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  1. 10 11月, 2008 1 次提交
  3. 07 11月, 2008 2 次提交
  5. 05 11月, 2008 1 次提交
    • P
      sched: backward looking buddy · 4793241b
      由 Peter Zijlstra 提交于 
      Impact: improve/change/fix wakeup-buddy scheduling

Currently we only have a forward looking buddy, that is, we prefer to
schedule to the task we last woke up, under the presumption that its
going to consume the data we just produced, and therefore will have
cache hot benefits.

This allows co-waking producer/consumer task pairs to run ahead of the
pack for a little while, keeping their cache warm. Without this, we
would interleave all pairs, utterly trashing the cache.

This patch introduces a backward looking buddy, that is, suppose that
in the above scenario, the consumer preempts the producer before it
can go to sleep, we will therefore miss the wakeup from consumer to
producer (its already running, after all), breaking the cycle and
reverting to the cache-trashing interleaved schedule pattern.

The backward buddy will try to schedule back to the task that woke us
up in case the forward buddy is not available, under the assumption
that the last task will be the one with the most cache hot task around
barring current.

This will basically allow a task to continue after it got preempted.

In order to avoid starvation, we allow either buddy to get wakeup_gran
ahead of the pack.
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Acked-by: NMike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      4793241b
  7. 24 10月, 2008 2 次提交
  9. 23 10月, 2008 1 次提交
  11. 20 10月, 2008 1 次提交
    • P
      sched: optimize group load balancer · ffda12a1
      由 Peter Zijlstra 提交于 
      I noticed that tg_shares_up() unconditionally takes rq-locks for all cpus
in the sched_domain. This hurts.

We need the rq-locks whenever we change the weight of the per-cpu group sched
entities. To allevate this a little, only change the weight when the new
weight is at least shares_thresh away from the old value.

This avoids the rq-lock for the top level entries, since those will never
be re-weighted, and fuzzes the lower level entries a little to gain performance
in semi-stable situations.
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      ffda12a1
  13. 16 10月, 2008 3 次提交
  15. 14 10月, 2008 1 次提交
    • M
      tracing, sched: LTTng instrumentation - scheduler · 0a16b607
      由 Mathieu Desnoyers 提交于 
      Instrument the scheduler activity (sched_switch, migration, wakeups,
wait for a task, signal delivery) and process/thread
creation/destruction (fork, exit, kthread stop). Actually, kthread
creation is not instrumented in this patch because it is architecture
dependent. It allows to connect tracers such as ftrace which detects
scheduling latencies, good/bad scheduler decisions. Tools like LTTng can
export this scheduler information along with instrumentation of the rest
of the kernel activity to perform post-mortem analysis on the scheduler
activity.

About the performance impact of tracepoints (which is comparable to
markers), even without immediate values optimizations, tests done by
Hideo Aoki on ia64 show no regression. His test case was using hackbench
on a kernel where scheduler instrumentation (about 5 events in code
scheduler code) was added. See the "Tracepoints" patch header for
performance result detail.

Changelog :

- Change instrumentation location and parameter to match ftrace
  instrumentation, previously done with kernel markers.

[ mingo@elte.hu: conflict resolutions ]
Signed-off-by: NMathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@polymtl.ca>
Acked-by: N'Peter Zijlstra' <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      0a16b607
  17. 09 10月, 2008 1 次提交
    • I
      sched debug: add name to sched_domain sysctl entries · a5d8c348
      由 Ingo Molnar 提交于 
      add /proc/sys/kernel/sched_domain/cpu0/domain0/name, to make
it easier to see which specific scheduler domain remained at
that entry.

Since we process the scheduler domain tree and
simplify it, it's not always immediately clear during debugging
which domain came from where.

depends on CONFIG_SCHED_DEBUG=y.
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      a5d8c348
  19. 06 10月, 2008 1 次提交
  21. 30 9月, 2008 1 次提交
  23. 29 9月, 2008 1 次提交
    • T
      hrtimer: prevent migration of per CPU hrtimers · ccc7dadf
      由 Thomas Gleixner 提交于 
      Impact: per CPU hrtimers can be migrated from a dead CPU

The hrtimer code has no knowledge about per CPU timers, but we need to
prevent the migration of such timers and warn when such a timer is
active at migration time.

Explicitely mark the timers as per CPU and use a more understandable
mode descriptor for the interrupts safe unlocked callback mode, which
is used by hrtimer_sleeper and the scheduler code.
Signed-off-by: NThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
      ccc7dadf
  25. 28 9月, 2008 1 次提交
  27. 23 9月, 2008 4 次提交
  29. 22 9月, 2008 1 次提交
  31. 14 9月, 2008 1 次提交
    • F
      timers: fix itimer/many thread hang · f06febc9
      由 Frank Mayhar 提交于 
      Overview

This patch reworks the handling of POSIX CPU timers, including the
ITIMER_PROF, ITIMER_VIRT timers and rlimit handling.  It was put together
with the help of Roland McGrath, the owner and original writer of this code.

The problem we ran into, and the reason for this rework, has to do with using
a profiling timer in a process with a large number of threads.  It appears
that the performance of the old implementation of run_posix_cpu_timers() was
at least O(n*3) (where "n" is the number of threads in a process) or worse.
Everything is fine with an increasing number of threads until the time taken
for that routine to run becomes the same as or greater than the tick time, at
which point things degrade rather quickly.

This patch fixes bug 9906, "Weird hang with NPTL and SIGPROF."

Code Changes

This rework corrects the implementation of run_posix_cpu_timers() to make it
run in constant time for a particular machine.  (Performance may vary between
one machine and another depending upon whether the kernel is built as single-
or multiprocessor and, in the latter case, depending upon the number of
running processors.)  To do this, at each tick we now update fields in
signal_struct as well as task_struct.  The run_posix_cpu_timers() function
uses those fields to make its decisions.

We define a new structure, "task_cputime," to contain user, system and
scheduler times and use these in appropriate places:

struct task_cputime {
	cputime_t utime;
	cputime_t stime;
	unsigned long long sum_exec_runtime;
};

This is included in the structure "thread_group_cputime," which is a new
substructure of signal_struct and which varies for uniprocessor versus
multiprocessor kernels.  For uniprocessor kernels, it uses "task_cputime" as
a simple substructure, while for multiprocessor kernels it is a pointer:

struct thread_group_cputime {
	struct task_cputime totals;
};

struct thread_group_cputime {
	struct task_cputime *totals;
};

We also add a new task_cputime substructure directly to signal_struct, to
cache the earliest expiration of process-wide timers, and task_cputime also
replaces the it_*_expires fields of task_struct (used for earliest expiration
of thread timers).  The "thread_group_cputime" structure contains process-wide
timers that are updated via account_user_time() and friends.  In the non-SMP
case the structure is a simple aggregator; unfortunately in the SMP case that
simplicity was not achievable due to cache-line contention between CPUs (in
one measured case performance was actually _worse_ on a 16-cpu system than
the same test on a 4-cpu system, due to this contention).  For SMP, the
thread_group_cputime counters are maintained as a per-cpu structure allocated
using alloc_percpu().  The timer functions update only the timer field in
the structure corresponding to the running CPU, obtained using per_cpu_ptr().

We define a set of inline functions in sched.h that we use to maintain the
thread_group_cputime structure and hide the differences between UP and SMP
implementations from the rest of the kernel.  The thread_group_cputime_init()
function initializes the thread_group_cputime structure for the given task.
The thread_group_cputime_alloc() is a no-op for UP; for SMP it calls the
out-of-line function thread_group_cputime_alloc_smp() to allocate and fill
in the per-cpu structures and fields.  The thread_group_cputime_free()
function, also a no-op for UP, in SMP frees the per-cpu structures.  The
thread_group_cputime_clone_thread() function (also a UP no-op) for SMP calls
thread_group_cputime_alloc() if the per-cpu structures haven't yet been
allocated.  The thread_group_cputime() function fills the task_cputime
structure it is passed with the contents of the thread_group_cputime fields;
in UP it's that simple but in SMP it must also safely check that tsk->signal
is non-NULL (if it is it just uses the appropriate fields of task_struct) and,
if so, sums the per-cpu values for each online CPU.  Finally, the three
functions account_group_user_time(), account_group_system_time() and
account_group_exec_runtime() are used by timer functions to update the
respective fields of the thread_group_cputime structure.

Non-SMP operation is trivial and will not be mentioned further.

The per-cpu structure is always allocated when a task creates its first new
thread, via a call to thread_group_cputime_clone_thread() from copy_signal().
It is freed at process exit via a call to thread_group_cputime_free() from
cleanup_signal().

All functions that formerly summed utime/stime/sum_sched_runtime values from
from all threads in the thread group now use thread_group_cputime() to
snapshot the values in the thread_group_cputime structure or the values in
the task structure itself if the per-cpu structure hasn't been allocated.

Finally, the code in kernel/posix-cpu-timers.c has changed quite a bit.
The run_posix_cpu_timers() function has been split into a fast path and a
slow path; the former safely checks whether there are any expired thread
timers and, if not, just returns, while the slow path does the heavy lifting.
With the dedicated thread group fields, timers are no longer "rebalanced" and
the process_timer_rebalance() function and related code has gone away.  All
summing loops are gone and all code that used them now uses the
thread_group_cputime() inline.  When process-wide timers are set, the new
task_cputime structure in signal_struct is used to cache the earliest
expiration; this is checked in the fast path.

Performance

The fix appears not to add significant overhead to existing operations.  It
generally performs the same as the current code except in two cases, one in
which it performs slightly worse (Case 5 below) and one in which it performs
very significantly better (Case 2 below).  Overall it's a wash except in those
two cases.

I've since done somewhat more involved testing on a dual-core Opteron system.

Case 1: With no itimer running, for a test with 100,000 threads, the fixed
	kernel took 1428.5 seconds, 513 seconds more than the unfixed system,
	all of which was spent in the system.  There were twice as many
	voluntary context switches with the fix as without it.

Case 2: With an itimer running at .01 second ticks and 4000 threads (the most
	an unmodified kernel can handle), the fixed kernel ran the test in
	eight percent of the time (5.8 seconds as opposed to 70 seconds) and
	had better tick accuracy (.012 seconds per tick as opposed to .023
	seconds per tick).

Case 3: A 4000-thread test with an initial timer tick of .01 second and an
	interval of 10,000 seconds (i.e. a timer that ticks only once) had
	very nearly the same performance in both cases:  6.3 seconds elapsed
	for the fixed kernel versus 5.5 seconds for the unfixed kernel.

With fewer threads (eight in these tests), the Case 1 test ran in essentially
the same time on both the modified and unmodified kernels (5.2 seconds versus
5.8 seconds).  The Case 2 test ran in about the same time as well, 5.9 seconds
versus 5.4 seconds but again with much better tick accuracy, .013 seconds per
tick versus .025 seconds per tick for the unmodified kernel.

Since the fix affected the rlimit code, I also tested soft and hard CPU limits.

Case 4: With a hard CPU limit of 20 seconds and eight threads (and an itimer
	running), the modified kernel was very slightly favored in that while
	it killed the process in 19.997 seconds of CPU time (5.002 seconds of
	wall time), only .003 seconds of that was system time, the rest was
	user time.  The unmodified kernel killed the process in 20.001 seconds
	of CPU (5.014 seconds of wall time) of which .016 seconds was system
	time.  Really, though, the results were too close to call.  The results
	were essentially the same with no itimer running.

Case 5: With a soft limit of 20 seconds and a hard limit of 2000 seconds
	(where the hard limit would never be reached) and an itimer running,
	the modified kernel exhibited worse tick accuracy than the unmodified
	kernel: .050 seconds/tick versus .028 seconds/tick.  Otherwise,
	performance was almost indistinguishable.  With no itimer running this
	test exhibited virtually identical behavior and times in both cases.

In times past I did some limited performance testing.  those results are below.

On a four-cpu Opteron system without this fix, a sixteen-thread test executed
in 3569.991 seconds, of which user was 3568.435s and system was 1.556s.  On
the same system with the fix, user and elapsed time were about the same, but
system time dropped to 0.007 seconds.  Performance with eight, four and one
thread were comparable.  Interestingly, the timer ticks with the fix seemed
more accurate:  The sixteen-thread test with the fix received 149543 ticks
for 0.024 seconds per tick, while the same test without the fix received 58720
for 0.061 seconds per tick.  Both cases were configured for an interval of
0.01 seconds.  Again, the other tests were comparable.  Each thread in this
test computed the primes up to 25,000,000.

I also did a test with a large number of threads, 100,000 threads, which is
impossible without the fix.  In this case each thread computed the primes only
up to 10,000 (to make the runtime manageable).  System time dominated, at
1546.968 seconds out of a total 2176.906 seconds (giving a user time of
629.938s).  It received 147651 ticks for 0.015 seconds per tick, still quite
accurate.  There is obviously no comparable test without the fix.
Signed-off-by: NFrank Mayhar <fmayhar@google.com>
Cc: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      f06febc9
  33. 11 9月, 2008 1 次提交
    • H
      sched: fix deadlock in setting scheduler parameter to zero · ec5d4989
      由 Hiroshi Shimamoto 提交于 
      Andrei Gusev wrote:

> I played witch scheduler settings. After doing something like:
> echo -n 1000000 >sched_rt_period_us
>
> command is locked. I found in kernel.log:
>
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra Pid: 4495, comm: bash Tainted: G        W
> (2.6.26.3 #12)
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra EIP: 0060:[<c0213fc7>] EFLAGS: 00210246 CPU: 0
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra EIP is at div64_u64+0x57/0x80
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra EAX: 0000389f EBX: 00000000 ECX: 00000000
> EDX: 00000000
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra ESI: d9800000 EDI: d9800000 EBP: 0000389f
> ESP: ea7a6edc
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra DS: 007b ES: 007b FS: 0000 GS: 0033 SS: 0068
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra Process bash (pid: 4495, ti=ea7a6000
> task=ea744000 task.ti=ea7a6000)
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra Stack: 00000000 000003e8 d9800000 0000389f
> c0119042 00000000 00000000 00000001
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra 00000000 00000000 ea7a6f54 00010000 00000000
> c04d2e80 00000001 000e7ef0
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra c01191a3 00000000 00000000 ea7a6fa0 00000001
> ffffffff c04d2e80 ea5b2480
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra Call Trace:
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c0119042>] __rt_schedulable+0x52/0x130
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c01191a3>] sched_rt_handler+0x83/0x120
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c01a76a6>] proc_sys_call_handler+0xb6/0xd0
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c01a76c0>] proc_sys_write+0x0/0x20
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c01a76d9>] proc_sys_write+0x19/0x20
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c016cc68>] vfs_write+0xa8/0x140
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c016cdd1>] sys_write+0x41/0x80
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra [<c0103051>] sysenter_past_esp+0x6a/0x91
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra =======================
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra Code: c8 41 0f ad f3 d3 ee f6 c1 20 0f 45 de
> 31 f6 0f ad ef d3 ed f6 c1 20 0f 45 fd 0f 45 ee 31 c9 39 eb 89 fe 89 ea
> 77 08 89 e8 31 d2 <f7> f3 89 c1 89 f0 8b 7c 24 08 f7 f3 8b 74 24 04 89
> ca 8b 1c 24
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra EIP: [<c0213fc7>] div64_u64+0x57/0x80 SS:ESP
> 0068:ea7a6edc
> Sep 11 00:39:34 zaratustra ---[ end trace 4eaa2a86a8e2da22 ]---

fix the boundary condition.

sysctl_sched_rt_period=0 makes exception at to_ratio().
Signed-off-by: NHiroshi Shimamoto <h-shimamoto@ct.jp.nec.com>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      ec5d4989
  35. 07 9月, 2008 1 次提交
    • M
      sched: arch_reinit_sched_domains() must destroy domains to force rebuild · dfb512ec
      由 Max Krasnyansky 提交于 
      What I realized recently is that calling rebuild_sched_domains() in
arch_reinit_sched_domains() by itself is not enough when cpusets are enabled.
partition_sched_domains() code is trying to avoid unnecessary domain rebuilds
and will not actually rebuild anything if new domain masks match the old ones.

What this means is that doing
     echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/sched_mc_power_savings
on a system with cpusets enabled will not take affect untill something changes
in the cpuset setup (ie new sets created or deleted).

This patch fixes restore correct behaviour where domains must be rebuilt in
order to enable MC powersaving flags.

Test on quad-core Core2 box with both CONFIG_CPUSETS and !CONFIG_CPUSETS.
Also tested on dual-core Core2 laptop. Lockdep is happy and things are working
as expected.
Signed-off-by: NMax Krasnyansky <maxk@qualcomm.com>
Tested-by: NVaidyanathan Srinivasan <svaidy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      dfb512ec
  37. 06 9月, 2008 3 次提交
    • K
      sched: compilation fix with gcc 3.4.6 · c8bfff6d
      由 Krzysztof Helt 提交于 
      I found that 2.6.27-rc5-mm1 does not compile with gcc 3.4.6.
The error is:
  CC      kernel/sched.o
kernel/sched.c: In function `start_rt_bandwidth':
kernel/sched.c:208: sorry, unimplemented: inlining failed in call to 'rt_bandwidth_enabled': function body not available
kernel/sched.c:214: sorry, unimplemented: called from here
make[1]: *** [kernel/sched.o] Error 1
make: *** [kernel] Error 2

It seems that the gcc 3.4.6 requires full inline definition before first usage.
The patch below fixes the compilation problem.

Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Helt <krzysztof.h1@wp.pl> (if needed>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      c8bfff6d
    • A
      hrtimer: convert kernel/* to the new hrtimer apis · cc584b21
      由 Arjan van de Ven 提交于 
      In order to be able to do range hrtimers we need to use accessor functions
to the "expire" member of the hrtimer struct.
This patch converts kernel/* to these accessors.
Signed-off-by: NArjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
      cc584b21
    • B
      sched: fix process time monotonicity · 49048622
      由 Balbir Singh 提交于 
      Spencer reported a problem where utime and stime were going negative despite
the fixes in commit b27f03d4. The suspected
reason for the problem is that signal_struct maintains it's own utime and
stime (of exited tasks), these are not updated using the new task_utime()
routine, hence sig->utime can go backwards and cause the same problem
to occur (sig->utime, adds tsk->utime and not task_utime()). This patch
fixes the problem

TODO: using max(task->prev_utime, derived utime) works for now, but a more
generic solution is to implement cputime_max() and use the cputime_gt()
function for comparison.

Reported-by: spencer@bluehost.com
Signed-off-by: NBalbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NPeter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: NIngo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
      49048622
  39. 28 8月, 2008 3 次提交
  41. 26 8月, 2008 1 次提交
  43. 22 8月, 2008 3 次提交
  45. 19 8月, 2008 3 次提交
  47. 16 8月, 2008 1 次提交
  49. 15 8月, 2008 1 次提交