Remove redundant `string_to_binary` from type-casting

Fix a broken link [ci skip]

Remove using of suffix with term. [ci skip]

Set field encoding to client_encoding for mysql adapter.

Remove conditional, results are always an instance of `ActiveRecord::Result`

Avoid defining multibyte method names in JSON decoding test for JRuby Compatitibility

document how to deploy to a subdirectory [ci skip]

This change is similar to #11736 & in same way switched with fixed string & the index of the hash for method name. the index was added because otherwise, ruby will raise Error.

This commit fixes the build but we need to further investigate the root cause,
to see if it can be fixed.

The test fails under `MysqlAdapter` with:

```
ActiveRecord::UnknownAttributeError: unknown attribute: なまえ
```

The root cause is that the returned column names from the adapter
have the wrong encoding:

```ruby
columns = Weird.columns_hash.keys
columns # => ["id", "a$b", "\xE3\x81\xAA\xE3\x81\xBE\xE3\x81\x88", "from"]
columns.map(&:encoding) # => [#<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>, #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>, #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>, #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>]
columns.map {|c| c.dup.force_encoding "utf-8"} # => ["id", "a$b", "なまえ", "from"]
```

From what I can tell the MySQL variables are fine:

```
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("show variables")

...
character_set_client utf8
character_set_connection utf8
character_set_database utf8
character_set_filesystem binary
character_set_results utf8
character_set_server utf8
character_set_system utf8
character_sets_dir /usr/local/Cellar/mysql/5.5.29/share/mysql/charsets/
collation_connection utf8_general_ci
collation_database utf8_unicode_ci
collation_server utf8_general_ci
...
```

Bump ruby version [ci skip]

Bump ruby version [ci skip]

Closes #11062

Rack::Logger naked rescue fix

Similar to #11497.

This makes the rack_logger_test.rb runnable by itself (outside of the `rake test` suite).

Fix in-memory tests

[ci skip]

Update Assets Pipeline Guide [ci skip]

by default included to precompile only non-js/css files from `app/assets` and `application.(css|js)`

Remove privatizing of Fixnum#/ from assert_distance_of_time_in_words

MRI reimplemented Date in C so it doesn't hit this division anymore
while JRuby still uses the old stdlib implementation of Date so
it will always hit this.

With this change the actionview date_helper_test.rb tests should pass on JRuby.

[Jruby] Make all tests in ActionView::TemplateDigestorTest green

This change was breaking the Railties tests. See
https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/9865969

The deprecation message was removed on 50cbc03d but the code was not.

The pattern is event.component

Closes #11769

Conflicts:
	railties/CHANGELOG.md