This reverts commit a1ee4a9f.

Even if a1ee4a9f is applied, CI is still flakiness.

https://buildkite.com/rails/rails/builds/61252#2c090afa-aa84-4a2b-8b81-9f09219222c6/994-1005
https://buildkite.com/rails/rails/builds/61252#2e55bf83-1bde-44a2-a4f1-b5c3f6820fb4/929-938

Failing tests by whether schema cache is filled or not, it actually
means that whether SCHEMA SQLs are executed or not is not target for the
tests.

So I've reverted commit a1ee4a9f which filling schema cache before
`assert_no_queries`, and replace `assert_no_queries` to
`assert_queries(0)`.

Follow up of c9e4c848.

This follows up ebc09ed9.

We've still experienced a regression for `size` (`count(:all)`) with
eager loading and explicit select and order when upgrading Rails to 5.1.

In that case, the eager loading enforces `distinct` to subselect but
still keep the custom select, it would cause the ORDER BY with DISTINCT
issue.

```
% ARCONN=postgresql bundle exec ruby -w -Itest test/cases/relations_test.rb -n test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order
Using postgresql
Run options: -n test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order --seed 8356

# Running:

E

Error:
RelationTest#test_size_with_eager_loading_and_custom_select_and_order:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidColumnReference: ERROR:  for SELECT DISTINCT, ORDER BY expressions must appear in select list
LINE 1: ..." ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" ORDER BY comments.i...
                                                             ^
```

As another problem on `distinct` is enforced, the result of `count`
becomes fewer than expected if `select` is given explicitly.

e.g.

```ruby
Post.select(:type).count
# => 11

Post.select(:type).distinct.count
# => 3
```

As long as `distinct` is enforced, we need to care to keep the result of
`count`.

This fixes both the `count` with eager loading problems.

When using `select` with `'DISTINCT( ... )'` if you use method `size` on a non loaded relation it overrides the column selected by passing `:all` so it returns different value than count.

This fixes #35214

Use "support/stubs/strong_parameters" instead.

Currently custom attributes are always qualified by the table name in
the generated SQL wrongly even if the table doesn't have the named
column, it would cause an invalid SQL error.

Custom attributes should only be qualified if the table has the same
named column.

Currently several queries cannot return correct result due to incorrect
`RangeError` handling.

First example:

```ruby
assert_equal true, Topic.where(id: [1, 9223372036854775808]).exists?
assert_equal true, Topic.where.not(id: 9223372036854775808).exists?
```

The first example is obviously to be true, but currently it returns
false.

Second example:

```ruby
assert_equal topics(:first), Topic.where(id: 1..9223372036854775808).find(1)
```

The second example also should return the object, but currently it
raises `RecordNotFound`.

It can be seen from the examples, the queries including large number
assuming empty result is not always correct.

Therefore, This change handles `RangeError` to generate executable SQL
instead of raising `RangeError` to users to always return correct
result. By this change, it is no longer raised `RangeError` to users.

This reverts commit 89b4612f.

This reverts 27c6c071 since `arel_attr.to_s` is not right way to avoid
the type error.

That to_s returns `"#<struct Arel::Attributes::Attribute ...>"`, there
is no reason to match the regex to the inspect form.

And also, the regex path is not covered by our test cases. I've tweaked
the regex for redundant part and added assertions for the regex path.

Move `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` SQL to error property.
Also add bindings as an error property.

If `eager_loading` is true, `apply_join_dependency` force applies
LIMIT/OFFSET before JOINs by `limited_ids_for` to keep parent records
count. But for aggregation queries, LIMIT/OFFSET should be applied after
aggregations the same as SQL semantics.

And also, we could not replace SELECT list by `limited_ids_for` when a
query has a GROUP BY clause. It had never been worked since it will
causes generating invalid SQL for MySQL, PostgreSQL, and probably most
backends.

```
% ARCONN=postgresql be ruby -w -Itest test/cases/calculations_test.rb -n test_group_by_with_limit
Using postgresql
Run options: -n test_group_by_with_limit --seed 20925

# Running:

E

Error:
CalculationsTest#test_group_by_with_limit:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::GroupingError: ERROR:  column "posts.id" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function
LINE 1: SELECT  DISTINCT "posts"."id", "posts"."type" AS alias_0 FRO...                         ^
: SELECT  DISTINCT "posts"."id", "posts"."type" AS alias_0 FROM "posts" LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" GROUP BY "posts"."type" ORDER BY "posts"."type" ASC LIMIT $1
```

Fixes #8103.
Closes #27249.

* Add Relation#pick as short-hand for single-value plucks

This is a regression caused by 6beb4de7.

In PostgreSQL, ORDER BY expressions must appear in SELECT list when
using DISTINCT.

When using `count(:all)` with eager loading, Active Record enforces
DISTINCT to count the driving table records only. 6beb4de7 was caused the
regression because `count(:all)` with DISTINCT path no longer removes
ORDER BY.

We need to ignore ORDER BY when DISTINCT is enforced, otherwise not
always generated valid SQL for PostgreSQL.

Fixes #31783.

Currently `count(:all)` with `distinct` doesn't work correctly because
SELECT list is always replaced to `*` or primary key in that case even
if having custom SELECT list.

And also, PostgreSQL has a limitation that ORDER BY expressions must
appear in select list for SELECT DISTINCT.

Therefore, we should not replace custom SELECT list when using
`count(:all)` with `distinct`.

Closes #31277.

This is the fix for the regression of #29848.

In #29848, I've kept existing select list in the subquery for the count
if ORDER BY is given. But it had accidentally affect to GROUP BY
queries also. It should keep the previous behavior in that case.

Fixes #30886.

`to_i` was added for SQLite3 adapter which did not handle number
but sqlite3 gem already supports it then `to_i` is unnecessary.

else condition is kept for adapters which return string,
i.e. mysql(not mysql2) and sqlserver.

Renamed `test_cache_does_not_wrap_string_results_in_arrays`
to `test_cache_does_not_wrap_results_in_arrays` to explain the
current behavior. most of adapters return integer, not only string.

* Refer these commits:

"future proofing the sqlite3 adapter code"
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/beda2d43d6ac5c3435fc2fba0cbd108c20fe1c67

"Refactor calculation test to remove unneeded SQLite special case."
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/47d568ed3fc701934ebe80b276f3d8bf6951c93f

"no need to to_i, sqlite does that for us"
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/6cf44a1bd64ba10497742d70ad78fe68faa16e99

Since #26972, `ORDER BY` is kept if `LIMIT` is presented for
performance. But in most SQL servers (e.g. PostgreSQL, SQL Server, etc),
`ORDER BY` expressions must appear in select list for `SELECT DISTINCT`.
We should not replace existing select list in that case.

The `find_each`, `find_in_batches` and `in_batches` APIs usually operate
on large numbers of records, where it's preferable not to load them all
into memory at once.

If the query cache is enabled, it will hold onto the query results until
the end of the execution context (request/job), which means the memory
used is still proportional to the total number of records. These queries
are typically not repeated, so the query cache isn't desirable here.

This reverts commit 3420a145, reversing
changes made to afb66a5a.

Without this, test fails because the load schema when pluck is executed.

Steps to reproduce:

```
bin/test -a postgresql -w --seed 61689 test/cases/*test.rb -n "/^(?:InheritanceComputeTypeTest#(?:test_inheritance_new_with_subclass_as_default)|CalculationsTest#(?:test_pluck_loaded_relation))$/"

# Running:

.F

Failure:
CalculationsTest#test_pluck_loaded_relation [/home/yaginuma/program/rails/master_y_yagi/rails/activerecord/test/cases/calculations_test.rb:722]:
1 instead of 0 queries were executed.
Queries:
SELECT c.relname FROM pg_class c LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace WHERE n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false)) AND c.relname = 'companies' AND c.relkind IN ('r','v','m').
Expected: 0
  Actual: 1

bin/test test/cases/calculations_test.rb:7
```

Deprecate passing arguments and block at the same time to `count` and `sum` in `ActiveRecord::Calculations`

`select`, `count`, and `sum` in `Relation` are also `Enumerable` method
that can be passed block. `select` with block already doesn't take
arguments since 4fc3366d. This is follow up of that.

Support for using `SELECT` column or expression aliases in the `HAVING`
clause isn't part of the SQL standard so it's better to whitelist the
test for adapters where we know it works and skip it on others.

Follow up #28183

```
% ARCONN=postgresql be ruby -w -Itest test/cases/calculations_test.rb -n test_apply_distinct_in_count
/Users/kamipo/src/github.com/rails/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb:20: warning: method redefined; discarding old sum
Using postgresql
Run options: -n test_apply_distinct_in_count --seed 27731

F

Finished in 0.163682s, 6.1094 runs/s, 30.5470 assertions/s.

  1) Failure:
CalculationsTest#test_apply_distinct_in_count [test/cases/calculations_test.rb:238]:
Expected /\ASELECT(?! DISTINCT) COUNT\(DISTINCT\b/ to match "SHOW max_identifier_length".

1 runs, 5 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
```

https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/205493811#L1933
https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/205496299#L1562
https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/205514765#L1562