parallel_executor.cc

/* Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License. */

#include "paddle/fluid/framework/parallel_executor.h"
#include "ThreadPool.h"
#include "executor.h"
#include "lod_tensor.h"
#include "lod_tensor_array.h"
#include "op_registry.h"
#include "paddle/fluid/framework/details/var_handle.h"
#include "paddle/fluid/framework/feed_fetch_type.h"
#include "paddle/fluid/operators/math/concat.h"
#include "paddle/fluid/platform/nccl_helper.h"

namespace paddle {
namespace framework {

using details::DummyVarHandle;
using details::VarHandle;
using details::VarHandleBase;

struct OpHandleBase {
  std::vector<VarHandleBase *> inputs_;
  std::vector<VarHandleBase *> outputs_;
  std::unordered_map<platform::Place, platform::DeviceContext *,
                     platform::PlaceHash>
      dev_ctx_;

  std::unordered_map<int, cudaEvent_t> events_;

  std::string DebugString() {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "(";
    for (auto *var : inputs_) {
      ss << var->DebugString() << ", ";
    }
    ss << ") --> (";
    for (auto *var : outputs_) {
      ss << var->DebugString() << ", ";
    }
    ss << ")\n";
    return ss.str();
  }

  virtual ~OpHandleBase() {}

  void Run(bool use_event) {
    if (events_.empty() && use_event) {
      for (auto &p : dev_ctx_) {
        int dev_id = boost::get<platform::CUDAPlace>(p.first).device;
        cudaSetDevice(dev_id);
        cudaEventCreateWithFlags(&events_[dev_id], cudaEventDisableTiming);
      }
    }

    RunImpl();

    if (use_event) {
      for (auto &p : dev_ctx_) {
        int dev_id = boost::get<platform::CUDAPlace>(p.first).device;
        auto stream =
            static_cast<platform::CUDADeviceContext *>(p.second)->stream();
        cudaEventRecord(events_.at(dev_id), stream);
      }
    }
  }

  virtual void Wait(platform::DeviceContext *waited_dev) {
    if (platform::is_cpu_place(waited_dev->GetPlace()) || events_.empty()) {
      for (auto &dev_ctx : dev_ctx_) {
        dev_ctx.second->Wait();
      }
    } else {
      auto stream =
          static_cast<platform::CUDADeviceContext *>(waited_dev)->stream();
      for (auto &ev : events_) {
        PADDLE_ENFORCE(cudaStreamWaitEvent(stream, ev.second, 0));
      }
    }
  }

 protected:
  virtual void RunImpl() = 0;
};

struct ScaleLossGradOpHandle : public OpHandleBase {
  float coeff_;
  Scope *scope_;
  platform::Place place_;

  explicit ScaleLossGradOpHandle(size_t num_dev, Scope *scope,
                                 platform::Place place)
      : coeff_(static_cast<float>(1.0 / num_dev)),
        scope_(scope),
        place_(place) {}

  ~ScaleLossGradOpHandle() {}

 protected:
  void RunImpl() override {
    std::string var_name = static_cast<VarHandle *>(this->outputs_[0])->name_;

    float *tmp = scope_->FindVar(var_name)
                     ->GetMutable<framework::LoDTensor>()
                     ->mutable_data<float>(make_ddim({1}), place_);

    if (platform::is_cpu_place(place_)) {
      *tmp = coeff_;
    } else {
      auto stream =
          static_cast<platform::CUDADeviceContext *>(this->dev_ctx_[place_])
              ->stream();
      memory::Copy(boost::get<platform::CUDAPlace>(place_), tmp,
                   platform::CPUPlace(), &coeff_, sizeof(float), stream);
    }
  }
};

struct FetchOpHandle : public OpHandleBase {
  FeedFetchList *data_;
  size_t offset_;
  std::vector<Scope *> *local_scopes_;
  std::vector<LoDTensor> tensors_;

  ~FetchOpHandle() {
    for (auto *input_var : inputs_) {
      input_var->pending_ops_.erase(this);
    }
  }

  void Wait(platform::DeviceContext *waited_dev) override {
    PADDLE_THROW("Nobody should wait FetchOp. Unexpceted Error");
  }

  void WaitAndMergeCPUTensors() const {
    // Wait fetch stream done.
    for (auto &ctx : dev_ctx_) {
      ctx.second->Wait();
    }

    std::vector<const LoDTensor *> tensors_ptr;
    tensors_ptr.reserve(tensors_.size());
    for (auto &t : tensors_) {
      tensors_ptr.emplace_back(&t);
    }
    data_->at(offset_).MergeLoDTensor(tensors_ptr, platform::CPUPlace());
  }

 protected:
  void RunImpl() override {
    for (auto *input : inputs_) {
      auto *var = static_cast<VarHandle *>(input);
      var->generated_op_->Wait(this->dev_ctx_[var->place_]);
    }

    tensors_.resize(inputs_.size());
    auto *var = static_cast<VarHandle *>(inputs_[0]);
    auto &var_name = var->name_;
    platform::CPUPlace cpu;
    auto &scopes = *local_scopes_;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < scopes.size(); ++i) {
      auto &scope = scopes[i];
      auto &t = scope->FindVar(var_name)->Get<framework::LoDTensor>();
      if (platform::is_gpu_place(var->place_)) {
        TensorCopy(t, cpu, *dev_ctx_[t.place()], &tensors_[i]);
      } else {
        tensors_[i].ShareDataWith(t);
        tensors_[i].set_lod(t.lod());
      }
    }
  }
};

class ParallelExecutorPrivate {
 public:
  explicit ParallelExecutorPrivate(size_t num_threads)
      : pool_(num_threads <= 1 ? nullptr : new ThreadPool(num_threads)) {}

  std::vector<platform::Place> places_;

  std::vector<Scope *> local_scopes_;
  Scope *global_scope_;

  std::unordered_map<int, platform::NCCLContext> communication_streams_;

  platform::NCCLContext &GetNCCLCtx(platform::Place p) {
    int dev_id = boost::get<platform::CUDAPlace>(p).device;
    return communication_streams_.at(dev_id);
  }

  platform::DeviceContext *CommunicationDevCtx(const platform::Place &place) {
    if (platform::is_cpu_place(place) || local_scopes_.size() == 1) {
      return const_cast<platform::DeviceContext *>(
          platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().Get(place));
    } else {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
      return GetNCCLCtx(place).ctx_.get();
#else
      PADDLE_THROW("Not compiled with CUDA")
#endif
    }
  }

  platform::Place main_place_;

  std::unordered_map<platform::Place,
                     std::unordered_map<std::string, std::map<int, VarHandle>>,
                     platform::PlaceHash>
      vars_;
  std::unordered_set<std::unique_ptr<VarHandleBase>> dep_vars_;

  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OpHandleBase>> ops_;

  // Use a simpler thread pool, might be faster.
  std::unique_ptr<ThreadPool> pool_;

  std::unique_ptr<platform::EnforceNotMet> exception_;

  VarHandle *GetVarHandle(const std::string &each_var_name,
                          const platform::Place &place) {
    auto &var_holders = vars_[place];
    auto &var_holder = var_holders[each_var_name];
    VarHandle *var = nullptr;
    if (var_holder.empty()) {
      auto &init_var = var_holder[0];
      init_var.place_ = place;
      init_var.name_ = each_var_name;
      init_var.generated_op_ = nullptr;
      init_var.version_ = 0;
      var = &init_var;
    } else {
      var = &var_holder.rbegin()->second;
    }
    return var;
  }

  void RunOp(
      bool use_event,
      std::unordered_map<VarHandleBase *, std::atomic<bool>> &pending_vars,
      OpHandleBase *op) {
    std::vector<std::atomic<bool> *> *ready_buffer =
        new std::vector<std::atomic<bool> *>();
    for (auto *var : op->outputs_) {
      ready_buffer->emplace_back(&pending_vars[var]);
    }

    auto op_run = [ready_buffer, op, this, use_event] {
      try {
        VLOG(10) << op->DebugString();
        op->Run(use_event);
        for (auto *ready : *ready_buffer) {
          ready->store(true, std::memory_order_release);
        }
        delete ready_buffer;
      } catch (platform::EnforceNotMet ex) {
        exception_.reset(new platform::EnforceNotMet(ex));
      } catch (...) {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown exception catched";
      }
    };
    if (pool_) {
      pool_->enqueue(op_run);
    } else {
      op_run();
    }
  }

  void GenerateVar(OpHandleBase *op_handle, const std::string &each_var_name,
                   const platform::Place &place) {
    auto &vars = vars_[place][each_var_name];
    size_t version = vars.size();
    auto &var = vars[version];
    var.version_ = version;
    var.generated_op_ = op_handle;
    var.name_ = each_var_name;
    var.place_ = place;
    op_handle->outputs_.emplace_back(&var);
  }
};  // namespace framework

struct NCCLAllReduceOpHandle : public OpHandleBase {
  const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes_;
  const std::vector<platform::Place> &places_;
  const std::unordered_map<int, platform::NCCLContext> &communication_ctxs_;

  explicit NCCLAllReduceOpHandle(
      const std::vector<Scope *> &local_scopes,
      const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
      const std::unordered_map<int, platform::NCCLContext> &ctxs)
      : local_scopes_(local_scopes),
        places_(places),
        communication_ctxs_(ctxs) {}

  void Wait(platform::DeviceContext *waited_dev) override {
    OpHandleBase::Wait(waited_dev);
  }

 protected:
  void RunImpl() override {
    if (inputs_.size() == 1) {
      return;  // No need to all reduce when GPU count = 1;
    } else {
      // Wait input done
      for (auto *in : inputs_) {
        auto &p = static_cast<VarHandle *>(in)->place_;
        in->generated_op_->Wait(dev_ctx_[p]);
      }

      auto &var_name = static_cast<VarHandle *>(this->inputs_[0])->name_;
      int dtype = -1;
      size_t numel = 0;

      platform::NCCLGroupGuard guard;

      for (size_t i = 0; i < local_scopes_.size(); ++i) {
        auto &p = places_[i];
        auto *s = local_scopes_[i];
        int dev_id = boost::get<platform::CUDAPlace>(p).device;

        auto &lod_tensor = s->FindVar(var_name)->Get<framework::LoDTensor>();
        void *buffer = const_cast<void *>(lod_tensor.data<void>());
        uintptr_t buf = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(buffer);
        if (buf % sizeof(float) != 0) {
          VLOG(3) << "Buffer is not aligned " << buf;
        }

        if (dtype == -1) {
          dtype = platform::ToNCCLDataType(lod_tensor.type());
        }

        if (numel == 0) {
          numel = static_cast<size_t>(lod_tensor.numel());
        }
        auto &nccl_ctx = communication_ctxs_.at(dev_id);
        PADDLE_ENFORCE(platform::dynload::ncclAllReduce(
            buffer, buffer, numel, static_cast<ncclDataType_t>(dtype), ncclSum,
            nccl_ctx.comm_, nccl_ctx.stream()));
      }
    }
  }
};

struct ComputationOpHandle : public OpHandleBase {
  std::unique_ptr<OperatorBase> op_;
  Scope *scope_;
  platform::Place place_;

  explicit ComputationOpHandle(const OpDesc &op_desc, Scope *scope,
                               platform::Place place)
      : op_(framework::OpRegistry::CreateOp(op_desc)),
        scope_(scope),
        place_(place) {}

 protected:
  void RunImpl() override {
    auto *cur_ctx = dev_ctx_[place_];
    for (auto *in : inputs_) {
      bool need_wait =
          in->generated_op_ && in->generated_op_->dev_ctx_[place_] != cur_ctx;
      if (need_wait) {
        in->generated_op_->Wait(cur_ctx);
      }
    }

    op_->Run(*scope_, place_);
  }
};

ParallelExecutor::ParallelExecutor(
    size_t num_threads, const std::vector<platform::Place> &places,
    const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
    const ProgramDesc &startup_program, const ProgramDesc &main_program,
    const std::string &loss_var_name, Scope *scope)
    : member_(new ParallelExecutorPrivate(num_threads)) {
  member_->places_ = places;
  member_->global_scope_ = scope;
  // Step 1. RunStartupProgram and Bcast the params to devs.
  Executor exe(places[0]);
  exe.Run(startup_program, scope, 0);
  // Create local scopes
  for (size_t i = 0; i < member_->places_.size(); ++i) {
    member_->local_scopes_.push_back(&scope->NewScope());
  }
  member_->main_place_ = places[0];

  // Bcast Parameters to all GPUs
  BuildNCCLCommunicator();
  if (platform::is_gpu_place(member_->main_place_) &&
      member_->local_scopes_.size() != 1) {  // Is CUDA
    BCastParamsToGPUs(startup_program);
  }
  // Startup Program has been run. All local scopes has correct parameters.

  // Step 2. Convert main_program to SSA form and dependency graph. Also, insert
  // ncclOp
  ConstructDependencyGraph(params, main_program, loss_var_name);

  // Step 3. Create vars in each scope;
  for (auto *scope : member_->local_scopes_) {
    for (auto *var : main_program.Block(0).AllVars()) {
      if (scope->FindVar(var->Name()) != nullptr) {
        continue;
      }

      InitializeVariable(scope->Var(var->Name()), var->GetType());
    }
  }
}

void ParallelExecutor::ConstructDependencyGraph(
    const std::unordered_set<std::string> &params,
    const ProgramDesc &main_program, const std::string &loss_var_name) const {
  std::unordered_set<std::string> grads;
  for (auto &each_param : params) {
    grads.insert(each_param + "@GRAD");
  }

  bool is_forwarding = true;
  for (auto *op : main_program.Block(0).AllOps()) {
    bool change_forward = false;
    if (!is_forwarding) {
      // FIXME(yy): Do not hard code like this
      if (op->OutputArgumentNames().size() == 1 &&
          op->OutputArgumentNames()[0] == loss_var_name + "@GRAD") {
        continue;  // Drop fill 1. for backward coeff;
      }
    }

    for (size_t i = 0; i < member_->places_.size(); ++i) {
      auto &p = member_->places_[i];
      auto *s = member_->local_scopes_[i];

      member_->ops_.emplace_back(new ComputationOpHandle(*op, s, p));
      auto *op_handle = member_->ops_.back().get();
      op_handle->dev_ctx_[p] = const_cast<platform::DeviceContext *>(
          platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().Get(p));

      auto var_names = op->InputArgumentNames();

      for (auto &each_var_name : var_names) {
        VarHandle *var = member_->GetVarHandle(each_var_name, p);
        op_handle->inputs_.emplace_back(var);
        var->pending_ops_.emplace(op_handle);
      }
      var_names = op->OutputArgumentNames();

      for (auto &each_var_name : var_names) {
        member_->GenerateVar(op_handle, each_var_name, p);
      }

      if (is_forwarding) {
        if (var_names.size() == 1 && var_names[0] == loss_var_name) {
          // Insert ScaleCost OpHandle
          member_->ops_.emplace_back(new ScaleLossGradOpHandle(
              this->member_->local_scopes_.size(), s, p));
          op_handle = member_->ops_.back().get();

          op_handle->dev_ctx_[p] = member_->CommunicationDevCtx(p);

          // FIXME: Currently ScaleLossGradOp only use device_count as scale
          // factor. So it does not depend on any other operators.
          // VarHandle *loss = GetVarHandle(loss_var_name, place);
          // loss->pending_ops_.emplace_back(op_handle);
          // op_handle->inputs_.emplace_back(loss);

          member_->GenerateVar(op_handle, loss_var_name + "@GRAD", p);
          change_forward = true;
        }
      }
    }

    if (change_forward) {
      is_forwarding = false;
    }

    if (!is_forwarding) {
      auto var_names = op->OutputArgumentNames();
      for (auto &og : var_names) {
        if (grads.count(og) != 0) {  // is param grad
          // Insert NCCL AllReduce Op
          member_->ops_.emplace_back(new NCCLAllReduceOpHandle(
              member_->local_scopes_, member_->places_,
              member_->communication_streams_));
          auto *op_handle = member_->ops_.back().get();

          for (size_t i = 0; i < member_->places_.size(); ++i) {
            auto &p = member_->places_[i];
            auto &vars = member_->vars_[p][og];

            if (vars.empty()) {  // This device has no data. continue.
              continue;
            }
            auto *prev_grad = &vars[vars.size() - 1];
            op_handle->inputs_.emplace_back(prev_grad);
            prev_grad->pending_ops_.emplace(op_handle);
            auto &var = vars[vars.size()];
            var.place_ = p;
            var.generated_op_ = op_handle;
            var.name_ = og;
            var.version_ = vars.size() - 1;
            op_handle->outputs_.emplace_back(&var);
            op_handle->dev_ctx_[p] = member_->CommunicationDevCtx(p);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /*
    Dependency graph has been constructed. However, there are still data
    harzaeds need to be handled.
   */
  PolishGraphToSupportDataHazards();
}

/**
 * We only handle write after read(WAR), since it should not have a write
 * after write in program. If there are write after write operators, we need
 * prune them.
 *
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_(computer_architecture)#Write_after_read_(WAR)
 */
void ParallelExecutor::PolishGraphToSupportDataHazards() const {
  for (auto &place_pair : member_->vars_) {
    for (auto &name_pair : place_pair.second) {
      if (name_pair.second.size() <= 1) {
        return;
      }
      auto it_new = name_pair.second.rbegin();
      auto it_old = name_pair.second.rbegin();
      ++it_old;
      for (; it_old != name_pair.second.rend(); it_new = it_old, ++it_old) {
        auto *write_op = it_new->second.generated_op_;
        auto &read_ops = it_old->second.pending_ops_;
        auto *ex_write_op = it_old->second.generated_op_;

        if (ex_write_op == nullptr) {  // Nobody write this var.
          continue;
        }

        for (auto *read_op : read_ops) {
          // Manually add a dependency var from read_op to write_op;
          if (read_op == write_op) {
            // Read Write is the same op.
            continue;
          }

          auto *dep_var = new DummyVarHandle();

          dep_var->generated_op_ = read_op;
          read_op->outputs_.emplace_back(dep_var);

          dep_var->pending_ops_.emplace(write_op);
          write_op->inputs_.emplace_back(dep_var);
          member_->dep_vars_.emplace(dep_var);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

void ParallelExecutor::BCastParamsToGPUs(
    const ProgramDesc &startup_program) const {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
  auto *main_scope = member_->local_scopes_[0];

  for (auto *var_desc : startup_program.Block(0).AllVars()) {
    if (var_desc->GetType() == proto::VarType::LOD_TENSOR) {
      auto &main_tensor =
          main_scope->FindVar(var_desc->Name())->Get<LoDTensor>();
      ncclDataType_t data_type = platform::ToNCCLDataType(main_tensor.type());
      auto &dims = main_tensor.dims();
      size_t numel = main_tensor.numel();

      platform::NCCLGroupGuard guard;

      for (size_t i = 0; i < member_->places_.size(); ++i) {
        auto place = member_->places_[i];
        void *buffer;
        if (i == 0) {
          buffer = const_cast<void *>(main_tensor.data<void>());
        } else {
          auto local_scope = member_->local_scopes_[i];
          auto *t = local_scope->Var(var_desc->Name())->GetMutable<LoDTensor>();
          t->Resize(dims);
          buffer = t->mutable_data(place, main_tensor.type());
        }

        auto &nccl_ctx = member_->GetNCCLCtx(place);
        platform::dynload::ncclBcast(buffer, numel, data_type, 0,
                                     nccl_ctx.comm_, nccl_ctx.stream());
      }
    }

    for (auto &stream : member_->communication_streams_) {
      stream.second.ctx_->Wait();
    }
  }
#else
  PADDLE_THROW("Not compiled with CUDA");
#endif
}

void ParallelExecutor::BuildNCCLCommunicator() const {
#ifdef PADDLE_WITH_CUDA
  for (auto &place : member_->places_) {
    int dev_id = boost::get<platform::CUDAPlace>(place).device;

    member_->communication_streams_.emplace(dev_id,
                                            platform::NCCLContext(dev_id));
  }

  platform::NCCLContext::InitNCCLContext(member_->communication_streams_,
                                         member_->places_);
#endif
}

void ParallelExecutor::Run(const std::vector<std::string> &fetch_tensors,
                           const std::string &fetched_var_name) {
  bool use_event = true;
  FeedFetchList fetched_data(fetch_tensors.size());
  // Version --> VarHandle
  member_->exception_.reset();
  std::unordered_map<VarHandleBase *, std::atomic<bool>> pending_vars;
  std::unordered_map<OpHandleBase *, size_t> pending_ops;
  std::vector<DummyVarHandle> dummy_vars;

  for (auto &place_pair : member_->vars_) {
    for (auto &name_pair : place_pair.second) {
      for (auto &version_pair : name_pair.second) {
        pending_vars[&version_pair.second] =
            version_pair.second.generated_op_ == nullptr;
      }
    }
  }

  for (auto &var : member_->dep_vars_) {
    pending_vars[var.get()] = var->generated_op_ == nullptr;
  }

  std::vector<OpHandleBase *> to_run;

  for (auto &op : member_->ops_) {
    if (op->inputs_.empty()) {  // Special case, Op has no input.
      to_run.emplace_back(op.get());
    } else {
      pending_ops.insert({op.get(), op->inputs_.size()});
    }
  }

  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<VarHandleBase *>> fetched_vars;

  for (auto &fetch_var_name : fetch_tensors) {
    for (auto &pair : member_->vars_) {
      auto it = pair.second.find(fetch_var_name);
      if (it != pair.second.end()) {
        fetched_vars[fetch_var_name].push_back(&it->second.rbegin()->second);
      }
    }
  }

  std::vector<FetchOpHandle> fetch_ops;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < fetch_tensors.size(); ++i) {
    auto &var_name = fetch_tensors[i];
    auto &vars = fetched_vars[var_name];
    fetch_ops.emplace_back();
    FetchOpHandle *op = &fetch_ops.back();
    op->data_ = &fetched_data;
    op->offset_ = i;
    op->local_scopes_ = &member_->local_scopes_;
    for (auto &p : member_->places_) {
      op->dev_ctx_[p] = member_->GetNCCLCtx(p).ctx_.get();
    }

    for (auto *var : vars) {
      var->pending_ops_.emplace(op);
      op->inputs_.emplace_back(var);
    }

    dummy_vars.emplace_back();
    auto *var = &dummy_vars.back();
    op->outputs_.emplace_back(var);
    var->generated_op_ = op;
    pending_vars[var] = false;

    pending_ops.insert({op, op->inputs_.size()});
  }

  for (auto *op : to_run) {
    member_->RunOp(use_event, pending_vars, op);
  }

  while (!pending_vars.empty()) {
    VarHandleBase *ready_var = nullptr;
    for (auto &pair : pending_vars) {
      if (pair.second.load(std::memory_order_acquire)) {
        ready_var = pair.first;
      }
    }
    if (ready_var == nullptr) {
      // FIXME use conditional var instead of busy wait.
      if (member_->exception_) {
        throw * member_->exception_;
      }
      continue;
    }
    pending_vars.erase(ready_var);
    to_run.clear();
    for (auto *op : ready_var->pending_ops_) {
      auto &deps = pending_ops[op];
      --deps;
      if (deps == 0) {
        to_run.emplace_back(op);
      }
    }
    for (auto *op : to_run) {
      pending_ops.erase(op);
      member_->RunOp(use_event, pending_vars, op);
    }
  }

  for (auto &fetch_op : fetch_ops) {
    fetch_op.WaitAndMergeCPUTensors();
  }

  *member_->global_scope_->Var(fetched_var_name)->GetMutable<FeedFetchList>() =
      fetched_data;
}

}  // namespace framework
}  // namespace paddle