Get rid of redundant direction argument in execute_migration_in_transaction

Fix typos [ci skip]

Reload schema after ignored_columns reassignment

reload column_names after ignored_columns assignment

code review: remove unnecessary setup and move up reload_schema_from_cache

I wrote this shell script to find words from the Rails repo,
so I can paste them into https://www.horsepaste.com/ for
the [codenames game](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codenames_(board_game)).

```bash
git grep -Il '' | \
  grep -v -E "CHANGELOG|Gemfile|gemspec|package\.json|yarn\.lock" | \
  xargs cat | \
  sed '/[^ ]\{10,\}/d' | \
  sed 's/\([A-Z]\)/ \1/g' | \
  tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | \
  tr -c -s 'a-z' '\n' | \
  sed '/^.\{0,3\}$/d' | \
  sort | \
  uniq | \
  tr '\n' ',' | \
  pbcopy
```

You can see the result in https://www.horsepaste.com/rails-fixed.
Click "Next game" to cycle the words.

Found some typos in the codebase from this 😂

This is how I generated the list of possible typos:

```bash
git grep -Il '' | \
  grep -v -E "CHANGELOG|Gemfile|gemspec|package\.json|yarn\.lock" | \
  xargs cat | \
  sed '/[^ ]\{10,\}/d' | \
  sed 's/\([A-Z]\)/ \1/g' | \
  tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | \
  tr -c -s 'a-z' '\n' | \
  sed '/^.\{0,3\}$/d' | \
  sort | \
  uniq | \
  aspell --ignore-case list
```

I manually reviewed the list and made the corrections
in this commit. The rest on the list are either:

* Bugs in my script: it split things like "doesn't" into
  "doesn" and "t", if find things like `#ffffff` and
  extracts "ffffff" as a word, etc
* British spelling: honour, optimised
* Foreign words: bonjour, espanol
* Names: nginx, hanekawa
* Technical words: mutex, xhtml
* Portmanteau words: autosave, nodelist
* Invented words: camelize, coachee
* Shortened words: attrs, repo
* Deliberate typos: hllo, hillo (used in code examples, etc)
* Lorem ipsum words: arcu, euismod

This is the [output](https://gist.github.com/chancancode/eb0b573d667dc31906f33f1fb0b22313)
of the script *after* fixing the typos included in this
commit. In theory, someone can run that command again in
the future and compare the output to catch new typos (i.e.
using my list to filter out known typos).

Limitations: the aspell dictionary could be wrong, I
could have miss things, and my script ignores words that
are less than 3 characters or longer than 10 characters.

Reference updated errors attribute names method in deprecation warning

Reject hexadecimal numbers with signs while validating numericality

Realign cache key diagram in method doc [ci skip]

Follow-up to #37669.

Add `config.active_storage.web_image_content_types` to allow applications
to add content types (like `image/webp`) in which variants can be processed,
instead of letting those images be converted to the fallback PNG format.

Update Gemfile.lock minimum Rack version to 2.0.9

Follow-up to #38991.

Add retry_jitter to 6.1 new framework defaults

Enable Rails/IndexBy and Rails/IndexWith cops

Update minimum Rack version to 2.0.9

Use __id__ to dedup records for transactional callbacks

Co-authored-by: NRyuta Kamizono <kamipo@gmail.com>

Preserve column comment on renaming column

Update activerecord changelog

Specify DB name in changelog and fix typo

This was added to the defaults for new applications in
e2cdffce, but we also need an entry in
the new framework defaults initializer for upgrading applications.

Followup to d3599d8a, which applied this
style to the existing codebase.

Since 28f81c05, if the `same_site:`
option is set to `:none` when creating a cookie, it will be passed
through to Rack. Support for `:none` was added in Rack 2.0.9, so we
should bump the minimum required version to ensure it's available.

While not a particularly good idea, it's possible to use `object_id` as
an attribute name, typically by defining a polymorphic association named
`object`. Since 718a32ca, transactional
callbacks deduplicate records by their `object_id`, but this causes
incorrect behaviour when the record has an attribute with that name.

Using `__id__` instead makes a naming collision much less likely.

Update scope documentation [ci skip]

Fix random CI fail due to cross-second time delay

Add missing backticks [ci skip]

* Bump rubocop to 0.82

The `Layout/Tab` cop has been renamed to `Layout/IndentationStyle`
ref: https://github.com/rubocop-hq/rubocop/releases/tag/v0.82.0

No other code changes required.

* Bump rubocop-rails to 2.5.2

No code-changes required.

[Tejas Bubane + Rafael Mendonça França]

Convert CoffeeScript to ES6 syntax

Follow up to 404e1a0a.

Don't gitignore tmp/pids/.keep

Since 04cfbc80, a keepfile is generated
in `tmp/pids/` to ensure that the directory always exists. However, the
gitignore pattern for `/tmp/*` meant it wasn't tracked in git.

To override that pattern we have to allow the `tmp/pids/` directory,
ignore everything inside it, then finally allow `tmp/pids/.keep` again.

Add `if_exists` option to `remove_index`

This PR allows for passing `if_exists` options to the `remove_index`
method so that we can ignore already removed indexes. This work follows
column `if/if_not_exists` from #38352 and `:if_not_exists` on `add_index`
from #38555.

We've found this useful at GitHub, there are migrations where we don't
want to raise if an index was already removed. This will allow us to
remove a monkey patch on `remove_index`.

I considered raising after the `index_name_for_remove` method is called
but that method will raise if the index doesn't exist before we get to
execute. I have a commit that refactors this but after much
consideration this change is cleaner and more straightforward than other
ways of implementing this.

This change also adds a little extra validation to the `add_index` test.
Fix `nodoc` on edited methods.