(cherry picked from commit b0ed083e)

This PR adds a new fork which disables EIP-1283. Internally it's called Petersburg,
but the genesis/config field is ConstantinopleFix.

The block numbers are:

    7280000 for Constantinople on Mainnet
    7280000 for ConstantinopleFix on Mainnet
    4939394 for ConstantinopleFix on Ropsten
    9999999 for ConstantinopleFix on Rinkeby (real number decided later)

This PR also defaults to using the same ConstantinopleFix number as whatever
Constantinople is set to. That is, it will default to mainnet behaviour if ConstantinopleFix
is not set.This means that for private networks which have already transitioned
to Constantinople, this PR will break the network unless ConstantinopleFix is
explicitly set!

* params: Add Constantinople block to AllCliqueProtocolChanges

* params: Add Constantinople block to AllEthashProtocolChanges

Interpreter initialization is left to the PRs implementing them.
Options for external interpreters are passed after a colon in the
`--vm.ewasm` and `--vm.evm` switches.

* core/vm, params: implement EXTCODEHASH opcode

* core, params: tiny fixes and polish

* core: add function description

params: fix golint warnings

* core, vm, common: define constantinople fork, start implementation of shift instructions

* vm: more testcases

* vm: add tests for intpool erroneous intpool handling

* core, vm, common: fix constantinople review concerns

* vm: add string<->op definitions for new opcodes

* cmd, consensus, core, miner: instatx clique for --dev

* cmd, consensus, clique: support configurable --dev block times

* cmd, core: allow --dev to use persistent storage too

This commit is a preparation for the upcoming metropolis hardfork. It
prepares the state, core and vm packages such that integration with
metropolis becomes less of a hassle.

* Difficulty calculation requires header instead of individual
  parameters
* statedb.StartRecord renamed to statedb.Prepare and added Finalise
  method required by metropolis, which removes unwanted accounts from
  the state (i.e. selfdestruct)
* State keeps record of destructed objects (in addition to dirty
  objects)
* core/vm pre-compiles may now return errors
* core/vm pre-compiles gas check now take the full byte slice as argument
  instead of just the size
* core/vm now keeps several hard-fork instruction tables instead of a
  single instruction table and removes the need for hard-fork checks in
  the instructions
* core/vm contains a empty restruction function which is added in
  preparation of metropolis write-only mode operations
* Adds the bn256 curve
* Adds and sets the metropolis chain config block parameters (2^64-1)

This PR is a prototype implementation of plugable consensus engines and the
Clique PoA protocol ethereum/EIPs#225

This commit solves several issues concerning the genesis block:

* Genesis/ChainConfig loading was handled by cmd/geth code. This left
  library users in the cold. They could specify a JSON-encoded
  string and overwrite the config, but didn't get any of the additional
  checks performed by geth.
* Decoding and writing of genesis JSON was conflated in
  WriteGenesisBlock. This made it a lot harder to embed the genesis
  block into the forthcoming config file loader. This commit changes
  things so there is a single Genesis type that represents genesis
  blocks. All uses of Write*Genesis* are changed to use the new type
  instead.
* If the chain config supplied by the user was incompatible with the
  current chain (i.e. the chain had already advanced beyond a scheduled
  fork), it got overwritten. This is not an issue in practice because
  previous forks have always had the highest total difficulty. It might
  matter in the future though. The new code reverts the local chain to
  the point of the fork when upgrading configuration.

The change to genesis block data removes compression library
dependencies from package core.