->lock ensures the task won't get scheduled in.
	 */
	add_event_to_ctx(event, ctx);
	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
}

/*
 * Put a event into inactive state and update time fields.
 * Enabling the leader of a group effectively enables all
 * the group members that aren't explicitly disabled, so we
 * have to update their ->tstamp_enabled also.
 * Note: this works for group members as well as group leaders
 * since the non-leader members' sibling_lists will be empty.
 */
static void __perf_event_mark_enabled(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event *sub;
	u64 tstamp = perf_event_time(event);

	event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
	event->tstamp_enabled = tstamp - event->total_time_enabled;
	list_for_each_entry(sub, &event->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		if (sub->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
			sub->tstamp_enabled = tstamp - sub->total_time_enabled;
	}
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to enable a performance event
 */
static int __perf_event_enable(void *info)
{
	struct perf_event *event = info;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
	int err;

	/*
	 * There's a time window between 'ctx->is_active' check
	 * in perf_event_enable function and this place having:
	 *   - IRQs on
	 *   - ctx->lock unlocked
	 *
	 * where the task could be killed and 'ctx' deactivated
	 * by perf_event_exit_task.
	 */
	if (!ctx->is_active)
		return -EINVAL;

	raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
	update_context_time(ctx);

	if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
		goto unlock;

	/*
	 * set current task's cgroup time reference point
	 */
	perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(current, ctx);

	__perf_event_mark_enabled(event);

	if (!event_filter_match(event)) {
		if (is_cgroup_event(event))
			perf_cgroup_defer_enabled(event);
		goto unlock;
	}

	/*
	 * If the event is in a group and isn't the group leader,
	 * then don't put it on unless the group is on.
	 */
	if (leader != event && leader->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
		goto unlock;

	if (!group_can_go_on(event, cpuctx, 1)) {
		err = -EEXIST;
	} else {
		if (event == leader)
			err = group_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx);
		else
			err = event_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx);
	}

	if (err) {
		/*
		 * If this event can't go on and it's part of a
		 * group, then the whole group has to come off.
		 */
		if (leader != event) {
			group_sched_out(leader, cpuctx, ctx);
			perf_cpu_hrtimer_restart(cpuctx);
		}
		if (leader->attr.pinned) {
			update_group_times(leader);
			leader->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR;
		}
	}

unlock:
	raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Enable a event.
 *
 * If event->ctx is a cloned context, callers must make sure that
 * every task struct that event->ctx->task could possibly point to
 * remains valid.  This condition is satisfied when called through
 * perf_event_for_each_child or perf_event_for_each as described
 * for perf_event_disable.
 */
void perf_event_enable(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct task_struct *task = ctx->task;

	if (!task) {
		/*
		 * Enable the event on the cpu that it's on
		 */
		cpu_function_call(event->cpu, __perf_event_enable, event);
		return;
	}

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * If the event is in error state, clear that first.
	 * That way, if we see the event in error state below, we
	 * know that it has gone back into error state, as distinct
	 * from the task having been scheduled away before the
	 * cross-call arrived.
	 */
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR)
		event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;

retry:
	if (!ctx->is_active) {
		__perf_event_mark_enabled(event);
		goto out;
	}

	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);

	if (!task_function_call(task, __perf_event_enable, event))
		return;

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);

	/*
	 * If the context is active and the event is still off,
	 * we need to retry the cross-call.
	 */
	if (ctx->is_active && event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF) {
		/*
		 * task could have been flipped by a concurrent
		 * perf_event_context_sched_out()
		 */
		task = ctx->task;
		goto retry;
	}

out:
	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_enable);

int perf_event_refresh(struct perf_event *event, int refresh)
{
	/*
	 * not supported on inherited events
	 */
	if (event->attr.inherit || !is_sampling_event(event))
		return -EINVAL;

	atomic_add(refresh, &event->event_limit);
	perf_event_enable(event);

	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_refresh);

static void ctx_sched_out(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
			  struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			  enum event_type_t event_type)
{
	struct perf_event *event;
	int is_active = ctx->is_active;

	ctx->is_active &= ~event_type;
	if (likely(!ctx->nr_events))
		return;

	update_context_time(ctx);
	update_cgrp_time_from_cpuctx(cpuctx);
	if (!ctx->nr_active)
		return;

	perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);
	if ((is_active & EVENT_PINNED) && (event_type & EVENT_PINNED)) {
		list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->pinned_groups, group_entry)
			group_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
	}

	if ((is_active & EVENT_FLEXIBLE) && (event_type & EVENT_FLEXIBLE)) {
		list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->flexible_groups, group_entry)
			group_sched_out(event, cpuctx, ctx);
	}
	perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);
}

/*
 * Test whether two contexts are equivalent, i.e. whether they
 * have both been cloned from the same version of the same context
 * and they both have the same number of enabled events.
 * If the number of enabled events is the same, then the set
 * of enabled events should be the same, because these are both
 * inherited contexts, therefore we can't access individual events
 * in them directly with an fd; we can only enable/disable all
 * events via prctl, or enable/disable all events in a family
 * via ioctl, which will have the same effect on both contexts.
 */
static int context_equiv(struct perf_event_context *ctx1,
			 struct perf_event_context *ctx2)
{
	return ctx1->parent_ctx && ctx1->parent_ctx == ctx2->parent_ctx
		&& ctx1->parent_gen == ctx2->parent_gen
		&& !ctx1->pin_count && !ctx2->pin_count;
}

static void __perf_event_sync_stat(struct perf_event *event,
				     struct perf_event *next_event)
{
	u64 value;

	if (!event->attr.inherit_stat)
		return;

	/*
	 * Update the event value, we cannot use perf_event_read()
	 * because we're in the middle of a context switch and have IRQs
	 * disabled, which upsets smp_call_function_single(), however
	 * we know the event must be on the current CPU, therefore we
	 * don't need to use it.
	 */
	switch (event->state) {
	case PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE:
		event->pmu->read(event);
		/* fall-through */

	case PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE:
		update_event_times(event);
		break;

	default:
		break;
	}

	/*
	 * In order to keep per-task stats reliable we need to flip the event
	 * values when we flip the contexts.
	 */
	value = local64_read(&next_event->count);
	value = local64_xchg(&event->count, value);
	local64_set(&next_event->count, value);

	swap(event->total_time_enabled, next_event->total_time_enabled);
	swap(event->total_time_running, next_event->total_time_running);

	/*
	 * Since we swizzled the values, update the user visible data too.
	 */
	perf_event_update_userpage(event);
	perf_event_update_userpage(next_event);
}

#define list_next_entry(pos, member) \
	list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member)

static void perf_event_sync_stat(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
				   struct perf_event_context *next_ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *event, *next_event;

	if (!ctx->nr_stat)
		return;

	update_context_time(ctx);

	event = list_first_entry(&ctx->event_list,
				   struct perf_event, event_entry);

	next_event = list_first_entry(&next_ctx->event_list,
					struct perf_event, event_entry);

	while (&event->event_entry != &ctx->event_list &&
	       &next_event->event_entry != &next_ctx->event_list) {

		__perf_event_sync_stat(event, next_event);

		event = list_next_entry(event, event_entry);
		next_event = list_next_entry(next_event, event_entry);
	}
}

static void perf_event_context_sched_out(struct task_struct *task, int ctxn,
					 struct task_struct *next)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
	struct perf_event_context *next_ctx;
	struct perf_event_context *parent;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	int do_switch = 1;

	if (likely(!ctx))
		return;

	cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
	if (!cpuctx->task_ctx)
		return;

	rcu_read_lock();
	parent = rcu_dereference(ctx->parent_ctx);
	next_ctx = next->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
	if (parent && next_ctx &&
	    rcu_dereference(next_ctx->parent_ctx) == parent) {
		/*
		 * Looks like the two contexts are clones, so we might be
		 * able to optimize the context switch.  We lock both
		 * contexts and check that they are clones under the
		 * lock (including re-checking that neither has been
		 * uncloned in the meantime).  It doesn't matter which
		 * order we take the locks because no other cpu could
		 * be trying to lock both of these tasks.
		 */
		raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
		raw_spin_lock_nested(&next_ctx->lock, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
		if (context_equiv(ctx, next_ctx)) {
			/*
			 * XXX do we need a memory barrier of sorts
			 * wrt to rcu_dereference() of perf_event_ctxp
			 */
			task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn] = next_ctx;
			next->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn] = ctx;
			ctx->task = next;
			next_ctx->task = task;
			do_switch = 0;

			perf_event_sync_stat(ctx, next_ctx);
		}
		raw_spin_unlock(&next_ctx->lock);
		raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();

	if (do_switch) {
		raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
		ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_ALL);
		cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL;
		raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
	}
}

#define for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)					\
	for ((ctxn) = 0; (ctxn) < perf_nr_task_contexts; (ctxn)++)

/*
 * Called from scheduler to remove the events of the current task,
 * with interrupts disabled.
 *
 * We stop each event and update the event value in event->count.
 *
 * This does not protect us against NMI, but disable()
 * sets the disabled bit in the control field of event _before_
 * accessing the event control register. If a NMI hits, then it will
 * not restart the event.
 */
void __perf_event_task_sched_out(struct task_struct *task,
				 struct task_struct *next)
{
	int ctxn;

	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)
		perf_event_context_sched_out(task, ctxn, next);

	/*
	 * if cgroup events exist on this CPU, then we need
	 * to check if we have to switch out PMU state.
	 * cgroup event are system-wide mode only
	 */
	if (atomic_read(&__get_cpu_var(perf_cgroup_events)))
		perf_cgroup_sched_out(task, next);
}

static void task_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);

	if (!cpuctx->task_ctx)
		return;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx != cpuctx->task_ctx))
		return;

	ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_ALL);
	cpuctx->task_ctx = NULL;
}

/*
 * Called with IRQs disabled
 */
static void cpu_ctx_sched_out(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			      enum event_type_t event_type)
{
	ctx_sched_out(&cpuctx->ctx, cpuctx, event_type);
}

static void
ctx_pinned_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
		    struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
	struct perf_event *event;

	list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->pinned_groups, group_entry) {
		if (event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
			continue;
		if (!event_filter_match(event))
			continue;

		/* may need to reset tstamp_enabled */
		if (is_cgroup_event(event))
			perf_cgroup_mark_enabled(event, ctx);

		if (group_can_go_on(event, cpuctx, 1))
			group_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx);

		/*
		 * If this pinned group hasn't been scheduled,
		 * put it in error state.
		 */
		if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
			update_group_times(event);
			event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR;
		}
	}
}

static void
ctx_flexible_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
		      struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
	struct perf_event *event;
	int can_add_hw = 1;

	list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->flexible_groups, group_entry) {
		/* Ignore events in OFF or ERROR state */
		if (event->state <= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
			continue;
		/*
		 * Listen to the 'cpu' scheduling filter constraint
		 * of events:
		 */
		if (!event_filter_match(event))
			continue;

		/* may need to reset tstamp_enabled */
		if (is_cgroup_event(event))
			perf_cgroup_mark_enabled(event, ctx);

		if (group_can_go_on(event, cpuctx, can_add_hw)) {
			if (group_sched_in(event, cpuctx, ctx))
				can_add_hw = 0;
		}
	}
}

static void
ctx_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
	     struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
	     enum event_type_t event_type,
	     struct task_struct *task)
{
	u64 now;
	int is_active = ctx->is_active;

	ctx->is_active |= event_type;
	if (likely(!ctx->nr_events))
		return;

	now = perf_clock();
	ctx->timestamp = now;
	perf_cgroup_set_timestamp(task, ctx);
	/*
	 * First go through the list and put on any pinned groups
	 * in order to give them the best chance of going on.
	 */
	if (!(is_active & EVENT_PINNED) && (event_type & EVENT_PINNED))
		ctx_pinned_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx);

	/* Then walk through the lower prio flexible groups */
	if (!(is_active & EVENT_FLEXIBLE) && (event_type & EVENT_FLEXIBLE))
		ctx_flexible_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx);
}

static void cpu_ctx_sched_in(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx,
			     enum event_type_t event_type,
			     struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;

	ctx_sched_in(ctx, cpuctx, event_type, task);
}

static void perf_event_context_sched_in(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
					struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

	cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);
	if (cpuctx->task_ctx == ctx)
		return;

	perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, ctx);
	perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);
	/*
	 * We want to keep the following priority order:
	 * cpu pinned (that don't need to move), task pinned,
	 * cpu flexible, task flexible.
	 */
	cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);

	if (ctx->nr_events)
		cpuctx->task_ctx = ctx;

	perf_event_sched_in(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx, task);

	perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);
	perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, ctx);

	/*
	 * Since these rotations are per-cpu, we need to ensure the
	 * cpu-context we got scheduled on is actually rotating.
	 */
	perf_pmu_rotate_start(ctx->pmu);
}

/*
 * When sampling the branck stack in system-wide, it may be necessary
 * to flush the stack on context switch. This happens when the branch
 * stack does not tag its entries with the pid of the current task.
 * Otherwise it becomes impossible to associate a branch entry with a
 * task. This ambiguity is more likely to appear when the branch stack
 * supports priv level filtering and the user sets it to monitor only
 * at the user level (which could be a useful measurement in system-wide
 * mode). In that case, the risk is high of having a branch stack with
 * branch from multiple tasks. Flushing may mean dropping the existing
 * entries or stashing them somewhere in the PMU specific code layer.
 *
 * This function provides the context switch callback to the lower code
 * layer. It is invoked ONLY when there is at least one system-wide context
 * with at least one active event using taken branch sampling.
 */
static void perf_branch_stack_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
				       struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	struct pmu *pmu;
	unsigned long flags;

	/* no need to flush branch stack if not changing task */
	if (prev == task)
		return;

	local_irq_save(flags);

	rcu_read_lock();

	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);

		/*
		 * check if the context has at least one
		 * event using PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK
		 */
		if (cpuctx->ctx.nr_branch_stack > 0
		    && pmu->flush_branch_stack) {

			pmu = cpuctx->ctx.pmu;

			perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);

			perf_pmu_disable(pmu);

			pmu->flush_branch_stack();

			perf_pmu_enable(pmu);

			perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
		}
	}

	rcu_read_unlock();

	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * Called from scheduler to add the events of the current task
 * with interrupts disabled.
 *
 * We restore the event value and then enable it.
 *
 * This does not protect us against NMI, but enable()
 * sets the enabled bit in the control field of event _before_
 * accessing the event control register. If a NMI hits, then it will
 * keep the event running.
 */
void __perf_event_task_sched_in(struct task_struct *prev,
				struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	int ctxn;

	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
		ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
		if (likely(!ctx))
			continue;

		perf_event_context_sched_in(ctx, task);
	}
	/*
	 * if cgroup events exist on this CPU, then we need
	 * to check if we have to switch in PMU state.
	 * cgroup event are system-wide mode only
	 */
	if (atomic_read(&__get_cpu_var(perf_cgroup_events)))
		perf_cgroup_sched_in(prev, task);

	/* check for system-wide branch_stack events */
	if (atomic_read(&__get_cpu_var(perf_branch_stack_events)))
		perf_branch_stack_sched_in(prev, task);
}

static u64 perf_calculate_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 nsec, u64 count)
{
	u64 frequency = event->attr.sample_freq;
	u64 sec = NSEC_PER_SEC;
	u64 divisor, dividend;

	int count_fls, nsec_fls, frequency_fls, sec_fls;

	count_fls = fls64(count);
	nsec_fls = fls64(nsec);
	frequency_fls = fls64(frequency);
	sec_fls = 30;

	/*
	 * We got @count in @nsec, with a target of sample_freq HZ
	 * the target period becomes:
	 *
	 *             @count * 10^9
	 * period = -------------------
	 *          @nsec * sample_freq
	 *
	 */

	/*
	 * Reduce accuracy by one bit such that @a and @b converge
	 * to a similar magnitude.
	 */
#define REDUCE_FLS(a, b)		\
do {					\
	if (a##_fls > b##_fls) {	\
		a >>= 1;		\
		a##_fls--;		\
	} else {			\
		b >>= 1;		\
		b##_fls--;		\
	}				\
} while (0)

	/*
	 * Reduce accuracy until either term fits in a u64, then proceed with
	 * the other, so that finally we can do a u64/u64 division.
	 */
	while (count_fls + sec_fls > 64 && nsec_fls + frequency_fls > 64) {
		REDUCE_FLS(nsec, frequency);
		REDUCE_FLS(sec, count);
	}

	if (count_fls + sec_fls > 64) {
		divisor = nsec * frequency;

		while (count_fls + sec_fls > 64) {
			REDUCE_FLS(count, sec);
			divisor >>= 1;
		}

		dividend = count * sec;
	} else {
		dividend = count * sec;

		while (nsec_fls + frequency_fls > 64) {
			REDUCE_FLS(nsec, frequency);
			dividend >>= 1;
		}

		divisor = nsec * frequency;
	}

	if (!divisor)
		return dividend;

	return div64_u64(dividend, divisor);
}

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, perf_throttled_count);
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(u64, perf_throttled_seq);

static void perf_adjust_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 nsec, u64 count, bool disable)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
	s64 period, sample_period;
	s64 delta;

	period = perf_calculate_period(event, nsec, count);

	delta = (s64)(period - hwc->sample_period);
	delta = (delta + 7) / 8; /* low pass filter */

	sample_period = hwc->sample_period + delta;

	if (!sample_period)
		sample_period = 1;

	hwc->sample_period = sample_period;

	if (local64_read(&hwc->period_left) > 8*sample_period) {
		if (disable)
			event->pmu->stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);

		local64_set(&hwc->period_left, 0);

		if (disable)
			event->pmu->start(event, PERF_EF_RELOAD);
	}
}

/*
 * combine freq adjustment with unthrottling to avoid two passes over the
 * events. At the same time, make sure, having freq events does not change
 * the rate of unthrottling as that would introduce bias.
 */
static void perf_adjust_freq_unthr_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
					   int needs_unthr)
{
	struct perf_event *event;
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc;
	u64 now, period = TICK_NSEC;
	s64 delta;

	/*
	 * only need to iterate over all events iff:
	 * - context have events in frequency mode (needs freq adjust)
	 * - there are events to unthrottle on this cpu
	 */
	if (!(ctx->nr_freq || needs_unthr))
		return;

	raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
	perf_pmu_disable(ctx->pmu);

	list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
		if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
			continue;

		if (!event_filter_match(event))
			continue;

		hwc = &event->hw;

		if (hwc->interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS) {
			hwc->interrupts = 0;
			perf_log_throttle(event, 1);
			event->pmu->start(event, 0);
		}

		if (!event->attr.freq || !event->attr.sample_freq)
			continue;

		/*
		 * stop the event and update event->count
		 */
		event->pmu->stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);

		now = local64_read(&event->count);
		delta = now - hwc->freq_count_stamp;
		hwc->freq_count_stamp = now;

		/*
		 * restart the event
		 * reload only if value has changed
		 * we have stopped the event so tell that
		 * to perf_adjust_period() to avoid stopping it
		 * twice.
		 */
		if (delta > 0)
			perf_adjust_period(event, period, delta, false);

		event->pmu->start(event, delta > 0 ? PERF_EF_RELOAD : 0);
	}

	perf_pmu_enable(ctx->pmu);
	raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
}

/*
 * Round-robin a context's events:
 */
static void rotate_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	/*
	 * Rotate the first entry last of non-pinned groups. Rotation might be
	 * disabled by the inheritance code.
	 */
	if (!ctx->rotate_disable)
		list_rotate_left(&ctx->flexible_groups);
}

/*
 * perf_pmu_rotate_start() and perf_rotate_context() are fully serialized
 * because they're strictly cpu affine and rotate_start is called with IRQs
 * disabled, while rotate_context is called from IRQ context.
 */
static int perf_rotate_context(struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = NULL;
	int rotate = 0, remove = 1;

	if (cpuctx->ctx.nr_events) {
		remove = 0;
		if (cpuctx->ctx.nr_events != cpuctx->ctx.nr_active)
			rotate = 1;
	}

	ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
	if (ctx && ctx->nr_events) {
		remove = 0;
		if (ctx->nr_events != ctx->nr_active)
			rotate = 1;
	}

	if (!rotate)
		goto done;

	perf_ctx_lock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
	perf_pmu_disable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);

	cpu_ctx_sched_out(cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);
	if (ctx)
		ctx_sched_out(ctx, cpuctx, EVENT_FLEXIBLE);

	rotate_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx);
	if (ctx)
		rotate_ctx(ctx);

	perf_event_sched_in(cpuctx, ctx, current);

	perf_pmu_enable(cpuctx->ctx.pmu);
	perf_ctx_unlock(cpuctx, cpuctx->task_ctx);
done:
	if (remove)
		list_del_init(&cpuctx->rotation_list);

	return rotate;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
bool perf_event_can_stop_tick(void)
{
	if (atomic_read(&nr_freq_events) ||
	    __this_cpu_read(perf_throttled_count))
		return false;
	else
		return true;
}
#endif

void perf_event_task_tick(void)
{
	struct list_head *head = &__get_cpu_var(rotation_list);
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx, *tmp;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	int throttled;

	WARN_ON(!irqs_disabled());

	__this_cpu_inc(perf_throttled_seq);
	throttled = __this_cpu_xchg(perf_throttled_count, 0);

	list_for_each_entry_safe(cpuctx, tmp, head, rotation_list) {
		ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;
		perf_adjust_freq_unthr_context(ctx, throttled);

		ctx = cpuctx->task_ctx;
		if (ctx)
			perf_adjust_freq_unthr_context(ctx, throttled);
	}
}

static int event_enable_on_exec(struct perf_event *event,
				struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	if (!event->attr.enable_on_exec)
		return 0;

	event->attr.enable_on_exec = 0;
	if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
		return 0;

	__perf_event_mark_enabled(event);

	return 1;
}

/*
 * Enable all of a task's events that have been marked enable-on-exec.
 * This expects task == current.
 */
static void perf_event_enable_on_exec(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *event;
	unsigned long flags;
	int enabled = 0;
	int ret;

	local_irq_save(flags);
	if (!ctx || !ctx->nr_events)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * We must ctxsw out cgroup events to avoid conflict
	 * when invoking perf_task_event_sched_in() later on
	 * in this function. Otherwise we end up trying to
	 * ctxswin cgroup events which are already scheduled
	 * in.
	 */
	perf_cgroup_sched_out(current, NULL);

	raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
	task_ctx_sched_out(ctx);

	list_for_each_entry(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
		ret = event_enable_on_exec(event, ctx);
		if (ret)
			enabled = 1;
	}

	/*
	 * Unclone this context if we enabled any event.
	 */
	if (enabled)
		unclone_ctx(ctx);

	raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);

	/*
	 * Also calls ctxswin for cgroup events, if any:
	 */
	perf_event_context_sched_in(ctx, ctx->task);
out:
	local_irq_restore(flags);
}

/*
 * Cross CPU call to read the hardware event
 */
static void __perf_event_read(void *info)
{
	struct perf_event *event = info;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = __get_cpu_context(ctx);

	/*
	 * If this is a task context, we need to check whether it is
	 * the current task context of this cpu.  If not it has been
	 * scheduled out before the smp call arrived.  In that case
	 * event->count would have been updated to a recent sample
	 * when the event was scheduled out.
	 */
	if (ctx->task && cpuctx->task_ctx != ctx)
		return;

	raw_spin_lock(&ctx->lock);
	if (ctx->is_active) {
		update_context_time(ctx);
		update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);
	}
	update_event_times(event);
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
		event->pmu->read(event);
	raw_spin_unlock(&ctx->lock);
}

static inline u64 perf_event_count(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return local64_read(&event->count) + atomic64_read(&event->child_count);
}

static u64 perf_event_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
	/*
	 * If event is enabled and currently active on a CPU, update the
	 * value in the event structure:
	 */
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE) {
		smp_call_function_single(event->oncpu,
					 __perf_event_read, event, 1);
	} else if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE) {
		struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
		unsigned long flags;

		raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&ctx->lock, flags);
		/*
		 * may read while context is not active
		 * (e.g., thread is blocked), in that case
		 * we cannot update context time
		 */
		if (ctx->is_active) {
			update_context_time(ctx);
			update_cgrp_time_from_event(event);
		}
		update_event_times(event);
		raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
	}

	return perf_event_count(event);
}

/*
 * Initialize the perf_event context in a task_struct:
 */
static void __perf_event_init_context(struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	raw_spin_lock_init(&ctx->lock);
	mutex_init(&ctx->mutex);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->pinned_groups);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->flexible_groups);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&ctx->event_list);
	atomic_set(&ctx->refcount, 1);
}

static struct perf_event_context *
alloc_perf_context(struct pmu *pmu, struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;

	ctx = kzalloc(sizeof(struct perf_event_context), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!ctx)
		return NULL;

	__perf_event_init_context(ctx);
	if (task) {
		ctx->task = task;
		get_task_struct(task);
	}
	ctx->pmu = pmu;

	return ctx;
}

static struct task_struct *
find_lively_task_by_vpid(pid_t vpid)
{
	struct task_struct *task;
	int err;

	rcu_read_lock();
	if (!vpid)
		task = current;
	else
		task = find_task_by_vpid(vpid);
	if (task)
		get_task_struct(task);
	rcu_read_unlock();

	if (!task)
		return ERR_PTR(-ESRCH);

	/* Reuse ptrace permission checks for now. */
	err = -EACCES;
	if (!ptrace_may_access(task, PTRACE_MODE_READ))
		goto errout;

	return task;
errout:
	put_task_struct(task);
	return ERR_PTR(err);

}

/*
 * Returns a matching context with refcount and pincount.
 */
static struct perf_event_context *
find_get_context(struct pmu *pmu, struct task_struct *task, int cpu)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	unsigned long flags;
	int ctxn, err;

	if (!task) {
		/* Must be root to operate on a CPU event: */
		if (perf_paranoid_cpu() && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
			return ERR_PTR(-EACCES);

		/*
		 * We could be clever and allow to attach a event to an
		 * offline CPU and activate it when the CPU comes up, but
		 * that's for later.
		 */
		if (!cpu_online(cpu))
			return ERR_PTR(-ENODEV);

		cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
		ctx = &cpuctx->ctx;
		get_ctx(ctx);
		++ctx->pin_count;

		return ctx;
	}

	err = -EINVAL;
	ctxn = pmu->task_ctx_nr;
	if (ctxn < 0)
		goto errout;

retry:
	ctx = perf_lock_task_context(task, ctxn, &flags);
	if (ctx) {
		unclone_ctx(ctx);
		++ctx->pin_count;
		raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ctx->lock, flags);
	} else {
		ctx = alloc_perf_context(pmu, task);
		err = -ENOMEM;
		if (!ctx)
			goto errout;

		err = 0;
		mutex_lock(&task->perf_event_mutex);
		/*
		 * If it has already passed perf_event_exit_task().
		 * we must see PF_EXITING, it takes this mutex too.
		 */
		if (task->flags & PF_EXITING)
			err = -ESRCH;
		else if (task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn])
			err = -EAGAIN;
		else {
			get_ctx(ctx);
			++ctx->pin_count;
			rcu_assign_pointer(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn], ctx);
		}
		mutex_unlock(&task->perf_event_mutex);

		if (unlikely(err)) {
			put_ctx(ctx);

			if (err == -EAGAIN)
				goto retry;
			goto errout;
		}
	}

	return ctx;

errout:
	return ERR_PTR(err);
}

static void perf_event_free_filter(struct perf_event *event);

static void free_event_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
{
	struct perf_event *event;

	event = container_of(head, struct perf_event, rcu_head);
	if (event->ns)
		put_pid_ns(event->ns);
	perf_event_free_filter(event);
	kfree(event);
}

static void ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *rb);
static void ring_buffer_detach(struct perf_event *event, struct ring_buffer *rb);

static void unaccount_event_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int cpu)
{
	if (event->parent)
		return;

	if (has_branch_stack(event)) {
		if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK))
			atomic_dec(&per_cpu(perf_branch_stack_events, cpu));
	}
	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		atomic_dec(&per_cpu(perf_cgroup_events, cpu));
}

static void unaccount_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (event->parent)
		return;

	if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK)
		static_key_slow_dec_deferred(&perf_sched_events);
	if (event->attr.mmap || event->attr.mmap_data)
		atomic_dec(&nr_mmap_events);
	if (event->attr.comm)
		atomic_dec(&nr_comm_events);
	if (event->attr.task)
		atomic_dec(&nr_task_events);
	if (event->attr.freq)
		atomic_dec(&nr_freq_events);
	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		static_key_slow_dec_deferred(&perf_sched_events);
	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		static_key_slow_dec_deferred(&perf_sched_events);

	unaccount_event_cpu(event, event->cpu);
}

static void __free_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (!event->parent) {
		if (event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN)
			put_callchain_buffers();
	}

	if (event->destroy)
		event->destroy(event);

	if (event->ctx)
		put_ctx(event->ctx);

	call_rcu(&event->rcu_head, free_event_rcu);
}
static void free_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	irq_work_sync(&event->pending);

	unaccount_event(event);

	if (event->rb) {
		struct ring_buffer *rb;

		/*
		 * Can happen when we close an event with re-directed output.
		 *
		 * Since we have a 0 refcount, perf_mmap_close() will skip
		 * over us; possibly making our ring_buffer_put() the last.
		 */
		mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
		rb = event->rb;
		if (rb) {
			rcu_assign_pointer(event->rb, NULL);
			ring_buffer_detach(event, rb);
			ring_buffer_put(rb); /* could be last */
		}
		mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
	}

	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		perf_detach_cgroup(event);


	__free_event(event);
}

int perf_event_release_kernel(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);
	/*
	 * There are two ways this annotation is useful:
	 *
	 *  1) there is a lock recursion from perf_event_exit_task
	 *     see the comment there.
	 *
	 *  2) there is a lock-inversion with mmap_sem through
	 *     perf_event_read_group(), which takes faults while
	 *     holding ctx->mutex, however this is called after
	 *     the last filedesc died, so there is no possibility
	 *     to trigger the AB-BA case.
	 */
	mutex_lock_nested(&ctx->mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	perf_group_detach(event);
	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	perf_remove_from_context(event);
	mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

	free_event(event);

	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_release_kernel);

/*
 * Called when the last reference to the file is gone.
 */
static void put_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct task_struct *owner;

	if (!atomic_long_dec_and_test(&event->refcount))
		return;

	rcu_read_lock();
	owner = ACCESS_ONCE(event->owner);
	/*
	 * Matches the smp_wmb() in perf_event_exit_task(). If we observe
	 * !owner it means the list deletion is complete and we can indeed
	 * free this event, otherwise we need to serialize on
	 * owner->perf_event_mutex.
	 */
	smp_read_barrier_depends();
	if (owner) {
		/*
		 * Since delayed_put_task_struct() also drops the last
		 * task reference we can safely take a new reference
		 * while holding the rcu_read_lock().
		 */
		get_task_struct(owner);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();

	if (owner) {
		mutex_lock(&owner->perf_event_mutex);
		/*
		 * We have to re-check the event->owner field, if it is cleared
		 * we raced with perf_event_exit_task(), acquiring the mutex
		 * ensured they're done, and we can proceed with freeing the
		 * event.
		 */
		if (event->owner)
			list_del_init(&event->owner_entry);
		mutex_unlock(&owner->perf_event_mutex);
		put_task_struct(owner);
	}

	perf_event_release_kernel(event);
}

static int perf_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
	put_event(file->private_data);
	return 0;
}

u64 perf_event_read_value(struct perf_event *event, u64 *enabled, u64 *running)
{
	struct perf_event *child;
	u64 total = 0;

	*enabled = 0;
	*running = 0;

	mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);
	total += perf_event_read(event);
	*enabled += event->total_time_enabled +
			atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_enabled);
	*running += event->total_time_running +
			atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_running);

	list_for_each_entry(child, &event->child_list, child_list) {
		total += perf_event_read(child);
		*enabled += child->total_time_enabled;
		*running += child->total_time_running;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);

	return total;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_read_value);

static int perf_event_read_group(struct perf_event *event,
				   u64 read_format, char __user *buf)
{
	struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader, *sub;
	int n = 0, size = 0, ret = -EFAULT;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = leader->ctx;
	u64 values[5];
	u64 count, enabled, running;

	mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
	count = perf_event_read_value(leader, &enabled, &running);

	values[n++] = 1 + leader->nr_siblings;
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
		values[n++] = enabled;
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
		values[n++] = running;
	values[n++] = count;
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
		values[n++] = primary_event_id(leader);

	size = n * sizeof(u64);

	if (copy_to_user(buf, values, size))
		goto unlock;

	ret = size;

	list_for_each_entry(sub, &leader->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		n = 0;

		values[n++] = perf_event_read_value(sub, &enabled, &running);
		if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
			values[n++] = primary_event_id(sub);

		size = n * sizeof(u64);

		if (copy_to_user(buf + ret, values, size)) {
			ret = -EFAULT;
			goto unlock;
		}

		ret += size;
	}
unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int perf_event_read_one(struct perf_event *event,
				 u64 read_format, char __user *buf)
{
	u64 enabled, running;
	u64 values[4];
	int n = 0;

	values[n++] = perf_event_read_value(event, &enabled, &running);
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
		values[n++] = enabled;
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
		values[n++] = running;
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
		values[n++] = primary_event_id(event);

	if (copy_to_user(buf, values, n * sizeof(u64)))
		return -EFAULT;

	return n * sizeof(u64);
}

/*
 * Read the performance event - simple non blocking version for now
 */
static ssize_t
perf_read_hw(struct perf_event *event, char __user *buf, size_t count)
{
	u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;
	int ret;

	/*
	 * Return end-of-file for a read on a event that is in
	 * error state (i.e. because it was pinned but it couldn't be
	 * scheduled on to the CPU at some point).
	 */
	if (event->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ERROR)
		return 0;

	if (count < event->read_size)
		return -ENOSPC;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx->parent_ctx);
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP)
		ret = perf_event_read_group(event, read_format, buf);
	else
		ret = perf_event_read_one(event, read_format, buf);

	return ret;
}

static ssize_t
perf_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
	struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;

	return perf_read_hw(event, buf, count);
}

static unsigned int perf_poll(struct file *file, poll_table *wait)
{
	struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
	struct ring_buffer *rb;
	unsigned int events = POLL_HUP;

	/*
	 * Pin the event->rb by taking event->mmap_mutex; otherwise
	 * perf_event_set_output() can swizzle our rb and make us miss wakeups.
	 */
	mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
	rb = event->rb;
	if (rb)
		events = atomic_xchg(&rb->poll, 0);
	mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

	poll_wait(file, &event->waitq, wait);

	return events;
}

static void perf_event_reset(struct perf_event *event)
{
	(void)perf_event_read(event);
	local64_set(&event->count, 0);
	perf_event_update_userpage(event);
}

/*
 * Holding the top-level event's child_mutex means that any
 * descendant process that has inherited this event will block
 * in sync_child_event if it goes to exit, thus satisfying the
 * task existence requirements of perf_event_enable/disable.
 */
static void perf_event_for_each_child(struct perf_event *event,
					void (*func)(struct perf_event *))
{
	struct perf_event *child;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx->parent_ctx);
	mutex_lock(&event->child_mutex);
	func(event);
	list_for_each_entry(child, &event->child_list, child_list)
		func(child);
	mutex_unlock(&event->child_mutex);
}

static void perf_event_for_each(struct perf_event *event,
				  void (*func)(struct perf_event *))
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	struct perf_event *sibling;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);
	mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
	event = event->group_leader;

	perf_event_for_each_child(event, func);
	list_for_each_entry(sibling, &event->sibling_list, group_entry)
		perf_event_for_each_child(sibling, func);
	mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
}

static int perf_event_period(struct perf_event *event, u64 __user *arg)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = event->ctx;
	int ret = 0;
	u64 value;

	if (!is_sampling_event(event))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (copy_from_user(&value, arg, sizeof(value)))
		return -EFAULT;

	if (!value)
		return -EINVAL;

	raw_spin_lock_irq(&ctx->lock);
	if (event->attr.freq) {
		if (value > sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate) {
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto unlock;
		}

		event->attr.sample_freq = value;
	} else {
		event->attr.sample_period = value;
		event->hw.sample_period = value;
	}
unlock:
	raw_spin_unlock_irq(&ctx->lock);

	return ret;
}

static const struct file_operations perf_fops;

static inline int perf_fget_light(int fd, struct fd *p)
{
	struct fd f = fdget(fd);
	if (!f.file)
		return -EBADF;

	if (f.file->f_op != &perf_fops) {
		fdput(f);
		return -EBADF;
	}
	*p = f;
	return 0;
}

static int perf_event_set_output(struct perf_event *event,
				 struct perf_event *output_event);
static int perf_event_set_filter(struct perf_event *event, void __user *arg);

static long perf_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
	struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
	void (*func)(struct perf_event *);
	u32 flags = arg;

	switch (cmd) {
	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE:
		func = perf_event_enable;
		break;
	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE:
		func = perf_event_disable;
		break;
	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET:
		func = perf_event_reset;
		break;

	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_REFRESH:
		return perf_event_refresh(event, arg);

	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_PERIOD:
		return perf_event_period(event, (u64 __user *)arg);

	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_ID:
	{
		u64 id = primary_event_id(event);

		if (copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &id, sizeof(id)))
			return -EFAULT;
		return 0;
	}

	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_OUTPUT:
	{
		int ret;
		if (arg != -1) {
			struct perf_event *output_event;
			struct fd output;
			ret = perf_fget_light(arg, &output);
			if (ret)
				return ret;
			output_event = output.file->private_data;
			ret = perf_event_set_output(event, output_event);
			fdput(output);
		} else {
			ret = perf_event_set_output(event, NULL);
		}
		return ret;
	}

	case PERF_EVENT_IOC_SET_FILTER:
		return perf_event_set_filter(event, (void __user *)arg);

	default:
		return -ENOTTY;
	}

	if (flags & PERF_IOC_FLAG_GROUP)
		perf_event_for_each(event, func);
	else
		perf_event_for_each_child(event, func);

	return 0;
}

int perf_event_task_enable(void)
{
	struct perf_event *event;

	mutex_lock(&current->perf_event_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry(event, &current->perf_event_list, owner_entry)
		perf_event_for_each_child(event, perf_event_enable);
	mutex_unlock(&current->perf_event_mutex);

	return 0;
}

int perf_event_task_disable(void)
{
	struct perf_event *event;

	mutex_lock(&current->perf_event_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry(event, &current->perf_event_list, owner_entry)
		perf_event_for_each_child(event, perf_event_disable);
	mutex_unlock(&current->perf_event_mutex);

	return 0;
}

static int perf_event_index(struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (event->hw.state & PERF_HES_STOPPED)
		return 0;

	if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
		return 0;

	return event->pmu->event_idx(event);
}

static void calc_timer_values(struct perf_event *event,
				u64 *now,
				u64 *enabled,
				u64 *running)
{
	u64 ctx_time;

	*now = perf_clock();
	ctx_time = event->shadow_ctx_time + *now;
	*enabled = ctx_time - event->tstamp_enabled;
	*running = ctx_time - event->tstamp_running;
}

void __weak arch_perf_update_userpage(struct perf_event_mmap_page *userpg, u64 now)
{
}

/*
 * Callers need to ensure there can be no nesting of this function, otherwise
 * the seqlock logic goes bad. We can not serialize this because the arch
 * code calls this from NMI context.
 */
void perf_event_update_userpage(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct perf_event_mmap_page *userpg;
	struct ring_buffer *rb;
	u64 enabled, running, now;

	rcu_read_lock();
	rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
	if (!rb)
		goto unlock;

	/*
	 * compute total_time_enabled, total_time_running
	 * based on snapshot values taken when the event
	 * was last scheduled in.
	 *
	 * we cannot simply called update_context_time()
	 * because of locking issue as we can be called in
	 * NMI context
	 */
	calc_timer_values(event, &now, &enabled, &running);

	userpg = rb->user_page;
	/*
	 * Disable preemption so as to not let the corresponding user-space
	 * spin too long if we get preempted.
	 */
	preempt_disable();
	++userpg->lock;
	barrier();
	userpg->index = perf_event_index(event);
	userpg->offset = perf_event_count(event);
	if (userpg->index)
		userpg->offset -= local64_read(&event->hw.prev_count);

	userpg->time_enabled = enabled +
			atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_enabled);

	userpg->time_running = running +
			atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_running);

	arch_perf_update_userpage(userpg, now);

	barrier();
	++userpg->lock;
	preempt_enable();
unlock:
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

static int perf_mmap_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	struct perf_event *event = vma->vm_file->private_data;
	struct ring_buffer *rb;
	int ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	if (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_MKWRITE) {
		if (vmf->pgoff == 0)
			ret = 0;
		return ret;
	}

	rcu_read_lock();
	rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
	if (!rb)
		goto unlock;

	if (vmf->pgoff && (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE))
		goto unlock;

	vmf->page = perf_mmap_to_page(rb, vmf->pgoff);
	if (!vmf->page)
		goto unlock;

	get_page(vmf->page);
	vmf->page->mapping = vma->vm_file->f_mapping;
	vmf->page->index   = vmf->pgoff;

	ret = 0;
unlock:
	rcu_read_unlock();

	return ret;
}

static void ring_buffer_attach(struct perf_event *event,
			       struct ring_buffer *rb)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	if (!list_empty(&event->rb_entry))
		return;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&rb->event_lock, flags);
	if (list_empty(&event->rb_entry))
		list_add(&event->rb_entry, &rb->event_list);
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rb->event_lock, flags);
}

static void ring_buffer_detach(struct perf_event *event, struct ring_buffer *rb)
{
	unsigned long flags;

	if (list_empty(&event->rb_entry))
		return;

	spin_lock_irqsave(&rb->event_lock, flags);
	list_del_init(&event->rb_entry);
	wake_up_all(&event->waitq);
	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rb->event_lock, flags);
}

static void ring_buffer_wakeup(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct ring_buffer *rb;

	rcu_read_lock();
	rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
	if (rb) {
		list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &rb->event_list, rb_entry)
			wake_up_all(&event->waitq);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

static void rb_free_rcu(struct rcu_head *rcu_head)
{
	struct ring_buffer *rb;

	rb = container_of(rcu_head, struct ring_buffer, rcu_head);
	rb_free(rb);
}

static struct ring_buffer *ring_buffer_get(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct ring_buffer *rb;

	rcu_read_lock();
	rb = rcu_dereference(event->rb);
	if (rb) {
		if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&rb->refcount))
			rb = NULL;
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();

	return rb;
}

static void ring_buffer_put(struct ring_buffer *rb)
{
	if (!atomic_dec_and_test(&rb->refcount))
		return;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(!list_empty(&rb->event_list));

	call_rcu(&rb->rcu_head, rb_free_rcu);
}

static void perf_mmap_open(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct perf_event *event = vma->vm_file->private_data;

	atomic_inc(&event->mmap_count);
	atomic_inc(&event->rb->mmap_count);
}

/*
 * A buffer can be mmap()ed multiple times; either directly through the same
 * event, or through other events by use of perf_event_set_output().
 *
 * In order to undo the VM accounting done by perf_mmap() we need to destroy
 * the buffer here, where we still have a VM context. This means we need
 * to detach all events redirecting to us.
 */
static void perf_mmap_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct perf_event *event = vma->vm_file->private_data;

	struct ring_buffer *rb = event->rb;
	struct user_struct *mmap_user = rb->mmap_user;
	int mmap_locked = rb->mmap_locked;
	unsigned long size = perf_data_size(rb);

	atomic_dec(&rb->mmap_count);

	if (!atomic_dec_and_mutex_lock(&event->mmap_count, &event->mmap_mutex))
		return;

	/* Detach current event from the buffer. */
	rcu_assign_pointer(event->rb, NULL);
	ring_buffer_detach(event, rb);
	mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

	/* If there's still other mmap()s of this buffer, we're done. */
	if (atomic_read(&rb->mmap_count)) {
		ring_buffer_put(rb); /* can't be last */
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * No other mmap()s, detach from all other events that might redirect
	 * into the now unreachable buffer. Somewhat complicated by the
	 * fact that rb::event_lock otherwise nests inside mmap_mutex.
	 */
again:
	rcu_read_lock();
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &rb->event_list, rb_entry) {
		if (!atomic_long_inc_not_zero(&event->refcount)) {
			/*
			 * This event is en-route to free_event() which will
			 * detach it and remove it from the list.
			 */
			continue;
		}
		rcu_read_unlock();

		mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
		/*
		 * Check we didn't race with perf_event_set_output() which can
		 * swizzle the rb from under us while we were waiting to
		 * acquire mmap_mutex.
		 *
		 * If we find a different rb; ignore this event, a next
		 * iteration will no longer find it on the list. We have to
		 * still restart the iteration to make sure we're not now
		 * iterating the wrong list.
		 */
		if (event->rb == rb) {
			rcu_assign_pointer(event->rb, NULL);
			ring_buffer_detach(event, rb);
			ring_buffer_put(rb); /* can't be last, we still have one */
		}
		mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
		put_event(event);

		/*
		 * Restart the iteration; either we're on the wrong list or
		 * destroyed its integrity by doing a deletion.
		 */
		goto again;
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();

	/*
	 * It could be there's still a few 0-ref events on the list; they'll
	 * get cleaned up by free_event() -- they'll also still have their
	 * ref on the rb and will free it whenever they are done with it.
	 *
	 * Aside from that, this buffer is 'fully' detached and unmapped,
	 * undo the VM accounting.
	 */

	atomic_long_sub((size >> PAGE_SHIFT) + 1, &mmap_user->locked_vm);
	vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm -= mmap_locked;
	free_uid(mmap_user);

	ring_buffer_put(rb); /* could be last */
}

static const struct vm_operations_struct perf_mmap_vmops = {
	.open		= perf_mmap_open,
	.close		= perf_mmap_close,
	.fault		= perf_mmap_fault,
	.page_mkwrite	= perf_mmap_fault,
};

static int perf_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct perf_event *event = file->private_data;
	unsigned long user_locked, user_lock_limit;
	struct user_struct *user = current_user();
	unsigned long locked, lock_limit;
	struct ring_buffer *rb;
	unsigned long vma_size;
	unsigned long nr_pages;
	long user_extra, extra;
	int ret = 0, flags = 0;

	/*
	 * Don't allow mmap() of inherited per-task counters. This would
	 * create a performance issue due to all children writing to the
	 * same rb.
	 */
	if (event->cpu == -1 && event->attr.inherit)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED))
		return -EINVAL;

	vma_size = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
	nr_pages = (vma_size / PAGE_SIZE) - 1;

	/*
	 * If we have rb pages ensure they're a power-of-two number, so we
	 * can do bitmasks instead of modulo.
	 */
	if (nr_pages != 0 && !is_power_of_2(nr_pages))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (vma_size != PAGE_SIZE * (1 + nr_pages))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (vma->vm_pgoff != 0)
		return -EINVAL;

	WARN_ON_ONCE(event->ctx->parent_ctx);
again:
	mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
	if (event->rb) {
		if (event->rb->nr_pages != nr_pages) {
			ret = -EINVAL;
			goto unlock;
		}

		if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&event->rb->mmap_count)) {
			/*
			 * Raced against perf_mmap_close() through
			 * perf_event_set_output(). Try again, hope for better
			 * luck.
			 */
			mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);
			goto again;
		}

		goto unlock;
	}

	user_extra = nr_pages + 1;
	user_lock_limit = sysctl_perf_event_mlock >> (PAGE_SHIFT - 10);

	/*
	 * Increase the limit linearly with more CPUs:
	 */
	user_lock_limit *= num_online_cpus();

	user_locked = atomic_long_read(&user->locked_vm) + user_extra;

	extra = 0;
	if (user_locked > user_lock_limit)
		extra = user_locked - user_lock_limit;

	lock_limit = rlimit(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK);
	lock_limit >>= PAGE_SHIFT;
	locked = vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm + extra;

	if ((locked > lock_limit) && perf_paranoid_tracepoint_raw() &&
		!capable(CAP_IPC_LOCK)) {
		ret = -EPERM;
		goto unlock;
	}

	WARN_ON(event->rb);

	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE)
		flags |= RING_BUFFER_WRITABLE;

	rb = rb_alloc(nr_pages, 
		event->attr.watermark ? event->attr.wakeup_watermark : 0,
		event->cpu, flags);

	if (!rb) {
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto unlock;
	}

	atomic_set(&rb->mmap_count, 1);
	rb->mmap_locked = extra;
	rb->mmap_user = get_current_user();

	atomic_long_add(user_extra, &user->locked_vm);
	vma->vm_mm->pinned_vm += extra;

	ring_buffer_attach(event, rb);
	rcu_assign_pointer(event->rb, rb);

	perf_event_update_userpage(event);

unlock:
	if (!ret)
		atomic_inc(&event->mmap_count);
	mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

	/*
	 * Since pinned accounting is per vm we cannot allow fork() to copy our
	 * vma.
	 */
	vma->vm_flags |= VM_DONTCOPY | VM_DONTEXPAND | VM_DONTDUMP;
	vma->vm_ops = &perf_mmap_vmops;

	return ret;
}

static int perf_fasync(int fd, struct file *filp, int on)
{
	struct inode *inode = file_inode(filp);
	struct perf_event *event = filp->private_data;
	int retval;

	mutex_lock(&inode->i_mutex);
	retval = fasync_helper(fd, filp, on, &event->fasync);
	mutex_unlock(&inode->i_mutex);

	if (retval < 0)
		return retval;

	return 0;
}

static const struct file_operations perf_fops = {
	.llseek			= no_llseek,
	.release		= perf_release,
	.read			= perf_read,
	.poll			= perf_poll,
	.unlocked_ioctl		= perf_ioctl,
	.compat_ioctl		= perf_ioctl,
	.mmap			= perf_mmap,
	.fasync			= perf_fasync,
};

/*
 * Perf event wakeup
 *
 * If there's data, ensure we set the poll() state and publish everything
 * to user-space before waking everybody up.
 */

void perf_event_wakeup(struct perf_event *event)
{
	ring_buffer_wakeup(event);

	if (event->pending_kill) {
		kill_fasync(&event->fasync, SIGIO, event->pending_kill);
		event->pending_kill = 0;
	}
}

static void perf_pending_event(struct irq_work *entry)
{
	struct perf_event *event = container_of(entry,
			struct perf_event, pending);

	if (event->pending_disable) {
		event->pending_disable = 0;
		__perf_event_disable(event);
	}

	if (event->pending_wakeup) {
		event->pending_wakeup = 0;
		perf_event_wakeup(event);
	}
}

/*
 * We assume there is only KVM supporting the callbacks.
 * Later on, we might change it to a list if there is
 * another virtualization implementation supporting the callbacks.
 */
struct perf_guest_info_callbacks *perf_guest_cbs;

int perf_register_guest_info_callbacks(struct perf_guest_info_callbacks *cbs)
{
	perf_guest_cbs = cbs;
	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_register_guest_info_callbacks);

int perf_unregister_guest_info_callbacks(struct perf_guest_info_callbacks *cbs)
{
	perf_guest_cbs = NULL;
	return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_unregister_guest_info_callbacks);

static void
perf_output_sample_regs(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
			struct pt_regs *regs, u64 mask)
{
	int bit;

	for_each_set_bit(bit, (const unsigned long *) &mask,
			 sizeof(mask) * BITS_PER_BYTE) {
		u64 val;

		val = perf_reg_value(regs, bit);
		perf_output_put(handle, val);
	}
}

static void perf_sample_regs_user(struct perf_regs_user *regs_user,
				  struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	if (!user_mode(regs)) {
		if (current->mm)
			regs = task_pt_regs(current);
		else
			regs = NULL;
	}

	if (regs) {
		regs_user->regs = regs;
		regs_user->abi  = perf_reg_abi(current);
	}
}

/*
 * Get remaining task size from user stack pointer.
 *
 * It'd be better to take stack vma map and limit this more
 * precisly, but there's no way to get it safely under interrupt,
 * so using TASK_SIZE as limit.
 */
static u64 perf_ustack_task_size(struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	unsigned long addr = perf_user_stack_pointer(regs);

	if (!addr || addr >= TASK_SIZE)
		return 0;

	return TASK_SIZE - addr;
}

static u16
perf_sample_ustack_size(u16 stack_size, u16 header_size,
			struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	u64 task_size;

	/* No regs, no stack pointer, no dump. */
	if (!regs)
		return 0;

	/*
	 * Check if we fit in with the requested stack size into the:
	 * - TASK_SIZE
	 *   If we don't, we limit the size to the TASK_SIZE.
	 *
	 * - remaining sample size
	 *   If we don't, we customize the stack size to
	 *   fit in to the remaining sample size.
	 */

	task_size  = min((u64) USHRT_MAX, perf_ustack_task_size(regs));
	stack_size = min(stack_size, (u16) task_size);

	/* Current header size plus static size and dynamic size. */
	header_size += 2 * sizeof(u64);

	/* Do we fit in with the current stack dump size? */
	if ((u16) (header_size + stack_size) < header_size) {
		/*
		 * If we overflow the maximum size for the sample,
		 * we customize the stack dump size to fit in.
		 */
		stack_size = USHRT_MAX - header_size - sizeof(u64);
		stack_size = round_up(stack_size, sizeof(u64));
	}

	return stack_size;
}

static void
perf_output_sample_ustack(struct perf_output_handle *handle, u64 dump_size,
			  struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	/* Case of a kernel thread, nothing to dump */
	if (!regs) {
		u64 size = 0;
		perf_output_put(handle, size);
	} else {
		unsigned long sp;
		unsigned int rem;
		u64 dyn_size;

		/*
		 * We dump:
		 * static size
		 *   - the size requested by user or the best one we can fit
		 *     in to the sample max size
		 * data
		 *   - user stack dump data
		 * dynamic size
		 *   - the actual dumped size
		 */

		/* Static size. */
		perf_output_put(handle, dump_size);

		/* Data. */
		sp = perf_user_stack_pointer(regs);
		rem = __output_copy_user(handle, (void *) sp, dump_size);
		dyn_size = dump_size - rem;

		perf_output_skip(handle, rem);

		/* Dynamic size. */
		perf_output_put(handle, dyn_size);
	}
}

static void __perf_event_header__init_id(struct perf_event_header *header,
					 struct perf_sample_data *data,
					 struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;

	data->type = sample_type;
	header->size += event->id_header_size;

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID) {
		/* namespace issues */
		data->tid_entry.pid = perf_event_pid(event, current);
		data->tid_entry.tid = perf_event_tid(event, current);
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
		data->time = perf_clock();

	if (sample_type & (PERF_SAMPLE_ID | PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER))
		data->id = primary_event_id(event);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
		data->stream_id = event->id;

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU) {
		data->cpu_entry.cpu	 = raw_smp_processor_id();
		data->cpu_entry.reserved = 0;
	}
}

void perf_event_header__init_id(struct perf_event_header *header,
				struct perf_sample_data *data,
				struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (event->attr.sample_id_all)
		__perf_event_header__init_id(header, data, event);
}

static void __perf_event__output_id_sample(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
					   struct perf_sample_data *data)
{
	u64 sample_type = data->type;

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->tid_entry);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->time);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->stream_id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->cpu_entry);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->id);
}

void perf_event__output_id_sample(struct perf_event *event,
				  struct perf_output_handle *handle,
				  struct perf_sample_data *sample)
{
	if (event->attr.sample_id_all)
		__perf_event__output_id_sample(handle, sample);
}

static void perf_output_read_one(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
				 struct perf_event *event,
				 u64 enabled, u64 running)
{
	u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;
	u64 values[4];
	int n = 0;

	values[n++] = perf_event_count(event);
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED) {
		values[n++] = enabled +
			atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_enabled);
	}
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING) {
		values[n++] = running +
			atomic64_read(&event->child_total_time_running);
	}
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
		values[n++] = primary_event_id(event);

	__output_copy(handle, values, n * sizeof(u64));
}

/*
 * XXX PERF_FORMAT_GROUP vs inherited events seems difficult.
 */
static void perf_output_read_group(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
			    struct perf_event *event,
			    u64 enabled, u64 running)
{
	struct perf_event *leader = event->group_leader, *sub;
	u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;
	u64 values[5];
	int n = 0;

	values[n++] = 1 + leader->nr_siblings;

	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED)
		values[n++] = enabled;

	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)
		values[n++] = running;

	if (leader != event)
		leader->pmu->read(leader);

	values[n++] = perf_event_count(leader);
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
		values[n++] = primary_event_id(leader);

	__output_copy(handle, values, n * sizeof(u64));

	list_for_each_entry(sub, &leader->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		n = 0;

		if ((sub != event) &&
		    (sub->state == PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE))
			sub->pmu->read(sub);

		values[n++] = perf_event_count(sub);
		if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_ID)
			values[n++] = primary_event_id(sub);

		__output_copy(handle, values, n * sizeof(u64));
	}
}

#define PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIMES (PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_ENABLED|\
				 PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIME_RUNNING)

static void perf_output_read(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
			     struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 enabled = 0, running = 0, now;
	u64 read_format = event->attr.read_format;

	/*
	 * compute total_time_enabled, total_time_running
	 * based on snapshot values taken when the event
	 * was last scheduled in.
	 *
	 * we cannot simply called update_context_time()
	 * because of locking issue as we are called in
	 * NMI context
	 */
	if (read_format & PERF_FORMAT_TOTAL_TIMES)
		calc_timer_values(event, &now, &enabled, &running);

	if (event->attr.read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP)
		perf_output_read_group(handle, event, enabled, running);
	else
		perf_output_read_one(handle, event, enabled, running);
}

void perf_output_sample(struct perf_output_handle *handle,
			struct perf_event_header *header,
			struct perf_sample_data *data,
			struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 sample_type = data->type;

	perf_output_put(handle, *header);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IDENTIFIER)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->ip);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TID)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->tid_entry);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_TIME)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->time);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ADDR)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->addr);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_ID)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STREAM_ID)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->stream_id);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CPU)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->cpu_entry);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->period);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_READ)
		perf_output_read(handle, event);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
		if (data->callchain) {
			int size = 1;

			if (data->callchain)
				size += data->callchain->nr;

			size *= sizeof(u64);

			__output_copy(handle, data->callchain, size);
		} else {
			u64 nr = 0;
			perf_output_put(handle, nr);
		}
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_RAW) {
		if (data->raw) {
			perf_output_put(handle, data->raw->size);
			__output_copy(handle, data->raw->data,
					   data->raw->size);
		} else {
			struct {
				u32	size;
				u32	data;
			} raw = {
				.size = sizeof(u32),
				.data = 0,
			};
			perf_output_put(handle, raw);
		}
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
		if (data->br_stack) {
			size_t size;

			size = data->br_stack->nr
			     * sizeof(struct perf_branch_entry);

			perf_output_put(handle, data->br_stack->nr);
			perf_output_copy(handle, data->br_stack->entries, size);
		} else {
			/*
			 * we always store at least the value of nr
			 */
			u64 nr = 0;
			perf_output_put(handle, nr);
		}
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER) {
		u64 abi = data->regs_user.abi;

		/*
		 * If there are no regs to dump, notice it through
		 * first u64 being zero (PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_ABI_NONE).
		 */
		perf_output_put(handle, abi);

		if (abi) {
			u64 mask = event->attr.sample_regs_user;
			perf_output_sample_regs(handle,
						data->regs_user.regs,
						mask);
		}
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER) {
		perf_output_sample_ustack(handle,
					  data->stack_user_size,
					  data->regs_user.regs);
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_WEIGHT)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->weight);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_DATA_SRC)
		perf_output_put(handle, data->data_src.val);

	if (!event->attr.watermark) {
		int wakeup_events = event->attr.wakeup_events;

		if (wakeup_events) {
			struct ring_buffer *rb = handle->rb;
			int events = local_inc_return(&rb->events);

			if (events >= wakeup_events) {
				local_sub(wakeup_events, &rb->events);
				local_inc(&rb->wakeup);
			}
		}
	}
}

void perf_prepare_sample(struct perf_event_header *header,
			 struct perf_sample_data *data,
			 struct perf_event *event,
			 struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	u64 sample_type = event->attr.sample_type;

	header->type = PERF_RECORD_SAMPLE;
	header->size = sizeof(*header) + event->header_size;

	header->misc = 0;
	header->misc |= perf_misc_flags(regs);

	__perf_event_header__init_id(header, data, event);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_IP)
		data->ip = perf_instruction_pointer(regs);

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
		int size = 1;

		data->callchain = perf_callchain(event, regs);

		if (data->callchain)
			size += data->callchain->nr;

		header->size += size * sizeof(u64);
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_RAW) {
		int size = sizeof(u32);

		if (data->raw)
			size += data->raw->size;
		else
			size += sizeof(u32);

		WARN_ON_ONCE(size & (sizeof(u64)-1));
		header->size += size;
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
		int size = sizeof(u64); /* nr */
		if (data->br_stack) {
			size += data->br_stack->nr
			      * sizeof(struct perf_branch_entry);
		}
		header->size += size;
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER) {
		/* regs dump ABI info */
		int size = sizeof(u64);

		perf_sample_regs_user(&data->regs_user, regs);

		if (data->regs_user.regs) {
			u64 mask = event->attr.sample_regs_user;
			size += hweight64(mask) * sizeof(u64);
		}

		header->size += size;
	}

	if (sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER) {
		/*
		 * Either we need PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER bit to be allways
		 * processed as the last one or have additional check added
		 * in case new sample type is added, because we could eat
		 * up the rest of the sample size.
		 */
		struct perf_regs_user *uregs = &data->regs_user;
		u16 stack_size = event->attr.sample_stack_user;
		u16 size = sizeof(u64);

		if (!uregs->abi)
			perf_sample_regs_user(uregs, regs);

		stack_size = perf_sample_ustack_size(stack_size, header->size,
						     uregs->regs);

		/*
		 * If there is something to dump, add space for the dump
		 * itself and for the field that tells the dynamic size,
		 * which is how many have been actually dumped.
		 */
		if (stack_size)
			size += sizeof(u64) + stack_size;

		data->stack_user_size = stack_size;
		header->size += size;
	}
}

static void perf_event_output(struct perf_event *event,
				struct perf_sample_data *data,
				struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	struct perf_output_handle handle;
	struct perf_event_header header;

	/* protect the callchain buffers */
	rcu_read_lock();

	perf_prepare_sample(&header, data, event, regs);

	if (perf_output_begin(&handle, event, header.size))
		goto exit;

	perf_output_sample(&handle, &header, data, event);

	perf_output_end(&handle);

exit:
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * read event_id
 */

struct perf_read_event {
	struct perf_event_header	header;

	u32				pid;
	u32				tid;
};

static void
perf_event_read_event(struct perf_event *event,
			struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_output_handle handle;
	struct perf_sample_data sample;
	struct perf_read_event read_event = {
		.header = {
			.type = PERF_RECORD_READ,
			.misc = 0,
			.size = sizeof(read_event) + event->read_size,
		},
		.pid = perf_event_pid(event, task),
		.tid = perf_event_tid(event, task),
	};
	int ret;

	perf_event_header__init_id(&read_event.header, &sample, event);
	ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event, read_event.header.size);
	if (ret)
		return;

	perf_output_put(&handle, read_event);
	perf_output_read(&handle, event);
	perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

	perf_output_end(&handle);
}

typedef void (perf_event_aux_output_cb)(struct perf_event *event, void *data);

static void
perf_event_aux_ctx(struct perf_event_context *ctx,
		   perf_event_aux_output_cb output,
		   void *data)
{
	struct perf_event *event;

	list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
		if (event->state < PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
			continue;
		if (!event_filter_match(event))
			continue;
		output(event, data);
	}
}

static void
perf_event_aux(perf_event_aux_output_cb output, void *data,
	       struct perf_event_context *task_ctx)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	struct pmu *pmu;
	int ctxn;

	rcu_read_lock();
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		cpuctx = get_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
		if (cpuctx->unique_pmu != pmu)
			goto next;
		perf_event_aux_ctx(&cpuctx->ctx, output, data);
		if (task_ctx)
			goto next;
		ctxn = pmu->task_ctx_nr;
		if (ctxn < 0)
			goto next;
		ctx = rcu_dereference(current->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
		if (ctx)
			perf_event_aux_ctx(ctx, output, data);
next:
		put_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
	}

	if (task_ctx) {
		preempt_disable();
		perf_event_aux_ctx(task_ctx, output, data);
		preempt_enable();
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * task tracking -- fork/exit
 *
 * enabled by: attr.comm | attr.mmap | attr.mmap2 | attr.mmap_data | attr.task
 */

struct perf_task_event {
	struct task_struct		*task;
	struct perf_event_context	*task_ctx;

	struct {
		struct perf_event_header	header;

		u32				pid;
		u32				ppid;
		u32				tid;
		u32				ptid;
		u64				time;
	} event_id;
};

static int perf_event_task_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return event->attr.comm  || event->attr.mmap ||
	       event->attr.mmap2 || event->attr.mmap_data ||
	       event->attr.task;
}

static void perf_event_task_output(struct perf_event *event,
				   void *data)
{
	struct perf_task_event *task_event = data;
	struct perf_output_handle handle;
	struct perf_sample_data	sample;
	struct task_struct *task = task_event->task;
	int ret, size = task_event->event_id.header.size;

	if (!perf_event_task_match(event))
		return;

	perf_event_header__init_id(&task_event->event_id.header, &sample, event);

	ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
				task_event->event_id.header.size);
	if (ret)
		goto out;

	task_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event, task);
	task_event->event_id.ppid = perf_event_pid(event, current);

	task_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event, task);
	task_event->event_id.ptid = perf_event_tid(event, current);

	perf_output_put(&handle, task_event->event_id);

	perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

	perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
	task_event->event_id.header.size = size;
}

static void perf_event_task(struct task_struct *task,
			      struct perf_event_context *task_ctx,
			      int new)
{
	struct perf_task_event task_event;

	if (!atomic_read(&nr_comm_events) &&
	    !atomic_read(&nr_mmap_events) &&
	    !atomic_read(&nr_task_events))
		return;

	task_event = (struct perf_task_event){
		.task	  = task,
		.task_ctx = task_ctx,
		.event_id    = {
			.header = {
				.type = new ? PERF_RECORD_FORK : PERF_RECORD_EXIT,
				.misc = 0,
				.size = sizeof(task_event.event_id),
			},
			/* .pid  */
			/* .ppid */
			/* .tid  */
			/* .ptid */
			.time = perf_clock(),
		},
	};

	perf_event_aux(perf_event_task_output,
		       &task_event,
		       task_ctx);
}

void perf_event_fork(struct task_struct *task)
{
	perf_event_task(task, NULL, 1);
}

/*
 * comm tracking
 */

struct perf_comm_event {
	struct task_struct	*task;
	char			*comm;
	int			comm_size;

	struct {
		struct perf_event_header	header;

		u32				pid;
		u32				tid;
	} event_id;
};

static int perf_event_comm_match(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return event->attr.comm;
}

static void perf_event_comm_output(struct perf_event *event,
				   void *data)
{
	struct perf_comm_event *comm_event = data;
	struct perf_output_handle handle;
	struct perf_sample_data sample;
	int size = comm_event->event_id.header.size;
	int ret;

	if (!perf_event_comm_match(event))
		return;

	perf_event_header__init_id(&comm_event->event_id.header, &sample, event);
	ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
				comm_event->event_id.header.size);

	if (ret)
		goto out;

	comm_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event, comm_event->task);
	comm_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event, comm_event->task);

	perf_output_put(&handle, comm_event->event_id);
	__output_copy(&handle, comm_event->comm,
				   comm_event->comm_size);

	perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

	perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
	comm_event->event_id.header.size = size;
}

static void perf_event_comm_event(struct perf_comm_event *comm_event)
{
	char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
	unsigned int size;

	memset(comm, 0, sizeof(comm));
	strlcpy(comm, comm_event->task->comm, sizeof(comm));
	size = ALIGN(strlen(comm)+1, sizeof(u64));

	comm_event->comm = comm;
	comm_event->comm_size = size;

	comm_event->event_id.header.size = sizeof(comm_event->event_id) + size;

	perf_event_aux(perf_event_comm_output,
		       comm_event,
		       NULL);
}

void perf_event_comm(struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_comm_event comm_event;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	int ctxn;

	rcu_read_lock();
	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
		ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
		if (!ctx)
			continue;

		perf_event_enable_on_exec(ctx);
	}
	rcu_read_unlock();

	if (!atomic_read(&nr_comm_events))
		return;

	comm_event = (struct perf_comm_event){
		.task	= task,
		/* .comm      */
		/* .comm_size */
		.event_id  = {
			.header = {
				.type = PERF_RECORD_COMM,
				.misc = 0,
				/* .size */
			},
			/* .pid */
			/* .tid */
		},
	};

	perf_event_comm_event(&comm_event);
}

/*
 * mmap tracking
 */

struct perf_mmap_event {
	struct vm_area_struct	*vma;

	const char		*file_name;
	int			file_size;
	int			maj, min;
	u64			ino;
	u64			ino_generation;

	struct {
		struct perf_event_header	header;

		u32				pid;
		u32				tid;
		u64				start;
		u64				len;
		u64				pgoff;
	} event_id;
};

static int perf_event_mmap_match(struct perf_event *event,
				 void *data)
{
	struct perf_mmap_event *mmap_event = data;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = mmap_event->vma;
	int executable = vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC;

	return (!executable && event->attr.mmap_data) ||
	       (executable && (event->attr.mmap || event->attr.mmap2));
}

static void perf_event_mmap_output(struct perf_event *event,
				   void *data)
{
	struct perf_mmap_event *mmap_event = data;
	struct perf_output_handle handle;
	struct perf_sample_data sample;
	int size = mmap_event->event_id.header.size;
	int ret;

	if (!perf_event_mmap_match(event, data))
		return;

	if (event->attr.mmap2) {
		mmap_event->event_id.header.type = PERF_RECORD_MMAP2;
		mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->maj);
		mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->min);
		mmap_event->event_id.header.size += sizeof(mmap_event->ino);
	}

	perf_event_header__init_id(&mmap_event->event_id.header, &sample, event);
	ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
				mmap_event->event_id.header.size);
	if (ret)
		goto out;

	mmap_event->event_id.pid = perf_event_pid(event, current);
	mmap_event->event_id.tid = perf_event_tid(event, current);

	perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->event_id);

	if (event->attr.mmap2) {
		perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->maj);
		perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->min);
		perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->ino);
		perf_output_put(&handle, mmap_event->ino_generation);
	}

	__output_copy(&handle, mmap_event->file_name,
				   mmap_event->file_size);

	perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);

	perf_output_end(&handle);
out:
	mmap_event->event_id.header.size = size;
}

static void perf_event_mmap_event(struct perf_mmap_event *mmap_event)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = mmap_event->vma;
	struct file *file = vma->vm_file;
	int maj = 0, min = 0;
	u64 ino = 0, gen = 0;
	unsigned int size;
	char tmp[16];
	char *buf = NULL;
	const char *name;

	memset(tmp, 0, sizeof(tmp));

	if (file) {
		struct inode *inode;
		dev_t dev;
		/*
		 * d_path works from the end of the rb backwards, so we
		 * need to add enough zero bytes after the string to handle
		 * the 64bit alignment we do later.
		 */
		buf = kzalloc(PATH_MAX + sizeof(u64), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!buf) {
			name = strncpy(tmp, "//enomem", sizeof(tmp));
			goto got_name;
		}
		name = d_path(&file->f_path, buf, PATH_MAX);
		if (IS_ERR(name)) {
			name = strncpy(tmp, "//toolong", sizeof(tmp));
			goto got_name;
		}
		inode = file_inode(vma->vm_file);
		dev = inode->i_sb->s_dev;
		ino = inode->i_ino;
		gen = inode->i_generation;
		maj = MAJOR(dev);
		min = MINOR(dev);

	} else {
		if (arch_vma_name(mmap_event->vma)) {
			name = strncpy(tmp, arch_vma_name(mmap_event->vma),
				       sizeof(tmp) - 1);
			tmp[sizeof(tmp) - 1] = '\0';
			goto got_name;
		}

		if (!vma->vm_mm) {
			name = strncpy(tmp, "[vdso]", sizeof(tmp));
			goto got_name;
		} else if (vma->vm_start <= vma->vm_mm->start_brk &&
				vma->vm_end >= vma->vm_mm->brk) {
			name = strncpy(tmp, "[heap]", sizeof(tmp));
			goto got_name;
		} else if (vma->vm_start <= vma->vm_mm->start_stack &&
				vma->vm_end >= vma->vm_mm->start_stack) {
			name = strncpy(tmp, "[stack]", sizeof(tmp));
			goto got_name;
		}

		name = strncpy(tmp, "//anon", sizeof(tmp));
		goto got_name;
	}

got_name:
	size = ALIGN(strlen(name)+1, sizeof(u64));

	mmap_event->file_name = name;
	mmap_event->file_size = size;
	mmap_event->maj = maj;
	mmap_event->min = min;
	mmap_event->ino = ino;
	mmap_event->ino_generation = gen;

	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_EXEC))
		mmap_event->event_id.header.misc |= PERF_RECORD_MISC_MMAP_DATA;

	mmap_event->event_id.header.size = sizeof(mmap_event->event_id) + size;

	perf_event_aux(perf_event_mmap_output,
		       mmap_event,
		       NULL);

	kfree(buf);
}

void perf_event_mmap(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct perf_mmap_event mmap_event;

	if (!atomic_read(&nr_mmap_events))
		return;

	mmap_event = (struct perf_mmap_event){
		.vma	= vma,
		/* .file_name */
		/* .file_size */
		.event_id  = {
			.header = {
				.type = PERF_RECORD_MMAP,
				.misc = PERF_RECORD_MISC_USER,
				/* .size */
			},
			/* .pid */
			/* .tid */
			.start  = vma->vm_start,
			.len    = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start,
			.pgoff  = (u64)vma->vm_pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT,
		},
		/* .maj (attr_mmap2 only) */
		/* .min (attr_mmap2 only) */
		/* .ino (attr_mmap2 only) */
		/* .ino_generation (attr_mmap2 only) */
	};

	perf_event_mmap_event(&mmap_event);
}

/*
 * IRQ throttle logging
 */

static void perf_log_throttle(struct perf_event *event, int enable)
{
	struct perf_output_handle handle;
	struct perf_sample_data sample;
	int ret;

	struct {
		struct perf_event_header	header;
		u64				time;
		u64				id;
		u64				stream_id;
	} throttle_event = {
		.header = {
			.type = PERF_RECORD_THROTTLE,
			.misc = 0,
			.size = sizeof(throttle_event),
		},
		.time		= perf_clock(),
		.id		= primary_event_id(event),
		.stream_id	= event->id,
	};

	if (enable)
		throttle_event.header.type = PERF_RECORD_UNTHROTTLE;

	perf_event_header__init_id(&throttle_event.header, &sample, event);

	ret = perf_output_begin(&handle, event,
				throttle_event.header.size);
	if (ret)
		return;

	perf_output_put(&handle, throttle_event);
	perf_event__output_id_sample(event, &handle, &sample);
	perf_output_end(&handle);
}

/*
 * Generic event overflow handling, sampling.
 */

static int __perf_event_overflow(struct perf_event *event,
				   int throttle, struct perf_sample_data *data,
				   struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	int events = atomic_read(&event->event_limit);
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
	u64 seq;
	int ret = 0;

	/*
	 * Non-sampling counters might still use the PMI to fold short
	 * hardware counters, ignore those.
	 */
	if (unlikely(!is_sampling_event(event)))
		return 0;

	seq = __this_cpu_read(perf_throttled_seq);
	if (seq != hwc->interrupts_seq) {
		hwc->interrupts_seq = seq;
		hwc->interrupts = 1;
	} else {
		hwc->interrupts++;
		if (unlikely(throttle
			     && hwc->interrupts >= max_samples_per_tick)) {
			__this_cpu_inc(perf_throttled_count);
			hwc->interrupts = MAX_INTERRUPTS;
			perf_log_throttle(event, 0);
			tick_nohz_full_kick();
			ret = 1;
		}
	}

	if (event->attr.freq) {
		u64 now = perf_clock();
		s64 delta = now - hwc->freq_time_stamp;

		hwc->freq_time_stamp = now;

		if (delta > 0 && delta < 2*TICK_NSEC)
			perf_adjust_period(event, delta, hwc->last_period, true);
	}

	/*
	 * XXX event_limit might not quite work as expected on inherited
	 * events
	 */

	event->pending_kill = POLL_IN;
	if (events && atomic_dec_and_test(&event->event_limit)) {
		ret = 1;
		event->pending_kill = POLL_HUP;
		event->pending_disable = 1;
		irq_work_queue(&event->pending);
	}

	if (event->overflow_handler)
		event->overflow_handler(event, data, regs);
	else
		perf_event_output(event, data, regs);

	if (event->fasync && event->pending_kill) {
		event->pending_wakeup = 1;
		irq_work_queue(&event->pending);
	}

	return ret;
}

int perf_event_overflow(struct perf_event *event,
			  struct perf_sample_data *data,
			  struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	return __perf_event_overflow(event, 1, data, regs);
}

/*
 * Generic software event infrastructure
 */

struct swevent_htable {
	struct swevent_hlist		*swevent_hlist;
	struct mutex			hlist_mutex;
	int				hlist_refcount;

	/* Recursion avoidance in each contexts */
	int				recursion[PERF_NR_CONTEXTS];
};

static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct swevent_htable, swevent_htable);

/*
 * We directly increment event->count and keep a second value in
 * event->hw.period_left to count intervals. This period event
 * is kept in the range [-sample_period, 0] so that we can use the
 * sign as trigger.
 */

u64 perf_swevent_set_period(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
	u64 period = hwc->last_period;
	u64 nr, offset;
	s64 old, val;

	hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;

again:
	old = val = local64_read(&hwc->period_left);
	if (val < 0)
		return 0;

	nr = div64_u64(period + val, period);
	offset = nr * period;
	val -= offset;
	if (local64_cmpxchg(&hwc->period_left, old, val) != old)
		goto again;

	return nr;
}

static void perf_swevent_overflow(struct perf_event *event, u64 overflow,
				    struct perf_sample_data *data,
				    struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
	int throttle = 0;

	if (!overflow)
		overflow = perf_swevent_set_period(event);

	if (hwc->interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS)
		return;

	for (; overflow; overflow--) {
		if (__perf_event_overflow(event, throttle,
					    data, regs)) {
			/*
			 * We inhibit the overflow from happening when
			 * hwc->interrupts == MAX_INTERRUPTS.
			 */
			break;
		}
		throttle = 1;
	}
}

static void perf_swevent_event(struct perf_event *event, u64 nr,
			       struct perf_sample_data *data,
			       struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;

	local64_add(nr, &event->count);

	if (!regs)
		return;

	if (!is_sampling_event(event))
		return;

	if ((event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_PERIOD) && !event->attr.freq) {
		data->period = nr;
		return perf_swevent_overflow(event, 1, data, regs);
	} else
		data->period = event->hw.last_period;

	if (nr == 1 && hwc->sample_period == 1 && !event->attr.freq)
		return perf_swevent_overflow(event, 1, data, regs);

	if (local64_add_negative(nr, &hwc->period_left))
		return;

	perf_swevent_overflow(event, 0, data, regs);
}

static int perf_exclude_event(struct perf_event *event,
			      struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	if (event->hw.state & PERF_HES_STOPPED)
		return 1;

	if (regs) {
		if (event->attr.exclude_user && user_mode(regs))
			return 1;

		if (event->attr.exclude_kernel && !user_mode(regs))
			return 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int perf_swevent_match(struct perf_event *event,
				enum perf_type_id type,
				u32 event_id,
				struct perf_sample_data *data,
				struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	if (event->attr.type != type)
		return 0;

	if (event->attr.config != event_id)
		return 0;

	if (perf_exclude_event(event, regs))
		return 0;

	return 1;
}

static inline u64 swevent_hash(u64 type, u32 event_id)
{
	u64 val = event_id | (type << 32);

	return hash_64(val, SWEVENT_HLIST_BITS);
}

static inline struct hlist_head *
__find_swevent_head(struct swevent_hlist *hlist, u64 type, u32 event_id)
{
	u64 hash = swevent_hash(type, event_id);

	return &hlist->heads[hash];
}

/* For the read side: events when they trigger */
static inline struct hlist_head *
find_swevent_head_rcu(struct swevent_htable *swhash, u64 type, u32 event_id)
{
	struct swevent_hlist *hlist;

	hlist = rcu_dereference(swhash->swevent_hlist);
	if (!hlist)
		return NULL;

	return __find_swevent_head(hlist, type, event_id);
}

/* For the event head insertion and removal in the hlist */
static inline struct hlist_head *
find_swevent_head(struct swevent_htable *swhash, struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct swevent_hlist *hlist;
	u32 event_id = event->attr.config;
	u64 type = event->attr.type;

	/*
	 * Event scheduling is always serialized against hlist allocation
	 * and release. Which makes the protected version suitable here.
	 * The context lock guarantees that.
	 */
	hlist = rcu_dereference_protected(swhash->swevent_hlist,
					  lockdep_is_held(&event->ctx->lock));
	if (!hlist)
		return NULL;

	return __find_swevent_head(hlist, type, event_id);
}

static void do_perf_sw_event(enum perf_type_id type, u32 event_id,
				    u64 nr,
				    struct perf_sample_data *data,
				    struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &__get_cpu_var(swevent_htable);
	struct perf_event *event;
	struct hlist_head *head;

	rcu_read_lock();
	head = find_swevent_head_rcu(swhash, type, event_id);
	if (!head)
		goto end;

	hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(event, head, hlist_entry) {
		if (perf_swevent_match(event, type, event_id, data, regs))
			perf_swevent_event(event, nr, data, regs);
	}
end:
	rcu_read_unlock();
}

int perf_swevent_get_recursion_context(void)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &__get_cpu_var(swevent_htable);

	return get_recursion_context(swhash->recursion);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_swevent_get_recursion_context);

inline void perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(int rctx)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &__get_cpu_var(swevent_htable);

	put_recursion_context(swhash->recursion, rctx);
}

void __perf_sw_event(u32 event_id, u64 nr, struct pt_regs *regs, u64 addr)
{
	struct perf_sample_data data;
	int rctx;

	preempt_disable_notrace();
	rctx = perf_swevent_get_recursion_context();
	if (rctx < 0)
		return;

	perf_sample_data_init(&data, addr, 0);

	do_perf_sw_event(PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE, event_id, nr, &data, regs);

	perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(rctx);
	preempt_enable_notrace();
}

static void perf_swevent_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

static int perf_swevent_add(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &__get_cpu_var(swevent_htable);
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
	struct hlist_head *head;

	if (is_sampling_event(event)) {
		hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;
		perf_swevent_set_period(event);
	}

	hwc->state = !(flags & PERF_EF_START);

	head = find_swevent_head(swhash, event);
	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!head))
		return -EINVAL;

	hlist_add_head_rcu(&event->hlist_entry, head);

	return 0;
}

static void perf_swevent_del(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	hlist_del_rcu(&event->hlist_entry);
}

static void perf_swevent_start(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	event->hw.state = 0;
}

static void perf_swevent_stop(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	event->hw.state = PERF_HES_STOPPED;
}

/* Deref the hlist from the update side */
static inline struct swevent_hlist *
swevent_hlist_deref(struct swevent_htable *swhash)
{
	return rcu_dereference_protected(swhash->swevent_hlist,
					 lockdep_is_held(&swhash->hlist_mutex));
}

static void swevent_hlist_release(struct swevent_htable *swhash)
{
	struct swevent_hlist *hlist = swevent_hlist_deref(swhash);

	if (!hlist)
		return;

	rcu_assign_pointer(swhash->swevent_hlist, NULL);
	kfree_rcu(hlist, rcu_head);
}

static void swevent_hlist_put_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int cpu)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);

	mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);

	if (!--swhash->hlist_refcount)
		swevent_hlist_release(swhash);

	mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
}

static void swevent_hlist_put(struct perf_event *event)
{
	int cpu;

	if (event->cpu != -1) {
		swevent_hlist_put_cpu(event, event->cpu);
		return;
	}

	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
		swevent_hlist_put_cpu(event, cpu);
}

static int swevent_hlist_get_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int cpu)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);
	int err = 0;

	mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);

	if (!swevent_hlist_deref(swhash) && cpu_online(cpu)) {
		struct swevent_hlist *hlist;

		hlist = kzalloc(sizeof(*hlist), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!hlist) {
			err = -ENOMEM;
			goto exit;
		}
		rcu_assign_pointer(swhash->swevent_hlist, hlist);
	}
	swhash->hlist_refcount++;
exit:
	mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);

	return err;
}

static int swevent_hlist_get(struct perf_event *event)
{
	int err;
	int cpu, failed_cpu;

	if (event->cpu != -1)
		return swevent_hlist_get_cpu(event, event->cpu);

	get_online_cpus();
	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		err = swevent_hlist_get_cpu(event, cpu);
		if (err) {
			failed_cpu = cpu;
			goto fail;
		}
	}
	put_online_cpus();

	return 0;
fail:
	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		if (cpu == failed_cpu)
			break;
		swevent_hlist_put_cpu(event, cpu);
	}

	put_online_cpus();
	return err;
}

struct static_key perf_swevent_enabled[PERF_COUNT_SW_MAX];

static void sw_perf_event_destroy(struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 event_id = event->attr.config;

	WARN_ON(event->parent);

	static_key_slow_dec(&perf_swevent_enabled[event_id]);
	swevent_hlist_put(event);
}

static int perf_swevent_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 event_id = event->attr.config;

	if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
		return -ENOENT;

	/*
	 * no branch sampling for software events
	 */
	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		return -EOPNOTSUPP;

	switch (event_id) {
	case PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK:
	case PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK:
		return -ENOENT;

	default:
		break;
	}

	if (event_id >= PERF_COUNT_SW_MAX)
		return -ENOENT;

	if (!event->parent) {
		int err;

		err = swevent_hlist_get(event);
		if (err)
			return err;

		static_key_slow_inc(&perf_swevent_enabled[event_id]);
		event->destroy = sw_perf_event_destroy;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int perf_swevent_event_idx(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_swevent = {
	.task_ctx_nr	= perf_sw_context,

	.event_init	= perf_swevent_init,
	.add		= perf_swevent_add,
	.del		= perf_swevent_del,
	.start		= perf_swevent_start,
	.stop		= perf_swevent_stop,
	.read		= perf_swevent_read,

	.event_idx	= perf_swevent_event_idx,
};

#ifdef CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING

static int perf_tp_filter_match(struct perf_event *event,
				struct perf_sample_data *data)
{
	void *record = data->raw->data;

	if (likely(!event->filter) || filter_match_preds(event->filter, record))
		return 1;
	return 0;
}

static int perf_tp_event_match(struct perf_event *event,
				struct perf_sample_data *data,
				struct pt_regs *regs)
{
	if (event->hw.state & PERF_HES_STOPPED)
		return 0;
	/*
	 * All tracepoints are from kernel-space.
	 */
	if (event->attr.exclude_kernel)
		return 0;

	if (!perf_tp_filter_match(event, data))
		return 0;

	return 1;
}

void perf_tp_event(u64 addr, u64 count, void *record, int entry_size,
		   struct pt_regs *regs, struct hlist_head *head, int rctx,
		   struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_sample_data data;
	struct perf_event *event;

	struct perf_raw_record raw = {
		.size = entry_size,
		.data = record,
	};

	perf_sample_data_init(&data, addr, 0);
	data.raw = &raw;

	hlist_for_each_entry_rcu(event, head, hlist_entry) {
		if (perf_tp_event_match(event, &data, regs))
			perf_swevent_event(event, count, &data, regs);
	}

	/*
	 * If we got specified a target task, also iterate its context and
	 * deliver this event there too.
	 */
	if (task && task != current) {
		struct perf_event_context *ctx;
		struct trace_entry *entry = record;

		rcu_read_lock();
		ctx = rcu_dereference(task->perf_event_ctxp[perf_sw_context]);
		if (!ctx)
			goto unlock;

		list_for_each_entry_rcu(event, &ctx->event_list, event_entry) {
			if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)
				continue;
			if (event->attr.config != entry->type)
				continue;
			if (perf_tp_event_match(event, &data, regs))
				perf_swevent_event(event, count, &data, regs);
		}
unlock:
		rcu_read_unlock();
	}

	perf_swevent_put_recursion_context(rctx);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_tp_event);

static void tp_perf_event_destroy(struct perf_event *event)
{
	perf_trace_destroy(event);
}

static int perf_tp_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
	int err;

	if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)
		return -ENOENT;

	/*
	 * no branch sampling for tracepoint events
	 */
	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		return -EOPNOTSUPP;

	err = perf_trace_init(event);
	if (err)
		return err;

	event->destroy = tp_perf_event_destroy;

	return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_tracepoint = {
	.task_ctx_nr	= perf_sw_context,

	.event_init	= perf_tp_event_init,
	.add		= perf_trace_add,
	.del		= perf_trace_del,
	.start		= perf_swevent_start,
	.stop		= perf_swevent_stop,
	.read		= perf_swevent_read,

	.event_idx	= perf_swevent_event_idx,
};

static inline void perf_tp_register(void)
{
	perf_pmu_register(&perf_tracepoint, "tracepoint", PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT);
}

static int perf_event_set_filter(struct perf_event *event, void __user *arg)
{
	char *filter_str;
	int ret;

	if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)
		return -EINVAL;

	filter_str = strndup_user(arg, PAGE_SIZE);
	if (IS_ERR(filter_str))
		return PTR_ERR(filter_str);

	ret = ftrace_profile_set_filter(event, event->attr.config, filter_str);

	kfree(filter_str);
	return ret;
}

static void perf_event_free_filter(struct perf_event *event)
{
	ftrace_profile_free_filter(event);
}

#else

static inline void perf_tp_register(void)
{
}

static int perf_event_set_filter(struct perf_event *event, void __user *arg)
{
	return -ENOENT;
}

static void perf_event_free_filter(struct perf_event *event)
{
}

#endif /* CONFIG_EVENT_TRACING */

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT
void perf_bp_event(struct perf_event *bp, void *data)
{
	struct perf_sample_data sample;
	struct pt_regs *regs = data;

	perf_sample_data_init(&sample, bp->attr.bp_addr, 0);

	if (!bp->hw.state && !perf_exclude_event(bp, regs))
		perf_swevent_event(bp, 1, &sample, regs);
}
#endif

/*
 * hrtimer based swevent callback
 */

static enum hrtimer_restart perf_swevent_hrtimer(struct hrtimer *hrtimer)
{
	enum hrtimer_restart ret = HRTIMER_RESTART;
	struct perf_sample_data data;
	struct pt_regs *regs;
	struct perf_event *event;
	u64 period;

	event = container_of(hrtimer, struct perf_event, hw.hrtimer);

	if (event->state != PERF_EVENT_STATE_ACTIVE)
		return HRTIMER_NORESTART;

	event->pmu->read(event);

	perf_sample_data_init(&data, 0, event->hw.last_period);
	regs = get_irq_regs();

	if (regs && !perf_exclude_event(event, regs)) {
		if (!(event->attr.exclude_idle && is_idle_task(current)))
			if (__perf_event_overflow(event, 1, &data, regs))
				ret = HRTIMER_NORESTART;
	}

	period = max_t(u64, 10000, event->hw.sample_period);
	hrtimer_forward_now(hrtimer, ns_to_ktime(period));

	return ret;
}

static void perf_swevent_start_hrtimer(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;
	s64 period;

	if (!is_sampling_event(event))
		return;

	period = local64_read(&hwc->period_left);
	if (period) {
		if (period < 0)
			period = 10000;

		local64_set(&hwc->period_left, 0);
	} else {
		period = max_t(u64, 10000, hwc->sample_period);
	}
	__hrtimer_start_range_ns(&hwc->hrtimer,
				ns_to_ktime(period), 0,
				HRTIMER_MODE_REL_PINNED, 0);
}

static void perf_swevent_cancel_hrtimer(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;

	if (is_sampling_event(event)) {
		ktime_t remaining = hrtimer_get_remaining(&hwc->hrtimer);
		local64_set(&hwc->period_left, ktime_to_ns(remaining));

		hrtimer_cancel(&hwc->hrtimer);
	}
}

static void perf_swevent_init_hrtimer(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &event->hw;

	if (!is_sampling_event(event))
		return;

	hrtimer_init(&hwc->hrtimer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_REL);
	hwc->hrtimer.function = perf_swevent_hrtimer;

	/*
	 * Since hrtimers have a fixed rate, we can do a static freq->period
	 * mapping and avoid the whole period adjust feedback stuff.
	 */
	if (event->attr.freq) {
		long freq = event->attr.sample_freq;

		event->attr.sample_period = NSEC_PER_SEC / freq;
		hwc->sample_period = event->attr.sample_period;
		local64_set(&hwc->period_left, hwc->sample_period);
		hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;
		event->attr.freq = 0;
	}
}

/*
 * Software event: cpu wall time clock
 */

static void cpu_clock_event_update(struct perf_event *event)
{
	s64 prev;
	u64 now;

	now = local_clock();
	prev = local64_xchg(&event->hw.prev_count, now);
	local64_add(now - prev, &event->count);
}

static void cpu_clock_event_start(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	local64_set(&event->hw.prev_count, local_clock());
	perf_swevent_start_hrtimer(event);
}

static void cpu_clock_event_stop(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	perf_swevent_cancel_hrtimer(event);
	cpu_clock_event_update(event);
}

static int cpu_clock_event_add(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	if (flags & PERF_EF_START)
		cpu_clock_event_start(event, flags);

	return 0;
}

static void cpu_clock_event_del(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	cpu_clock_event_stop(event, flags);
}

static void cpu_clock_event_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
	cpu_clock_event_update(event);
}

static int cpu_clock_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
		return -ENOENT;

	if (event->attr.config != PERF_COUNT_SW_CPU_CLOCK)
		return -ENOENT;

	/*
	 * no branch sampling for software events
	 */
	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		return -EOPNOTSUPP;

	perf_swevent_init_hrtimer(event);

	return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_cpu_clock = {
	.task_ctx_nr	= perf_sw_context,

	.event_init	= cpu_clock_event_init,
	.add		= cpu_clock_event_add,
	.del		= cpu_clock_event_del,
	.start		= cpu_clock_event_start,
	.stop		= cpu_clock_event_stop,
	.read		= cpu_clock_event_read,

	.event_idx	= perf_swevent_event_idx,
};

/*
 * Software event: task time clock
 */

static void task_clock_event_update(struct perf_event *event, u64 now)
{
	u64 prev;
	s64 delta;

	prev = local64_xchg(&event->hw.prev_count, now);
	delta = now - prev;
	local64_add(delta, &event->count);
}

static void task_clock_event_start(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	local64_set(&event->hw.prev_count, event->ctx->time);
	perf_swevent_start_hrtimer(event);
}

static void task_clock_event_stop(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	perf_swevent_cancel_hrtimer(event);
	task_clock_event_update(event, event->ctx->time);
}

static int task_clock_event_add(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	if (flags & PERF_EF_START)
		task_clock_event_start(event, flags);

	return 0;
}

static void task_clock_event_del(struct perf_event *event, int flags)
{
	task_clock_event_stop(event, PERF_EF_UPDATE);
}

static void task_clock_event_read(struct perf_event *event)
{
	u64 now = perf_clock();
	u64 delta = now - event->ctx->timestamp;
	u64 time = event->ctx->time + delta;

	task_clock_event_update(event, time);
}

static int task_clock_event_init(struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (event->attr.type != PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE)
		return -ENOENT;

	if (event->attr.config != PERF_COUNT_SW_TASK_CLOCK)
		return -ENOENT;

	/*
	 * no branch sampling for software events
	 */
	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		return -EOPNOTSUPP;

	perf_swevent_init_hrtimer(event);

	return 0;
}

static struct pmu perf_task_clock = {
	.task_ctx_nr	= perf_sw_context,

	.event_init	= task_clock_event_init,
	.add		= task_clock_event_add,
	.del		= task_clock_event_del,
	.start		= task_clock_event_start,
	.stop		= task_clock_event_stop,
	.read		= task_clock_event_read,

	.event_idx	= perf_swevent_event_idx,
};

static void perf_pmu_nop_void(struct pmu *pmu)
{
}

static int perf_pmu_nop_int(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	return 0;
}

static void perf_pmu_start_txn(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	perf_pmu_disable(pmu);
}

static int perf_pmu_commit_txn(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	perf_pmu_enable(pmu);
	return 0;
}

static void perf_pmu_cancel_txn(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	perf_pmu_enable(pmu);
}

static int perf_event_idx_default(struct perf_event *event)
{
	return event->hw.idx + 1;
}

/*
 * Ensures all contexts with the same task_ctx_nr have the same
 * pmu_cpu_context too.
 */
static void *find_pmu_context(int ctxn)
{
	struct pmu *pmu;

	if (ctxn < 0)
		return NULL;

	list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		if (pmu->task_ctx_nr == ctxn)
			return pmu->pmu_cpu_context;
	}

	return NULL;
}

static void update_pmu_context(struct pmu *pmu, struct pmu *old_pmu)
{
	int cpu;

	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

		cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);

		if (cpuctx->unique_pmu == old_pmu)
			cpuctx->unique_pmu = pmu;
	}
}

static void free_pmu_context(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	struct pmu *i;

	mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
	/*
	 * Like a real lame refcount.
	 */
	list_for_each_entry(i, &pmus, entry) {
		if (i->pmu_cpu_context == pmu->pmu_cpu_context) {
			update_pmu_context(i, pmu);
			goto out;
		}
	}

	free_percpu(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);
out:
	mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);
}
static struct idr pmu_idr;

static ssize_t
type_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *page)
{
	struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);

	return snprintf(page, PAGE_SIZE-1, "%d\n", pmu->type);
}

static ssize_t
perf_event_mux_interval_ms_show(struct device *dev,
				struct device_attribute *attr,
				char *page)
{
	struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);

	return snprintf(page, PAGE_SIZE-1, "%d\n", pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms);
}

static ssize_t
perf_event_mux_interval_ms_store(struct device *dev,
				 struct device_attribute *attr,
				 const char *buf, size_t count)
{
	struct pmu *pmu = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
	int timer, cpu, ret;

	ret = kstrtoint(buf, 0, &timer);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	if (timer < 1)
		return -EINVAL;

	/* same value, noting to do */
	if (timer == pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms)
		return count;

	pmu->hrtimer_interval_ms = timer;

	/* update all cpuctx for this PMU */
	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;
		cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
		cpuctx->hrtimer_interval = ns_to_ktime(NSEC_PER_MSEC * timer);

		if (hrtimer_active(&cpuctx->hrtimer))
			hrtimer_forward_now(&cpuctx->hrtimer, cpuctx->hrtimer_interval);
	}

	return count;
}

static struct device_attribute pmu_dev_attrs[] = {
	__ATTR_RO(type),
	__ATTR_RW(perf_event_mux_interval_ms),
	__ATTR_NULL,
};

static int pmu_bus_running;
static struct bus_type pmu_bus = {
	.name		= "event_source",
	.dev_attrs	= pmu_dev_attrs,
};

static void pmu_dev_release(struct device *dev)
{
	kfree(dev);
}

static int pmu_dev_alloc(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	int ret = -ENOMEM;

	pmu->dev = kzalloc(sizeof(struct device), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!pmu->dev)
		goto out;

	pmu->dev->groups = pmu->attr_groups;
	device_initialize(pmu->dev);
	ret = dev_set_name(pmu->dev, "%s", pmu->name);
	if (ret)
		goto free_dev;

	dev_set_drvdata(pmu->dev, pmu);
	pmu->dev->bus = &pmu_bus;
	pmu->dev->release = pmu_dev_release;
	ret = device_add(pmu->dev);
	if (ret)
		goto free_dev;

out:
	return ret;

free_dev:
	put_device(pmu->dev);
	goto out;
}

static struct lock_class_key cpuctx_mutex;
static struct lock_class_key cpuctx_lock;

int perf_pmu_register(struct pmu *pmu, const char *name, int type)
{
	int cpu, ret;

	mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
	ret = -ENOMEM;
	pmu->pmu_disable_count = alloc_percpu(int);
	if (!pmu->pmu_disable_count)
		goto unlock;

	pmu->type = -1;
	if (!name)
		goto skip_type;
	pmu->name = name;

	if (type < 0) {
		type = idr_alloc(&pmu_idr, pmu, PERF_TYPE_MAX, 0, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (type < 0) {
			ret = type;
			goto free_pdc;
		}
	}
	pmu->type = type;

	if (pmu_bus_running) {
		ret = pmu_dev_alloc(pmu);
		if (ret)
			goto free_idr;
	}

skip_type:
	pmu->pmu_cpu_context = find_pmu_context(pmu->task_ctx_nr);
	if (pmu->pmu_cpu_context)
		goto got_cpu_context;

	ret = -ENOMEM;
	pmu->pmu_cpu_context = alloc_percpu(struct perf_cpu_context);
	if (!pmu->pmu_cpu_context)
		goto free_dev;

	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx;

		cpuctx = per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu);
		__perf_event_init_context(&cpuctx->ctx);
		lockdep_set_class(&cpuctx->ctx.mutex, &cpuctx_mutex);
		lockdep_set_class(&cpuctx->ctx.lock, &cpuctx_lock);
		cpuctx->ctx.type = cpu_context;
		cpuctx->ctx.pmu = pmu;

		__perf_cpu_hrtimer_init(cpuctx, cpu);

		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cpuctx->rotation_list);
		cpuctx->unique_pmu = pmu;
	}

got_cpu_context:
	if (!pmu->start_txn) {
		if (pmu->pmu_enable) {
			/*
			 * If we have pmu_enable/pmu_disable calls, install
			 * transaction stubs that use that to try and batch
			 * hardware accesses.
			 */
			pmu->start_txn  = perf_pmu_start_txn;
			pmu->commit_txn = perf_pmu_commit_txn;
			pmu->cancel_txn = perf_pmu_cancel_txn;
		} else {
			pmu->start_txn  = perf_pmu_nop_void;
			pmu->commit_txn = perf_pmu_nop_int;
			pmu->cancel_txn = perf_pmu_nop_void;
		}
	}

	if (!pmu->pmu_enable) {
		pmu->pmu_enable  = perf_pmu_nop_void;
		pmu->pmu_disable = perf_pmu_nop_void;
	}

	if (!pmu->event_idx)
		pmu->event_idx = perf_event_idx_default;

	list_add_rcu(&pmu->entry, &pmus);
	ret = 0;
unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);

	return ret;

free_dev:
	device_del(pmu->dev);
	put_device(pmu->dev);

free_idr:
	if (pmu->type >= PERF_TYPE_MAX)
		idr_remove(&pmu_idr, pmu->type);

free_pdc:
	free_percpu(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
	goto unlock;
}

void perf_pmu_unregister(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);
	list_del_rcu(&pmu->entry);
	mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);

	/*
	 * We dereference the pmu list under both SRCU and regular RCU, so
	 * synchronize against both of those.
	 */
	synchronize_srcu(&pmus_srcu);
	synchronize_rcu();

	free_percpu(pmu->pmu_disable_count);
	if (pmu->type >= PERF_TYPE_MAX)
		idr_remove(&pmu_idr, pmu->type);
	device_del(pmu->dev);
	put_device(pmu->dev);
	free_pmu_context(pmu);
}

struct pmu *perf_init_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	struct pmu *pmu = NULL;
	int idx;
	int ret;

	idx = srcu_read_lock(&pmus_srcu);

	rcu_read_lock();
	pmu = idr_find(&pmu_idr, event->attr.type);
	rcu_read_unlock();
	if (pmu) {
		event->pmu = pmu;
		ret = pmu->event_init(event);
		if (ret)
			pmu = ERR_PTR(ret);
		goto unlock;
	}

	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		event->pmu = pmu;
		ret = pmu->event_init(event);
		if (!ret)
			goto unlock;

		if (ret != -ENOENT) {
			pmu = ERR_PTR(ret);
			goto unlock;
		}
	}
	pmu = ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
unlock:
	srcu_read_unlock(&pmus_srcu, idx);

	return pmu;
}

static void account_event_cpu(struct perf_event *event, int cpu)
{
	if (event->parent)
		return;

	if (has_branch_stack(event)) {
		if (!(event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK))
			atomic_inc(&per_cpu(perf_branch_stack_events, cpu));
	}
	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		atomic_inc(&per_cpu(perf_cgroup_events, cpu));
}

static void account_event(struct perf_event *event)
{
	if (event->parent)
		return;

	if (event->attach_state & PERF_ATTACH_TASK)
		static_key_slow_inc(&perf_sched_events.key);
	if (event->attr.mmap || event->attr.mmap_data)
		atomic_inc(&nr_mmap_events);
	if (event->attr.comm)
		atomic_inc(&nr_comm_events);
	if (event->attr.task)
		atomic_inc(&nr_task_events);
	if (event->attr.freq) {
		if (atomic_inc_return(&nr_freq_events) == 1)
			tick_nohz_full_kick_all();
	}
	if (has_branch_stack(event))
		static_key_slow_inc(&perf_sched_events.key);
	if (is_cgroup_event(event))
		static_key_slow_inc(&perf_sched_events.key);

	account_event_cpu(event, event->cpu);
}

/*
 * Allocate and initialize a event structure
 */
static struct perf_event *
perf_event_alloc(struct perf_event_attr *attr, int cpu,
		 struct task_struct *task,
		 struct perf_event *group_leader,
		 struct perf_event *parent_event,
		 perf_overflow_handler_t overflow_handler,
		 void *context)
{
	struct pmu *pmu;
	struct perf_event *event;
	struct hw_perf_event *hwc;
	long err = -EINVAL;

	if ((unsigned)cpu >= nr_cpu_ids) {
		if (!task || cpu != -1)
			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
	}

	event = kzalloc(sizeof(*event), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!event)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	/*
	 * Single events are their own group leaders, with an
	 * empty sibling list:
	 */
	if (!group_leader)
		group_leader = event;

	mutex_init(&event->child_mutex);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->child_list);

	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->group_entry);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->event_entry);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->sibling_list);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&event->rb_entry);

	init_waitqueue_head(&event->waitq);
	init_irq_work(&event->pending, perf_pending_event);

	mutex_init(&event->mmap_mutex);

	atomic_long_set(&event->refcount, 1);
	event->cpu		= cpu;
	event->attr		= *attr;
	event->group_leader	= group_leader;
	event->pmu		= NULL;
	event->oncpu		= -1;

	event->parent		= parent_event;

	event->ns		= get_pid_ns(task_active_pid_ns(current));
	event->id		= atomic64_inc_return(&perf_event_id);

	event->state		= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;

	if (task) {
		event->attach_state = PERF_ATTACH_TASK;

		if (attr->type == PERF_TYPE_TRACEPOINT)
			event->hw.tp_target = task;
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_HW_BREAKPOINT
		/*
		 * hw_breakpoint is a bit difficult here..
		 */
		else if (attr->type == PERF_TYPE_BREAKPOINT)
			event->hw.bp_target = task;
#endif
	}

	if (!overflow_handler && parent_event) {
		overflow_handler = parent_event->overflow_handler;
		context = parent_event->overflow_handler_context;
	}

	event->overflow_handler	= overflow_handler;
	event->overflow_handler_context = context;

	perf_event__state_init(event);

	pmu = NULL;

	hwc = &event->hw;
	hwc->sample_period = attr->sample_period;
	if (attr->freq && attr->sample_freq)
		hwc->sample_period = 1;
	hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;

	local64_set(&hwc->period_left, hwc->sample_period);

	/*
	 * we currently do not support PERF_FORMAT_GROUP on inherited events
	 */
	if (attr->inherit && (attr->read_format & PERF_FORMAT_GROUP))
		goto err_ns;

	pmu = perf_init_event(event);
	if (!pmu)
		goto err_ns;
	else if (IS_ERR(pmu)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(pmu);
		goto err_ns;
	}

	if (!event->parent) {
		if (event->attr.sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_CALLCHAIN) {
			err = get_callchain_buffers();
			if (err)
				goto err_pmu;
		}
	}

	return event;

err_pmu:
	if (event->destroy)
		event->destroy(event);
err_ns:
	if (event->ns)
		put_pid_ns(event->ns);
	kfree(event);

	return ERR_PTR(err);
}

static int perf_copy_attr(struct perf_event_attr __user *uattr,
			  struct perf_event_attr *attr)
{
	u32 size;
	int ret;

	if (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, uattr, PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER0))
		return -EFAULT;

	/*
	 * zero the full structure, so that a short copy will be nice.
	 */
	memset(attr, 0, sizeof(*attr));

	ret = get_user(size, &uattr->size);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	if (size > PAGE_SIZE)	/* silly large */
		goto err_size;

	if (!size)		/* abi compat */
		size = PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER0;

	if (size < PERF_ATTR_SIZE_VER0)
		goto err_size;

	/*
	 * If we're handed a bigger struct than we know of,
	 * ensure all the unknown bits are 0 - i.e. new
	 * user-space does not rely on any kernel feature
	 * extensions we dont know about yet.
	 */
	if (size > sizeof(*attr)) {
		unsigned char __user *addr;
		unsigned char __user *end;
		unsigned char val;

		addr = (void __user *)uattr + sizeof(*attr);
		end  = (void __user *)uattr + size;

		for (; addr < end; addr++) {
			ret = get_user(val, addr);
			if (ret)
				return ret;
			if (val)
				goto err_size;
		}
		size = sizeof(*attr);
	}

	ret = copy_from_user(attr, uattr, size);
	if (ret)
		return -EFAULT;

	if (attr->__reserved_1)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (attr->sample_type & ~(PERF_SAMPLE_MAX-1))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (attr->read_format & ~(PERF_FORMAT_MAX-1))
		return -EINVAL;

	if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_STACK) {
		u64 mask = attr->branch_sample_type;

		/* only using defined bits */
		if (mask & ~(PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_MAX-1))
			return -EINVAL;

		/* at least one branch bit must be set */
		if (!(mask & ~PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PLM_ALL))
			return -EINVAL;

		/* propagate priv level, when not set for branch */
		if (!(mask & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PLM_ALL)) {

			/* exclude_kernel checked on syscall entry */
			if (!attr->exclude_kernel)
				mask |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_KERNEL;

			if (!attr->exclude_user)
				mask |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_USER;

			if (!attr->exclude_hv)
				mask |= PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_HV;
			/*
			 * adjust user setting (for HW filter setup)
			 */
			attr->branch_sample_type = mask;
		}
		/* privileged levels capture (kernel, hv): check permissions */
		if ((mask & PERF_SAMPLE_BRANCH_PERM_PLM)
		    && perf_paranoid_kernel() && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
			return -EACCES;
	}

	if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER) {
		ret = perf_reg_validate(attr->sample_regs_user);
		if (ret)
			return ret;
	}

	if (attr->sample_type & PERF_SAMPLE_STACK_USER) {
		if (!arch_perf_have_user_stack_dump())
			return -ENOSYS;

		/*
		 * We have __u32 type for the size, but so far
		 * we can only use __u16 as maximum due to the
		 * __u16 sample size limit.
		 */
		if (attr->sample_stack_user >= USHRT_MAX)
			ret = -EINVAL;
		else if (!IS_ALIGNED(attr->sample_stack_user, sizeof(u64)))
			ret = -EINVAL;
	}

out:
	return ret;

err_size:
	put_user(sizeof(*attr), &uattr->size);
	ret = -E2BIG;
	goto out;
}

static int
perf_event_set_output(struct perf_event *event, struct perf_event *output_event)
{
	struct ring_buffer *rb = NULL, *old_rb = NULL;
	int ret = -EINVAL;

	if (!output_event)
		goto set;

	/* don't allow circular references */
	if (event == output_event)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * Don't allow cross-cpu buffers
	 */
	if (output_event->cpu != event->cpu)
		goto out;

	/*
	 * If its not a per-cpu rb, it must be the same task.
	 */
	if (output_event->cpu == -1 && output_event->ctx != event->ctx)
		goto out;

set:
	mutex_lock(&event->mmap_mutex);
	/* Can't redirect output if we've got an active mmap() */
	if (atomic_read(&event->mmap_count))
		goto unlock;

	old_rb = event->rb;

	if (output_event) {
		/* get the rb we want to redirect to */
		rb = ring_buffer_get(output_event);
		if (!rb)
			goto unlock;
	}

	if (old_rb)
		ring_buffer_detach(event, old_rb);

	if (rb)
		ring_buffer_attach(event, rb);

	rcu_assign_pointer(event->rb, rb);

	if (old_rb) {
		ring_buffer_put(old_rb);
		/*
		 * Since we detached before setting the new rb, so that we
		 * could attach the new rb, we could have missed a wakeup.
		 * Provide it now.
		 */
		wake_up_all(&event->waitq);
	}

	ret = 0;
unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&event->mmap_mutex);

out:
	return ret;
}

/**
 * sys_perf_event_open - open a performance event, associate it to a task/cpu
 *
 * @attr_uptr:	event_id type attributes for monitoring/sampling
 * @pid:		target pid
 * @cpu:		target cpu
 * @group_fd:		group leader event fd
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE5(perf_event_open,
		struct perf_event_attr __user *, attr_uptr,
		pid_t, pid, int, cpu, int, group_fd, unsigned long, flags)
{
	struct perf_event *group_leader = NULL, *output_event = NULL;
	struct perf_event *event, *sibling;
	struct perf_event_attr attr;
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	struct file *event_file = NULL;
	struct fd group = {NULL, 0};
	struct task_struct *task = NULL;
	struct pmu *pmu;
	int event_fd;
	int move_group = 0;
	int err;

	/* for future expandability... */
	if (flags & ~PERF_FLAG_ALL)
		return -EINVAL;

	err = perf_copy_attr(attr_uptr, &attr);
	if (err)
		return err;

	if (!attr.exclude_kernel) {
		if (perf_paranoid_kernel() && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
			return -EACCES;
	}

	if (attr.freq) {
		if (attr.sample_freq > sysctl_perf_event_sample_rate)
			return -EINVAL;
	}

	/*
	 * In cgroup mode, the pid argument is used to pass the fd
	 * opened to the cgroup directory in cgroupfs. The cpu argument
	 * designates the cpu on which to monitor threads from that
	 * cgroup.
	 */
	if ((flags & PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP) && (pid == -1 || cpu == -1))
		return -EINVAL;

	event_fd = get_unused_fd();
	if (event_fd < 0)
		return event_fd;

	if (group_fd != -1) {
		err = perf_fget_light(group_fd, &group);
		if (err)
			goto err_fd;
		group_leader = group.file->private_data;
		if (flags & PERF_FLAG_FD_OUTPUT)
			output_event = group_leader;
		if (flags & PERF_FLAG_FD_NO_GROUP)
			group_leader = NULL;
	}

	if (pid != -1 && !(flags & PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP)) {
		task = find_lively_task_by_vpid(pid);
		if (IS_ERR(task)) {
			err = PTR_ERR(task);
			goto err_group_fd;
		}
	}

	get_online_cpus();

	event = perf_event_alloc(&attr, cpu, task, group_leader, NULL,
				 NULL, NULL);
	if (IS_ERR(event)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(event);
		goto err_task;
	}

	if (flags & PERF_FLAG_PID_CGROUP) {
		err = perf_cgroup_connect(pid, event, &attr, group_leader);
		if (err) {
			__free_event(event);
			goto err_task;
		}
	}

	account_event(event);

	/*
	 * Special case software events and allow them to be part of
	 * any hardware group.
	 */
	pmu = event->pmu;

	if (group_leader &&
	    (is_software_event(event) != is_software_event(group_leader))) {
		if (is_software_event(event)) {
			/*
			 * If event and group_leader are not both a software
			 * event, and event is, then group leader is not.
			 *
			 * Allow the addition of software events to !software
			 * groups, this is safe because software events never
			 * fail to schedule.
			 */
			pmu = group_leader->pmu;
		} else if (is_software_event(group_leader) &&
			   (group_leader->group_flags & PERF_GROUP_SOFTWARE)) {
			/*
			 * In case the group is a pure software group, and we
			 * try to add a hardware event, move the whole group to
			 * the hardware context.
			 */
			move_group = 1;
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Get the target context (task or percpu):
	 */
	ctx = find_get_context(pmu, task, event->cpu);
	if (IS_ERR(ctx)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(ctx);
		goto err_alloc;
	}

	if (task) {
		put_task_struct(task);
		task = NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * Look up the group leader (we will attach this event to it):
	 */
	if (group_leader) {
		err = -EINVAL;

		/*
		 * Do not allow a recursive hierarchy (this new sibling
		 * becoming part of another group-sibling):
		 */
		if (group_leader->group_leader != group_leader)
			goto err_context;
		/*
		 * Do not allow to attach to a group in a different
		 * task or CPU context:
		 */
		if (move_group) {
			if (group_leader->ctx->type != ctx->type)
				goto err_context;
		} else {
			if (group_leader->ctx != ctx)
				goto err_context;
		}

		/*
		 * Only a group leader can be exclusive or pinned
		 */
		if (attr.exclusive || attr.pinned)
			goto err_context;
	}

	if (output_event) {
		err = perf_event_set_output(event, output_event);
		if (err)
			goto err_context;
	}

	event_file = anon_inode_getfile("[perf_event]", &perf_fops, event, O_RDWR);
	if (IS_ERR(event_file)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(event_file);
		goto err_context;
	}

	if (move_group) {
		struct perf_event_context *gctx = group_leader->ctx;

		mutex_lock(&gctx->mutex);
		perf_remove_from_context(group_leader);

		/*
		 * Removing from the context ends up with disabled
		 * event. What we want here is event in the initial
		 * startup state, ready to be add into new context.
		 */
		perf_event__state_init(group_leader);
		list_for_each_entry(sibling, &group_leader->sibling_list,
				    group_entry) {
			perf_remove_from_context(sibling);
			perf_event__state_init(sibling);
			put_ctx(gctx);
		}
		mutex_unlock(&gctx->mutex);
		put_ctx(gctx);
	}

	WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);
	mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);

	if (move_group) {
		synchronize_rcu();
		perf_install_in_context(ctx, group_leader, event->cpu);
		get_ctx(ctx);
		list_for_each_entry(sibling, &group_leader->sibling_list,
				    group_entry) {
			perf_install_in_context(ctx, sibling, event->cpu);
			get_ctx(ctx);
		}
	}

	perf_install_in_context(ctx, event, event->cpu);
	++ctx->generation;
	perf_unpin_context(ctx);
	mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

	put_online_cpus();

	event->owner = current;

	mutex_lock(&current->perf_event_mutex);
	list_add_tail(&event->owner_entry, &current->perf_event_list);
	mutex_unlock(&current->perf_event_mutex);

	/*
	 * Precalculate sample_data sizes
	 */
	perf_event__header_size(event);
	perf_event__id_header_size(event);

	/*
	 * Drop the reference on the group_event after placing the
	 * new event on the sibling_list. This ensures destruction
	 * of the group leader will find the pointer to itself in
	 * perf_group_detach().
	 */
	fdput(group);
	fd_install(event_fd, event_file);
	return event_fd;

err_context:
	perf_unpin_context(ctx);
	put_ctx(ctx);
err_alloc:
	free_event(event);
err_task:
	put_online_cpus();
	if (task)
		put_task_struct(task);
err_group_fd:
	fdput(group);
err_fd:
	put_unused_fd(event_fd);
	return err;
}

/**
 * perf_event_create_kernel_counter
 *
 * @attr: attributes of the counter to create
 * @cpu: cpu in which the counter is bound
 * @task: task to profile (NULL for percpu)
 */
struct perf_event *
perf_event_create_kernel_counter(struct perf_event_attr *attr, int cpu,
				 struct task_struct *task,
				 perf_overflow_handler_t overflow_handler,
				 void *context)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	struct perf_event *event;
	int err;

	/*
	 * Get the target context (task or percpu):
	 */

	event = perf_event_alloc(attr, cpu, task, NULL, NULL,
				 overflow_handler, context);
	if (IS_ERR(event)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(event);
		goto err;
	}

	account_event(event);

	ctx = find_get_context(event->pmu, task, cpu);
	if (IS_ERR(ctx)) {
		err = PTR_ERR(ctx);
		goto err_free;
	}

	WARN_ON_ONCE(ctx->parent_ctx);
	mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
	perf_install_in_context(ctx, event, cpu);
	++ctx->generation;
	perf_unpin_context(ctx);
	mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

	return event;

err_free:
	free_event(event);
err:
	return ERR_PTR(err);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_event_create_kernel_counter);

void perf_pmu_migrate_context(struct pmu *pmu, int src_cpu, int dst_cpu)
{
	struct perf_event_context *src_ctx;
	struct perf_event_context *dst_ctx;
	struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
	LIST_HEAD(events);

	src_ctx = &per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, src_cpu)->ctx;
	dst_ctx = &per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, dst_cpu)->ctx;

	mutex_lock(&src_ctx->mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &src_ctx->event_list,
				 event_entry) {
		perf_remove_from_context(event);
		unaccount_event_cpu(event, src_cpu);
		put_ctx(src_ctx);
		list_add(&event->event_entry, &events);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&src_ctx->mutex);

	synchronize_rcu();

	mutex_lock(&dst_ctx->mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &events, event_entry) {
		list_del(&event->event_entry);
		if (event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF)
			event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
		account_event_cpu(event, dst_cpu);
		perf_install_in_context(dst_ctx, event, dst_cpu);
		get_ctx(dst_ctx);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&dst_ctx->mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(perf_pmu_migrate_context);

static void sync_child_event(struct perf_event *child_event,
			       struct task_struct *child)
{
	struct perf_event *parent_event = child_event->parent;
	u64 child_val;

	if (child_event->attr.inherit_stat)
		perf_event_read_event(child_event, child);

	child_val = perf_event_count(child_event);

	/*
	 * Add back the child's count to the parent's count:
	 */
	atomic64_add(child_val, &parent_event->child_count);
	atomic64_add(child_event->total_time_enabled,
		     &parent_event->child_total_time_enabled);
	atomic64_add(child_event->total_time_running,
		     &parent_event->child_total_time_running);

	/*
	 * Remove this event from the parent's list
	 */
	WARN_ON_ONCE(parent_event->ctx->parent_ctx);
	mutex_lock(&parent_event->child_mutex);
	list_del_init(&child_event->child_list);
	mutex_unlock(&parent_event->child_mutex);

	/*
	 * Release the parent event, if this was the last
	 * reference to it.
	 */
	put_event(parent_event);
}

static void
__perf_event_exit_task(struct perf_event *child_event,
			 struct perf_event_context *child_ctx,
			 struct task_struct *child)
{
	if (child_event->parent) {
		raw_spin_lock_irq(&child_ctx->lock);
		perf_group_detach(child_event);
		raw_spin_unlock_irq(&child_ctx->lock);
	}

	perf_remove_from_context(child_event);

	/*
	 * It can happen that the parent exits first, and has events
	 * that are still around due to the child reference. These
	 * events need to be zapped.
	 */
	if (child_event->parent) {
		sync_child_event(child_event, child);
		free_event(child_event);
	}
}

static void perf_event_exit_task_context(struct task_struct *child, int ctxn)
{
	struct perf_event *child_event, *tmp;
	struct perf_event_context *child_ctx;
	unsigned long flags;

	if (likely(!child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn])) {
		perf_event_task(child, NULL, 0);
		return;
	}

	local_irq_save(flags);
	/*
	 * We can't reschedule here because interrupts are disabled,
	 * and either child is current or it is a task that can't be
	 * scheduled, so we are now safe from rescheduling changing
	 * our context.
	 */
	child_ctx = rcu_dereference_raw(child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);

	/*
	 * Take the context lock here so that if find_get_context is
	 * reading child->perf_event_ctxp, we wait until it has
	 * incremented the context's refcount before we do put_ctx below.
	 */
	raw_spin_lock(&child_ctx->lock);
	task_ctx_sched_out(child_ctx);
	child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn] = NULL;
	/*
	 * If this context is a clone; unclone it so it can't get
	 * swapped to another process while we're removing all
	 * the events from it.
	 */
	unclone_ctx(child_ctx);
	update_context_time(child_ctx);
	raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&child_ctx->lock, flags);

	/*
	 * Report the task dead after unscheduling the events so that we
	 * won't get any samples after PERF_RECORD_EXIT. We can however still
	 * get a few PERF_RECORD_READ events.
	 */
	perf_event_task(child, child_ctx, 0);

	/*
	 * We can recurse on the same lock type through:
	 *
	 *   __perf_event_exit_task()
	 *     sync_child_event()
	 *       put_event()
	 *         mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex)
	 *
	 * But since its the parent context it won't be the same instance.
	 */
	mutex_lock(&child_ctx->mutex);

again:
	list_for_each_entry_safe(child_event, tmp, &child_ctx->pinned_groups,
				 group_entry)
		__perf_event_exit_task(child_event, child_ctx, child);

	list_for_each_entry_safe(child_event, tmp, &child_ctx->flexible_groups,
				 group_entry)
		__perf_event_exit_task(child_event, child_ctx, child);

	/*
	 * If the last event was a group event, it will have appended all
	 * its siblings to the list, but we obtained 'tmp' before that which
	 * will still point to the list head terminating the iteration.
	 */
	if (!list_empty(&child_ctx->pinned_groups) ||
	    !list_empty(&child_ctx->flexible_groups))
		goto again;

	mutex_unlock(&child_ctx->mutex);

	put_ctx(child_ctx);
}

/*
 * When a child task exits, feed back event values to parent events.
 */
void perf_event_exit_task(struct task_struct *child)
{
	struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
	int ctxn;

	mutex_lock(&child->perf_event_mutex);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &child->perf_event_list,
				 owner_entry) {
		list_del_init(&event->owner_entry);

		/*
		 * Ensure the list deletion is visible before we clear
		 * the owner, closes a race against perf_release() where
		 * we need to serialize on the owner->perf_event_mutex.
		 */
		smp_wmb();
		event->owner = NULL;
	}
	mutex_unlock(&child->perf_event_mutex);

	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)
		perf_event_exit_task_context(child, ctxn);
}

static void perf_free_event(struct perf_event *event,
			    struct perf_event_context *ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *parent = event->parent;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!parent))
		return;

	mutex_lock(&parent->child_mutex);
	list_del_init(&event->child_list);
	mutex_unlock(&parent->child_mutex);

	put_event(parent);

	perf_group_detach(event);
	list_del_event(event, ctx);
	free_event(event);
}

/*
 * free an unexposed, unused context as created by inheritance by
 * perf_event_init_task below, used by fork() in case of fail.
 */
void perf_event_free_task(struct task_struct *task)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	struct perf_event *event, *tmp;
	int ctxn;

	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
		ctx = task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
		if (!ctx)
			continue;

		mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
again:
		list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->pinned_groups,
				group_entry)
			perf_free_event(event, ctx);

		list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->flexible_groups,
				group_entry)
			perf_free_event(event, ctx);

		if (!list_empty(&ctx->pinned_groups) ||
				!list_empty(&ctx->flexible_groups))
			goto again;

		mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);

		put_ctx(ctx);
	}
}

void perf_event_delayed_put(struct task_struct *task)
{
	int ctxn;

	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn)
		WARN_ON_ONCE(task->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]);
}

/*
 * inherit a event from parent task to child task:
 */
static struct perf_event *
inherit_event(struct perf_event *parent_event,
	      struct task_struct *parent,
	      struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx,
	      struct task_struct *child,
	      struct perf_event *group_leader,
	      struct perf_event_context *child_ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *child_event;
	unsigned long flags;

	/*
	 * Instead of creating recursive hierarchies of events,
	 * we link inherited events back to the original parent,
	 * which has a filp for sure, which we use as the reference
	 * count:
	 */
	if (parent_event->parent)
		parent_event = parent_event->parent;

	child_event = perf_event_alloc(&parent_event->attr,
					   parent_event->cpu,
					   child,
					   group_leader, parent_event,
				           NULL, NULL);
	if (IS_ERR(child_event))
		return child_event;

	if (!atomic_long_inc_not_zero(&parent_event->refcount)) {
		free_event(child_event);
		return NULL;
	}

	get_ctx(child_ctx);

	/*
	 * Make the child state follow the state of the parent event,
	 * not its attr.disabled bit.  We hold the parent's mutex,
	 * so we won't race with perf_event_{en, dis}able_family.
	 */
	if (parent_event->state >= PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE)
		child_event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_INACTIVE;
	else
		child_event->state = PERF_EVENT_STATE_OFF;

	if (parent_event->attr.freq) {
		u64 sample_period = parent_event->hw.sample_period;
		struct hw_perf_event *hwc = &child_event->hw;

		hwc->sample_period = sample_period;
		hwc->last_period   = sample_period;

		local64_set(&hwc->period_left, sample_period);
	}

	child_event->ctx = child_ctx;
	child_event->overflow_handler = parent_event->overflow_handler;
	child_event->overflow_handler_context
		= parent_event->overflow_handler_context;

	/*
	 * Precalculate sample_data sizes
	 */
	perf_event__header_size(child_event);
	perf_event__id_header_size(child_event);

	/*
	 * Link it up in the child's context:
	 */
	raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&child_ctx->lock, flags);
	add_event_to_ctx(child_event, child_ctx);
	raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&child_ctx->lock, flags);

	/*
	 * Link this into the parent event's child list
	 */
	WARN_ON_ONCE(parent_event->ctx->parent_ctx);
	mutex_lock(&parent_event->child_mutex);
	list_add_tail(&child_event->child_list, &parent_event->child_list);
	mutex_unlock(&parent_event->child_mutex);

	return child_event;
}

static int inherit_group(struct perf_event *parent_event,
	      struct task_struct *parent,
	      struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx,
	      struct task_struct *child,
	      struct perf_event_context *child_ctx)
{
	struct perf_event *leader;
	struct perf_event *sub;
	struct perf_event *child_ctr;

	leader = inherit_event(parent_event, parent, parent_ctx,
				 child, NULL, child_ctx);
	if (IS_ERR(leader))
		return PTR_ERR(leader);
	list_for_each_entry(sub, &parent_event->sibling_list, group_entry) {
		child_ctr = inherit_event(sub, parent, parent_ctx,
					    child, leader, child_ctx);
		if (IS_ERR(child_ctr))
			return PTR_ERR(child_ctr);
	}
	return 0;
}

static int
inherit_task_group(struct perf_event *event, struct task_struct *parent,
		   struct perf_event_context *parent_ctx,
		   struct task_struct *child, int ctxn,
		   int *inherited_all)
{
	int ret;
	struct perf_event_context *child_ctx;

	if (!event->attr.inherit) {
		*inherited_all = 0;
		return 0;
	}

	child_ctx = child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];
	if (!child_ctx) {
		/*
		 * This is executed from the parent task context, so
		 * inherit events that have been marked for cloning.
		 * First allocate and initialize a context for the
		 * child.
		 */

		child_ctx = alloc_perf_context(parent_ctx->pmu, child);
		if (!child_ctx)
			return -ENOMEM;

		child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn] = child_ctx;
	}

	ret = inherit_group(event, parent, parent_ctx,
			    child, child_ctx);

	if (ret)
		*inherited_all = 0;

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Initialize the perf_event context in task_struct
 */
int perf_event_init_context(struct task_struct *child, int ctxn)
{
	struct perf_event_context *child_ctx, *parent_ctx;
	struct perf_event_context *cloned_ctx;
	struct perf_event *event;
	struct task_struct *parent = current;
	int inherited_all = 1;
	unsigned long flags;
	int ret = 0;

	if (likely(!parent->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn]))
		return 0;

	/*
	 * If the parent's context is a clone, pin it so it won't get
	 * swapped under us.
	 */
	parent_ctx = perf_pin_task_context(parent, ctxn);

	/*
	 * No need to check if parent_ctx != NULL here; since we saw
	 * it non-NULL earlier, the only reason for it to become NULL
	 * is if we exit, and since we're currently in the middle of
	 * a fork we can't be exiting at the same time.
	 */

	/*
	 * Lock the parent list. No need to lock the child - not PID
	 * hashed yet and not running, so nobody can access it.
	 */
	mutex_lock(&parent_ctx->mutex);

	/*
	 * We dont have to disable NMIs - we are only looking at
	 * the list, not manipulating it:
	 */
	list_for_each_entry(event, &parent_ctx->pinned_groups, group_entry) {
		ret = inherit_task_group(event, parent, parent_ctx,
					 child, ctxn, &inherited_all);
		if (ret)
			break;
	}

	/*
	 * We can't hold ctx->lock when iterating the ->flexible_group list due
	 * to allocations, but we need to prevent rotation because
	 * rotate_ctx() will change the list from interrupt context.
	 */
	raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);
	parent_ctx->rotate_disable = 1;
	raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);

	list_for_each_entry(event, &parent_ctx->flexible_groups, group_entry) {
		ret = inherit_task_group(event, parent, parent_ctx,
					 child, ctxn, &inherited_all);
		if (ret)
			break;
	}

	raw_spin_lock_irqsave(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);
	parent_ctx->rotate_disable = 0;

	child_ctx = child->perf_event_ctxp[ctxn];

	if (child_ctx && inherited_all) {
		/*
		 * Mark the child context as a clone of the parent
		 * context, or of whatever the parent is a clone of.
		 *
		 * Note that if the parent is a clone, the holding of
		 * parent_ctx->lock avoids it from being uncloned.
		 */
		cloned_ctx = parent_ctx->parent_ctx;
		if (cloned_ctx) {
			child_ctx->parent_ctx = cloned_ctx;
			child_ctx->parent_gen = parent_ctx->parent_gen;
		} else {
			child_ctx->parent_ctx = parent_ctx;
			child_ctx->parent_gen = parent_ctx->generation;
		}
		get_ctx(child_ctx->parent_ctx);
	}

	raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore(&parent_ctx->lock, flags);
	mutex_unlock(&parent_ctx->mutex);

	perf_unpin_context(parent_ctx);
	put_ctx(parent_ctx);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Initialize the perf_event context in task_struct
 */
int perf_event_init_task(struct task_struct *child)
{
	int ctxn, ret;

	memset(child->perf_event_ctxp, 0, sizeof(child->perf_event_ctxp));
	mutex_init(&child->perf_event_mutex);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&child->perf_event_list);

	for_each_task_context_nr(ctxn) {
		ret = perf_event_init_context(child, ctxn);
		if (ret)
			return ret;
	}

	return 0;
}

static void __init perf_event_init_all_cpus(void)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash;
	int cpu;

	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
		swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);
		mutex_init(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
		INIT_LIST_HEAD(&per_cpu(rotation_list, cpu));
	}
}

static void perf_event_init_cpu(int cpu)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);

	mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
	if (swhash->hlist_refcount > 0) {
		struct swevent_hlist *hlist;

		hlist = kzalloc_node(sizeof(*hlist), GFP_KERNEL, cpu_to_node(cpu));
		WARN_ON(!hlist);
		rcu_assign_pointer(swhash->swevent_hlist, hlist);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
}

#if defined CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU || defined CONFIG_KEXEC
static void perf_pmu_rotate_stop(struct pmu *pmu)
{
	struct perf_cpu_context *cpuctx = this_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context);

	WARN_ON(!irqs_disabled());

	list_del_init(&cpuctx->rotation_list);
}

static void __perf_event_exit_context(void *__info)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx = __info;
	struct perf_event *event, *tmp;

	perf_pmu_rotate_stop(ctx->pmu);

	list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->pinned_groups, group_entry)
		__perf_remove_from_context(event);
	list_for_each_entry_safe(event, tmp, &ctx->flexible_groups, group_entry)
		__perf_remove_from_context(event);
}

static void perf_event_exit_cpu_context(int cpu)
{
	struct perf_event_context *ctx;
	struct pmu *pmu;
	int idx;

	idx = srcu_read_lock(&pmus_srcu);
	list_for_each_entry_rcu(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		ctx = &per_cpu_ptr(pmu->pmu_cpu_context, cpu)->ctx;

		mutex_lock(&ctx->mutex);
		smp_call_function_single(cpu, __perf_event_exit_context, ctx, 1);
		mutex_unlock(&ctx->mutex);
	}
	srcu_read_unlock(&pmus_srcu, idx);
}

static void perf_event_exit_cpu(int cpu)
{
	struct swevent_htable *swhash = &per_cpu(swevent_htable, cpu);

	mutex_lock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);
	swevent_hlist_release(swhash);
	mutex_unlock(&swhash->hlist_mutex);

	perf_event_exit_cpu_context(cpu);
}
#else
static inline void perf_event_exit_cpu(int cpu) { }
#endif

static int
perf_reboot(struct notifier_block *notifier, unsigned long val, void *v)
{
	int cpu;

	for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
		perf_event_exit_cpu(cpu);

	return NOTIFY_OK;
}

/*
 * Run the perf reboot notifier at the very last possible moment so that
 * the generic watchdog code runs as long as possible.
 */
static struct notifier_block perf_reboot_notifier = {
	.notifier_call = perf_reboot,
	.priority = INT_MIN,
};

static int
perf_cpu_notify(struct notifier_block *self, unsigned long action, void *hcpu)
{
	unsigned int cpu = (long)hcpu;

	switch (action & ~CPU_TASKS_FROZEN) {

	case CPU_UP_PREPARE:
	case CPU_DOWN_FAILED:
		perf_event_init_cpu(cpu);
		break;

	case CPU_UP_CANCELED:
	case CPU_DOWN_PREPARE:
		perf_event_exit_cpu(cpu);
		break;
	default:
		break;
	}

	return NOTIFY_OK;
}

void __init perf_event_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	idr_init(&pmu_idr);

	perf_event_init_all_cpus();
	init_srcu_struct(&pmus_srcu);
	perf_pmu_register(&perf_swevent, "software", PERF_TYPE_SOFTWARE);
	perf_pmu_register(&perf_cpu_clock, NULL, -1);
	perf_pmu_register(&perf_task_clock, NULL, -1);
	perf_tp_register();
	perf_cpu_notifier(perf_cpu_notify);
	register_reboot_notifier(&perf_reboot_notifier);

	ret = init_hw_breakpoint();
	WARN(ret, "hw_breakpoint initialization failed with: %d", ret);

	/* do not patch jump label more than once per second */
	jump_label_rate_limit(&perf_sched_events, HZ);

	/*
	 * Build time assertion that we keep the data_head at the intended
	 * location.  IOW, validation we got the __reserved[] size right.
	 */
	BUILD_BUG_ON((offsetof(struct perf_event_mmap_page, data_head))
		     != 1024);
}

static int __init perf_event_sysfs_init(void)
{
	struct pmu *pmu;
	int ret;

	mutex_lock(&pmus_lock);

	ret = bus_register(&pmu_bus);
	if (ret)
		goto unlock;

	list_for_each_entry(pmu, &pmus, entry) {
		if (!pmu->name || pmu->type < 0)
			continue;

		ret = pmu_dev_alloc(pmu);
		WARN(ret, "Failed to register pmu: %s, reason %d\n", pmu->name, ret);
	}
	pmu_bus_running = 1;
	ret = 0;

unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&pmus_lock);

	return ret;
}
device_initcall(perf_event_sysfs_init);

#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF
static struct cgroup_subsys_state *
perf_cgroup_css_alloc(struct cgroup_subsys_state *parent_css)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *jc;

	jc = kzalloc(sizeof(*jc), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!jc)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	jc->info = alloc_percpu(struct perf_cgroup_info);
	if (!jc->info) {
		kfree(jc);
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
	}

	return &jc->css;
}

static void perf_cgroup_css_free(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css)
{
	struct perf_cgroup *jc = container_of(css, struct perf_cgroup, css);

	free_percpu(jc->info);
	kfree(jc);
}

static int __perf_cgroup_move(void *info)
{
	struct task_struct *task = info;
	perf_cgroup_switch(task, PERF_CGROUP_SWOUT | PERF_CGROUP_SWIN);
	return 0;
}

static void perf_cgroup_attach(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css,
			       struct cgroup_taskset *tset)
{
	struct task_struct *task;

	cgroup_taskset_for_each(task, css, tset)
		task_function_call(task, __perf_cgroup_move, task);
}

static void perf_cgroup_exit(struct cgroup_subsys_state *css,
			     struct cgroup_subsys_state *old_css,
			     struct task_struct *task)
{
	/*
	 * cgroup_exit() is called in the copy_process() failure path.
	 * Ignore this case since the task hasn't ran yet, this avoids
	 * trying to poke a half freed task state from generic code.
	 */
	if (!(task->flags & PF_EXITING))
		return;

	task_function_call(task, __perf_cgroup_move, task);
}

struct cgroup_subsys perf_subsys = {
	.name		= "perf_event",
	.subsys_id	= perf_subsys_id,
	.css_alloc	= perf_cgroup_css_alloc,
	.css_free	= perf_cgroup_css_free,
	.exit		= perf_cgroup_exit,
	.attach		= perf_cgroup_attach,
};
#endif /* CONFIG_CGROUP_PERF */