qemu_conf.c

/*
 * config.c: VM configuration management
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2006, 2007, 2008 Red Hat, Inc.
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel P. Berrange
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307  USA
 *
 * Author: Daniel P. Berrange <berrange@redhat.com>
 */

#include <config.h>

#include <dirent.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>

#if HAVE_NUMACTL
#include <numa.h>
#endif

#include "qemu_conf.h"
#include "uuid.h"
#include "buf.h"
#include "conf.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "memory.h"
#include "verify.h"

VIR_ENUM_DECL(virDomainDiskQEMUBus)
VIR_ENUM_IMPL(virDomainDiskQEMUBus, VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_LAST,
              "ide",
              "floppy",
              "scsi",
              "virtio",
              "xen",
              "usb")


#define qemudLog(level, msg...) fprintf(stderr, msg)

int qemudLoadDriverConfig(struct qemud_driver *driver,
                          const char *filename) {
    virConfPtr conf;
    virConfValuePtr p;

    /* Setup 2 critical defaults */
    if (!(driver->vncListen = strdup("127.0.0.1"))) {
        qemudReportError(NULL, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
                         "%s", _("failed to allocate vncListen"));
        return -1;
    }
    if (!(driver->vncTLSx509certdir = strdup(SYSCONF_DIR "/pki/libvirt-vnc"))) {
        qemudReportError(NULL, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
                         "%s", _("failed to allocate vncTLSx509certdir"));
        return -1;
    }

    /* Just check the file is readable before opening it, otherwise
     * libvirt emits an error.
     */
    if (access (filename, R_OK) == -1) return 0;

    conf = virConfReadFile (filename);
    if (!conf) return 0;


#define CHECK_TYPE(name,typ) if (p && p->type != (typ)) {               \
        qemudReportError(NULL, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,      \
                         "remoteReadConfigFile: %s: %s: expected type " #typ "\n", \
                         filename, (name));                             \
        virConfFree(conf);                                              \
        return -1;                                                      \
    }

    p = virConfGetValue (conf, "vnc_tls");
    CHECK_TYPE ("vnc_tls", VIR_CONF_LONG);
    if (p) driver->vncTLS = p->l;

    p = virConfGetValue (conf, "vnc_tls_x509_verify");
    CHECK_TYPE ("vnc_tls_x509_verify", VIR_CONF_LONG);
    if (p) driver->vncTLSx509verify = p->l;

    p = virConfGetValue (conf, "vnc_tls_x509_cert_dir");
    CHECK_TYPE ("vnc_tls_x509_cert_dir", VIR_CONF_STRING);
    if (p && p->str) {
        VIR_FREE(driver->vncTLSx509certdir);
        if (!(driver->vncTLSx509certdir = strdup(p->str))) {
            qemudReportError(NULL, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
                             "%s", _("failed to allocate vncTLSx509certdir"));
            virConfFree(conf);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    p = virConfGetValue (conf, "vnc_listen");
    CHECK_TYPE ("vnc_listen", VIR_CONF_STRING);
    if (p && p->str) {
        if (!(driver->vncListen = strdup(p->str))) {
            qemudReportError(NULL, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
                             "%s", _("failed to allocate vncTLSx509certdir"));
            virConfFree(conf);
            return -1;
        }
    }

    virConfFree (conf);
    return 0;
}

/* The list of possible machine types for various architectures,
   as supported by QEMU - taken from 'qemu -M ?' for each arch */
static const char *const arch_info_hvm_x86_machines[] = {
    "pc", "isapc"
};
static const char *const arch_info_hvm_mips_machines[] = {
    "mips"
};
static const char *const arch_info_hvm_sparc_machines[] = {
    "sun4m"
};
static const char *const arch_info_hvm_ppc_machines[] = {
    "g3bw", "mac99", "prep"
};

static const char *const arch_info_xen_x86_machines[] = {
    "xenner"
};

struct qemu_feature_flags {
    const char *name;
    const int default_on;
    const int toggle;
};

struct qemu_arch_info {
    const char *arch;
    int wordsize;
    const char *const *machines;
    int nmachines;
    const char *binary;
    const struct qemu_feature_flags *flags;
    int nflags;
};

/* Feature flags for the architecture info */
static const struct qemu_feature_flags const arch_info_i686_flags [] = {
    { "pae",  1, 0 },
    { "nonpae",  1, 0 },
    { "acpi", 1, 1 },
    { "apic", 1, 0 },
};

static const struct qemu_feature_flags const arch_info_x86_64_flags [] = {
    { "acpi", 1, 1 },
    { "apic", 1, 0 },
};

/* The archicture tables for supported QEMU archs */
static const struct qemu_arch_info const arch_info_hvm[] = {
    {  "i686", 32, arch_info_hvm_x86_machines, 2,
       "/usr/bin/qemu", arch_info_i686_flags, 4 },
    {  "x86_64", 64, arch_info_hvm_x86_machines, 2,
       "/usr/bin/qemu-system-x86_64", arch_info_x86_64_flags, 2 },
    {  "mips", 32, arch_info_hvm_mips_machines, 1,
       "/usr/bin/qemu-system-mips", NULL, 0 },
    {  "mipsel", 32, arch_info_hvm_mips_machines, 1,
       "/usr/bin/qemu-system-mipsel", NULL, 0 },
    {  "sparc", 32, arch_info_hvm_sparc_machines, 1,
       "/usr/bin/qemu-system-sparc", NULL, 0 },
    {  "ppc", 32, arch_info_hvm_ppc_machines, 3,
       "/usr/bin/qemu-system-ppc", NULL, 0 },
};

static const struct qemu_arch_info const arch_info_xen[] = {
    {  "i686", 32, arch_info_xen_x86_machines, 1,
       "/usr/bin/xenner", arch_info_i686_flags, 4 },
    {  "x86_64", 64, arch_info_xen_x86_machines, 1,
       "/usr/bin/xenner", arch_info_x86_64_flags, 2 },
};

static int
qemudCapsInitGuest(virCapsPtr caps,
                   const char *hostmachine,
                   const struct qemu_arch_info *info,
                   int hvm) {
    virCapsGuestPtr guest;
    int i, haskvm, hasbase, samearch;
    const char *kvmbin = NULL;

    /* Check for existance of base emulator */
    hasbase = (access(info->binary, X_OK) == 0);

    samearch = STREQ(info->arch, hostmachine);
    if (samearch) {
        const char *const kvmbins[] = { "/usr/bin/qemu-kvm", /* Fedora */
                                        "/usr/bin/kvm" }; /* Upstream .spec */

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_CARDINALITY(kvmbins); ++i) {
            if ((haskvm = (access(kvmbins[i], X_OK) == 0))) {
                kvmbin = kvmbins[i];
                break;
            }
        }
    } else {
        haskvm = 0;
    }

    if (!hasbase && !haskvm)
        return 0;

    if ((guest = virCapabilitiesAddGuest(caps,
                                         hvm ? "hvm" : "xen",
                                         info->arch,
                                         info->wordsize,
                                         info->binary,
                                         NULL,
                                         info->nmachines,
                                         info->machines)) == NULL)
        return -1;

    if (hvm) {
        if (hasbase &&
            virCapabilitiesAddGuestDomain(guest,
                                          "qemu",
                                          NULL,
                                          NULL,
                                          0,
                                          NULL) == NULL)
            return -1;

        /* If guest & host match, then we can accelerate */
        if (samearch) {
            if (access("/dev/kqemu", F_OK) == 0 &&
                virCapabilitiesAddGuestDomain(guest,
                                              "kqemu",
                                              NULL,
                                              NULL,
                                              0,
                                              NULL) == NULL)
                return -1;

            if (access("/dev/kvm", F_OK) == 0 &&
                haskvm &&
                virCapabilitiesAddGuestDomain(guest,
                                              "kvm",
                                              kvmbin,
                                              NULL,
                                              0,
                                              NULL) == NULL)
                return -1;
        }
    } else {
        if (virCapabilitiesAddGuestDomain(guest,
                                          "kvm",
                                          NULL,
                                          NULL,
                                          0,
                                          NULL) == NULL)
            return -1;
    }

    if (info->nflags) {
        for (i = 0 ; i < info->nflags ; i++) {
            if (virCapabilitiesAddGuestFeature(guest,
                                               info->flags[i].name,
                                               info->flags[i].default_on,
                                               info->flags[i].toggle) == NULL)
                return -1;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

#if HAVE_NUMACTL
#define MAX_CPUS 4096
#define MAX_CPUS_MASK_SIZE (sizeof(unsigned long))
#define MAX_CPUS_MASK_LEN (MAX_CPUS / MAX_CPUS_MASK_SIZE)
#define MAX_CPUS_MASK_BYTES (MAX_CPUS / 8)

#define MASK_CPU_ISSET(mask, cpu) \
    (((mask)[((cpu) / MAX_CPUS_MASK_SIZE)] >> ((cpu) % MAX_CPUS_MASK_SIZE)) & 1)

static int
qemudCapsInitNUMA(virCapsPtr caps)
{
    int n, i;
    unsigned long *mask = NULL;
    int ncpus;
    int *cpus = NULL;
    int ret = -1;

    if (numa_available() < 0)
        return 0;

    if (VIR_ALLOC_N(mask, MAX_CPUS_MASK_LEN) < 0)
        goto cleanup;

    for (n = 0 ; n <= numa_max_node() ; n++) {
        if (numa_node_to_cpus(n, mask, MAX_CPUS_MASK_BYTES) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        for (ncpus = 0, i = 0 ; i < MAX_CPUS ; i++)
            if (MASK_CPU_ISSET(mask, i))
                ncpus++;

        if (VIR_ALLOC_N(cpus, ncpus) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        for (ncpus = 0, i = 0 ; i < MAX_CPUS ; i++)
            if (MASK_CPU_ISSET(mask, i))
                cpus[ncpus++] = i;

        if (virCapabilitiesAddHostNUMACell(caps,
                                           n,
                                           ncpus,
                                           cpus) < 0)
            goto cleanup;

        VIR_FREE(cpus);
    }

    ret = 0;

cleanup:
    VIR_FREE(cpus);
    VIR_FREE(mask);
    return ret;
}
#else
static int qemudCapsInitNUMA(virCapsPtr caps ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) { return 0; }
#endif

virCapsPtr qemudCapsInit(void) {
    struct utsname utsname;
    virCapsPtr caps;
    int i;

    /* Really, this never fails - look at the man-page. */
    uname (&utsname);

    if ((caps = virCapabilitiesNew(utsname.machine,
                                   0, 0)) == NULL)
        goto no_memory;

    if (qemudCapsInitNUMA(caps) < 0)
        goto no_memory;

    for (i = 0 ; i < (sizeof(arch_info_hvm)/sizeof(arch_info_hvm[0])) ; i++)
        if (qemudCapsInitGuest(caps,
                               utsname.machine,
                               &arch_info_hvm[i], 1) < 0)
            goto no_memory;

    if (access("/usr/bin/xenner", X_OK) == 0 &&
        access("/dev/kvm", F_OK) == 0) {
        for (i = 0 ; i < (sizeof(arch_info_xen)/sizeof(arch_info_xen[0])) ; i++)
            /* Allow Xen 32-on-32, 32-on-64 and 64-on-64 */
            if (STREQ(arch_info_xen[i].arch, utsname.machine) ||
                (STREQ(utsname.machine, "x86_64") &&
                 STREQ(arch_info_xen[i].arch, "i686"))) {
                if (qemudCapsInitGuest(caps,
                                       utsname.machine,
                                       &arch_info_xen[i], 0) < 0)
                    goto no_memory;
            }
    }

    return caps;

 no_memory:
    virCapabilitiesFree(caps);
    return NULL;
}


int qemudExtractVersionInfo(const char *qemu,
                            unsigned int *retversion,
                            unsigned int *retflags) {
    const char *const qemuarg[] = { qemu, "-help", NULL };
    const char *const qemuenv[] = { "LC_ALL=C", NULL };
    pid_t child;
    int newstdout = -1;
    int ret = -1, status;
    unsigned int major, minor, micro;
    unsigned int version;
    unsigned int flags = 0;

    if (retflags)
        *retflags = 0;
    if (retversion)
        *retversion = 0;

    if (virExec(NULL, qemuarg, qemuenv, NULL,
                &child, -1, &newstdout, NULL, VIR_EXEC_NONE) < 0)
        return -1;

    char *help = NULL;
    enum { MAX_HELP_OUTPUT_SIZE = 8192 };
    int len = virFileReadLimFD(newstdout, MAX_HELP_OUTPUT_SIZE, &help);
    if (len < 0)
        goto cleanup2;

    if (sscanf(help, "QEMU PC emulator version %u.%u.%u",
               &major, &minor, &micro) != 3) {
        goto cleanup2;
    }

    version = (major * 1000 * 1000) + (minor * 1000) + micro;

    if (strstr(help, "-no-kqemu"))
        flags |= QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_KQEMU;
    if (strstr(help, "-no-reboot"))
        flags |= QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_NO_REBOOT;
    if (strstr(help, "-name"))
        flags |= QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_NAME;
    if (strstr(help, "-drive"))
        flags |= QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_DRIVE;
    if (strstr(help, "boot=on"))
        flags |= QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_DRIVE_BOOT;
    if (version >= 9000)
        flags |= QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_VNC_COLON;

    if (retversion)
        *retversion = version;
    if (retflags)
        *retflags = flags;

    ret = 0;

    qemudDebug("Version %d %d %d  Cooked version: %d, with flags ? %d",
               major, minor, micro, version, flags);

cleanup2:
    VIR_FREE(help);
    if (close(newstdout) < 0)
        ret = -1;

rewait:
    if (waitpid(child, &status, 0) != child) {
        if (errno == EINTR)
            goto rewait;

        qemudLog(QEMUD_ERR,
                 _("Unexpected exit status from qemu %d pid %lu"),
                 WEXITSTATUS(status), (unsigned long)child);
        ret = -1;
    }
    /* Check & log unexpected exit status, but don't fail,
     * as there's really no need to throw an error if we did
     * actually read a valid version number above */
    if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
        qemudLog(QEMUD_WARN,
                 _("Unexpected exit status '%d', qemu probably failed"),
                 WEXITSTATUS(status));
    }

    return ret;
}

int qemudExtractVersion(virConnectPtr conn,
                        struct qemud_driver *driver) {
    const char *binary;
    struct stat sb;

    if (driver->qemuVersion > 0)
        return 0;

    if ((binary = virCapabilitiesDefaultGuestEmulator(driver->caps,
                                                      "hvm",
                                                      "i686",
                                                      "qemu")) == NULL)
        return -1;

    if (stat(binary, &sb) < 0) {
        qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                         _("Cannot find QEMU binary %s: %s"), binary,
                         strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    }

    if (qemudExtractVersionInfo(binary, &driver->qemuVersion, NULL) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    return 0;
}


static char *
qemudNetworkIfaceConnect(virConnectPtr conn,
                         struct qemud_driver *driver,
                         int **tapfds,
                         int *ntapfds,
                         virDomainNetDefPtr net,
                         int vlan)
{
    virNetworkObjPtr network = NULL;
    char *brname;
    char tapfdstr[4+3+32+7];
    char *retval = NULL;
    int err;
    int tapfd = -1;

    if (net->type == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK) {
        if (!(network = virNetworkFindByName(driver->networks, net->data.network.name))) {
            qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                             _("Network '%s' not found"),
                             net->data.network.name);
            goto error;
        } else if (network->def->bridge == NULL) {
            qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                             _("Network '%s' not active"),
                             net->data.network.name);
            goto error;
        }
        brname = network->def->bridge;
    } else if (net->type == VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_BRIDGE) {
        brname = net->data.bridge.brname;
    } else {
        qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                         _("Network type %d is not supported"), net->type);
        goto error;
    }

    if (!net->ifname ||
        STRPREFIX(net->ifname, "vnet") ||
        strchr(net->ifname, '%')) {
        VIR_FREE(net->ifname);
        if (!(net->ifname = strdup("vnet%d"))) {
            qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY, NULL);
            goto error;
        }
    }

    if (!driver->brctl && (err = brInit(&driver->brctl))) {
        qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                         _("cannot initialize bridge support: %s"),
                         strerror(err));
        goto error;
    }

    if ((err = brAddTap(driver->brctl, brname,
                        &net->ifname, &tapfd))) {
        if (errno == ENOTSUP) {
            /* In this particular case, give a better diagnostic. */
            qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                             _("Failed to add tap interface to bridge. "
                               "%s is not a bridge device"), brname);
        } else {
            qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                             _("Failed to add tap interface '%s' "
                               "to bridge '%s' : %s"),
                             net->ifname, brname, strerror(err));
        }
        goto error;
    }

    snprintf(tapfdstr, sizeof(tapfdstr),
             "tap,fd=%d,script=,vlan=%d,ifname=%s",
             tapfd, vlan, net->ifname);

    if (!(retval = strdup(tapfdstr)))
        goto no_memory;

    if (VIR_REALLOC_N(*tapfds, (*ntapfds)+1) < 0)
        goto no_memory;

    (*tapfds)[(*ntapfds)++] = tapfd;

    return retval;

 no_memory:
    qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
                     "%s", _("failed to allocate space for tapfds string"));
 error:
    VIR_FREE(retval);
    if (tapfd != -1)
        close(tapfd);
    return NULL;
}

static int qemudBuildCommandLineChrDevStr(virDomainChrDefPtr dev,
                                          char *buf,
                                          int buflen)
{
    switch (dev->type) {
    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_NULL:
        strncpy(buf, "null", buflen);
        buf[buflen-1] = '\0';
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_VC:
        strncpy(buf, "vc", buflen);
        buf[buflen-1] = '\0';
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_PTY:
        strncpy(buf, "pty", buflen);
        buf[buflen-1] = '\0';
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_DEV:
        if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "%s",
                     dev->data.file.path) >= buflen)
            return -1;
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_FILE:
        if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "file:%s",
                     dev->data.file.path) >= buflen)
            return -1;
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_PIPE:
        if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "pipe:%s",
                     dev->data.file.path) >= buflen)
            return -1;
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_STDIO:
        strncpy(buf, "stdio", buflen);
        buf[buflen-1] = '\0';
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_UDP:
        if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "udp:%s:%s@%s:%s",
                     dev->data.udp.connectHost,
                     dev->data.udp.connectService,
                     dev->data.udp.bindHost,
                     dev->data.udp.bindService) >= buflen)
            return -1;
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_TCP:
        if (dev->data.tcp.protocol == VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TCP_PROTOCOL_TELNET) {
            if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "telnet:%s:%s%s",
                         dev->data.tcp.host,
                         dev->data.tcp.service,
                         dev->data.tcp.listen ? ",server" : "") >= buflen)
                return -1;
        } else {
            if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "tcp:%s:%s%s",
                         dev->data.tcp.host,
                         dev->data.tcp.service,
                         dev->data.tcp.listen ? ",listen" : "") >= buflen)
                return -1;
        }
        break;

    case VIR_DOMAIN_CHR_TYPE_UNIX:
        if (snprintf(buf, buflen, "unix:%s%s",
                     dev->data.nix.path,
                     dev->data.nix.listen ? ",listen" : "") >= buflen)
            return -1;
        break;
    }

    return 0;
}

/*
 * Constructs a argv suitable for launching qemu with config defined
 * for a given virtual machine.
 */
int qemudBuildCommandLine(virConnectPtr conn,
                          struct qemud_driver *driver,
                          virDomainObjPtr vm,
                          unsigned int qemuCmdFlags,
                          const char ***retargv,
                          int **tapfds,
                          int *ntapfds,
                          const char *migrateFrom) {
    int i;
    char memory[50];
    char vcpus[50];
    char boot[VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_LAST];
    virDomainDiskDefPtr disk = vm->def->disks;
    virDomainNetDefPtr net = vm->def->nets;
    virDomainInputDefPtr input = vm->def->inputs;
    virDomainSoundDefPtr sound = vm->def->sounds;
    virDomainHostdevDefPtr hostdev = vm->def->hostdevs;
    virDomainChrDefPtr serial = vm->def->serials;
    virDomainChrDefPtr parallel = vm->def->parallels;
    struct utsname ut;
    int disableKQEMU = 0;
    int qargc = 0, qarga = 0;
    const char **qargv = NULL;
    const char *emulator;

    uname(&ut);

    /* Nasty hack make i?86 look like i686 to simplify next comparison */
    if (ut.machine[0] == 'i' &&
        ut.machine[2] == '8' &&
        ut.machine[3] == '6' &&
        !ut.machine[4])
        ut.machine[1] = '6';

    /* Need to explicitly disable KQEMU if
     * 1. Arch matches host arch
     * 2. Guest is 'qemu'
     * 3. The qemu binary has the -no-kqemu flag
     */
    if ((qemuCmdFlags & QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_KQEMU) &&
        STREQ(ut.machine, vm->def->os.arch) &&
        vm->def->virtType == VIR_DOMAIN_VIRT_QEMU)
        disableKQEMU = 1;

#define ADD_ARG_SPACE                                                   \
    do { \
        if (qargc == qarga) {                                           \
            qarga += 10;                                                \
            if (VIR_REALLOC_N(qargv, qarga) < 0)                        \
                goto no_memory;                                         \
        }                                                               \
    } while (0)

#define ADD_ARG(thisarg)                                                \
    do {                                                                \
        ADD_ARG_SPACE;                                                  \
        qargv[qargc++] = thisarg;                                       \
    } while (0)

#define ADD_ARG_LIT(thisarg)                                            \
    do {                                                                \
        ADD_ARG_SPACE;                                                  \
        if ((qargv[qargc++] = strdup(thisarg)) == NULL)                 \
            goto no_memory;                                             \
    } while (0)

#define ADD_USBDISK(thisarg)                                            \
    do {                                                                \
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-usbdevice");                                      \
        ADD_ARG_SPACE;                                                  \
        if ((asprintf((char **)&(qargv[qargc++]), "disk:%s", thisarg)) == -1) {    \
            qargv[qargc-1] = NULL;                                      \
            goto no_memory;                                             \
        }                                                               \
    } while (0)

    snprintf(memory, sizeof(memory), "%lu", vm->def->memory/1024);
    snprintf(vcpus, sizeof(vcpus), "%lu", vm->def->vcpus);

    emulator = vm->def->emulator;
    if (!emulator)
        emulator = virDomainDefDefaultEmulator(conn, vm->def, driver->caps);
    if (!emulator)
        return -1;

    ADD_ARG_LIT(emulator);
    ADD_ARG_LIT("-S");
    ADD_ARG_LIT("-M");
    ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->os.machine);
    if (disableKQEMU)
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-no-kqemu");
    ADD_ARG_LIT("-m");
    ADD_ARG_LIT(memory);
    ADD_ARG_LIT("-smp");
    ADD_ARG_LIT(vcpus);

    if (qemuCmdFlags & QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_NAME) {
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-name");
        ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->name);
    }
    /*
     * NB, -nographic *MUST* come before any serial, or monitor
     * or parallel port flags due to QEMU craziness, where it
     * decides to change the serial port & monitor to be on stdout
     * if you ask for nographic. So we have to make sure we override
     * these defaults ourselves...
     */
    if (!vm->def->graphics)
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-nographic");

    ADD_ARG_LIT("-monitor");
    ADD_ARG_LIT("pty");

    if (vm->def->localtime)
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-localtime");

    if ((qemuCmdFlags & QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_NO_REBOOT) &&
        vm->def->onReboot != VIR_DOMAIN_LIFECYCLE_RESTART)
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-no-reboot");

    if (!(vm->def->features & (1 << VIR_DOMAIN_FEATURE_ACPI)))
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-no-acpi");

    if (!vm->def->os.bootloader) {
        for (i = 0 ; i < vm->def->os.nBootDevs ; i++) {
            switch (vm->def->os.bootDevs[i]) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_CDROM:
                boot[i] = 'd';
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_FLOPPY:
                boot[i] = 'a';
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_DISK:
                boot[i] = 'c';
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_NET:
                boot[i] = 'n';
                break;
            default:
                boot[i] = 'c';
                break;
            }
        }
        boot[vm->def->os.nBootDevs] = '\0';
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-boot");
        ADD_ARG_LIT(boot);

        if (vm->def->os.kernel) {
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-kernel");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->os.kernel);
        }
        if (vm->def->os.initrd) {
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-initrd");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->os.initrd);
        }
        if (vm->def->os.cmdline) {
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-append");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->os.cmdline);
        }
    } else {
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-bootloader");
        ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->os.bootloader);
    }

    /* If QEMU supports -drive param instead of old -hda, -hdb, -cdrom .. */
    if (qemuCmdFlags & QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_DRIVE) {
        int bootCD = 0, bootFloppy = 0, bootDisk = 0;

        /* If QEMU supports boot=on for -drive param... */
        if (qemuCmdFlags & QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_DRIVE_BOOT) {
            for (i = 0 ; i < vm->def->os.nBootDevs ; i++) {
                switch (vm->def->os.bootDevs[i]) {
                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_CDROM:
                    bootCD = 1;
                    break;
                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_FLOPPY:
                    bootFloppy = 1;
                    break;
                case VIR_DOMAIN_BOOT_DISK:
                    bootDisk = 1;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        while (disk) {
            char opt[PATH_MAX];
            const char *media = NULL;
            int bootable = 0;
            int idx = virDiskNameToIndex(disk->dst);
            const char *bus = virDomainDiskQEMUBusTypeToString(disk->bus);

            if (disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB) {
                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK) {
                    ADD_USBDISK(disk->src);
                } else {
                    qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                     _("unsupported usb disk type for '%s'"), disk->src);
                    goto error;
                }
                disk = disk->next;
                continue;
            }

            if (idx < 0) {
                qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                 _("unsupported disk type '%s'"), disk->dst);
                goto error;
            }

            switch (disk->device) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM:
                bootable = bootCD;
                bootCD = 0;
                media = "media=cdrom,";
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_FLOPPY:
                bootable = bootFloppy;
                bootFloppy = 0;
                break;
            case VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK:
                bootable = bootDisk;
                bootDisk = 0;
                break;
            }

            snprintf(opt, PATH_MAX, "file=%s,if=%s,%sindex=%d%s",
                     disk->src ? disk->src : "", bus,
                     media ? media : "",
                     idx,
                     bootable &&
                     disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK
                     ? ",boot=on" : "");

            ADD_ARG_LIT("-drive");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(opt);
            disk = disk->next;
        }
    } else {
        while (disk) {
            char dev[NAME_MAX];
            char file[PATH_MAX];

            if (disk->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_BUS_USB) {
                if (disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_DISK) {
                    ADD_USBDISK(disk->src);
                } else {
                    qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                     _("unsupported usb disk type for '%s'"), disk->src);
                    goto error;
                }
                disk = disk->next;
                continue;
            }

            if (STREQ(disk->dst, "hdc") &&
                disk->device == VIR_DOMAIN_DISK_DEVICE_CDROM) {
                if (disk->src) {
                    snprintf(dev, NAME_MAX, "-%s", "cdrom");
                } else {
                    disk = disk->next;
                    continue;
                }
            } else {
                if (STRPREFIX(disk->dst, "hd") ||
                    STRPREFIX(disk->dst, "fd")) {
                    snprintf(dev, NAME_MAX, "-%s", disk->dst);
                } else {
                    qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                     _("unsupported disk type '%s'"), disk->dst);
                    goto error;
                }
            }

            snprintf(file, PATH_MAX, "%s", disk->src);

            ADD_ARG_LIT(dev);
            ADD_ARG_LIT(file);

            disk = disk->next;
        }
    }

    if (!net) {
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-net");
        ADD_ARG_LIT("none");
    } else {
        int vlan = 0;
        while (net) {
            char nic[100];

            if (snprintf(nic, sizeof(nic),
                         "nic,macaddr=%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x,vlan=%d%s%s",
                         net->mac[0], net->mac[1],
                         net->mac[2], net->mac[3],
                         net->mac[4], net->mac[5],
                         vlan,
                         (net->model ? ",model=" : ""),
                         (net->model ? net->model : "")) >= sizeof(nic))
                goto error;

            ADD_ARG_LIT("-net");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(nic);
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-net");

            switch (net->type) {
            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_NETWORK:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_BRIDGE:
                {
                    char *tap = qemudNetworkIfaceConnect(conn, driver,
                                                         tapfds, ntapfds,
                                                         net, vlan);
                    if (tap == NULL)
                        goto error;
                    ADD_ARG(tap);
                    break;
                }

            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_ETHERNET:
                {
                    char arg[PATH_MAX];
                    if (snprintf(arg, PATH_MAX-1, "tap,ifname=%s,script=%s,vlan=%d",
                                 net->ifname,
                                 net->data.ethernet.script,
                                 vlan) >= (PATH_MAX-1))
                        goto error;

                    ADD_ARG_LIT(arg);
                }
                break;

            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_CLIENT:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_SERVER:
            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_MCAST:
                {
                    char arg[PATH_MAX];
                    const char *mode = NULL;
                    switch (net->type) {
                    case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_CLIENT:
                        mode = "connect";
                        break;
                    case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_SERVER:
                        mode = "listen";
                        break;
                    case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_MCAST:
                        mode = "mcast";
                        break;
                    }
                    if (snprintf(arg, PATH_MAX-1, "socket,%s=%s:%d,vlan=%d",
                                 mode,
                                 net->data.socket.address,
                                 net->data.socket.port,
                                 vlan) >= (PATH_MAX-1))
                        goto error;

                    ADD_ARG_LIT(arg);
                }
                break;

            case VIR_DOMAIN_NET_TYPE_USER:
            default:
                {
                    char arg[PATH_MAX];
                    if (snprintf(arg, PATH_MAX-1, "user,vlan=%d", vlan) >= (PATH_MAX-1))
                        goto error;

                    ADD_ARG_LIT(arg);
                }
            }

            net = net->next;
            vlan++;
        }
    }

    if (!serial) {
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-serial");
        ADD_ARG_LIT("none");
    } else {
        while (serial) {
            char buf[4096];

            if (qemudBuildCommandLineChrDevStr(serial, buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0)
                goto error;

            ADD_ARG_LIT("-serial");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(buf);

            serial = serial->next;
        }
    }

    if (!parallel) {
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-parallel");
        ADD_ARG_LIT("none");
    } else {
        while (parallel) {
            char buf[4096];

            if (qemudBuildCommandLineChrDevStr(parallel, buf, sizeof(buf)) < 0)
                goto error;

            ADD_ARG_LIT("-parallel");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(buf);

            parallel = parallel->next;
        }
    }

    ADD_ARG_LIT("-usb");
    while (input) {
        if (input->bus == VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_BUS_USB) {
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-usbdevice");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(input->type == VIR_DOMAIN_INPUT_TYPE_MOUSE ? "mouse" : "tablet");
        }

        input = input->next;
    }

    if (vm->def->graphics &&
        vm->def->graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_VNC) {
        char vncdisplay[PATH_MAX];
        int ret;

        if (qemuCmdFlags & QEMUD_CMD_FLAG_VNC_COLON) {
            char options[PATH_MAX] = "";
            if (driver->vncTLS) {
                strcat(options, ",tls");
                if (driver->vncTLSx509verify) {
                    strcat(options, ",x509verify=");
                } else {
                    strcat(options, ",x509=");
                }
                strncat(options, driver->vncTLSx509certdir,
                        sizeof(options) - (strlen(driver->vncTLSx509certdir)-1));
                options[sizeof(options)-1] = '\0';
            }
            ret = snprintf(vncdisplay, sizeof(vncdisplay), "%s:%d%s",
                           (vm->def->graphics->data.vnc.listenAddr ?
                            vm->def->graphics->data.vnc.listenAddr :
                            (driver->vncListen ? driver->vncListen : "")),
                           vm->def->graphics->data.vnc.port - 5900,
                           options);
        } else {
            ret = snprintf(vncdisplay, sizeof(vncdisplay), "%d",
                           vm->def->graphics->data.vnc.port - 5900);
        }
        if (ret < 0 || ret >= (int)sizeof(vncdisplay))
            goto error;

        ADD_ARG_LIT("-vnc");
        ADD_ARG_LIT(vncdisplay);
        if (vm->def->graphics->data.vnc.keymap) {
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-k");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(vm->def->graphics->data.vnc.keymap);
        }
    } else if (vm->def->graphics &&
               vm->def->graphics->type == VIR_DOMAIN_GRAPHICS_TYPE_SDL) {
        /* SDL is the default. no args needed */
    }

    /* Add sound hardware */
    if (sound) {
        int size = 100;
        char *modstr;
        if (VIR_ALLOC_N(modstr, size+1) < 0)
            goto no_memory;

        while(sound && size > 0) {
            const char *model = virDomainSoundModelTypeToString(sound->model);
            if (!model) {
                VIR_FREE(modstr);
                qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR,
                                 "%s", _("invalid sound model"));
                goto error;
            }
            strncat(modstr, model, size);
            size -= strlen(model);
            sound = sound->next;
            if (sound)
               strncat(modstr, ",", size--);
        }
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-soundhw");
        ADD_ARG(modstr);
    }

    /* Add host passthrough hardware */
    while (hostdev) {
        int ret;
        char* usbdev;

        if (hostdev->mode == VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_MODE_SUBSYS &&
            hostdev->source.subsys.type == VIR_DOMAIN_HOSTDEV_SUBSYS_TYPE_USB) {
            if(hostdev->source.subsys.usb.vendor) {
                    ret = asprintf(&usbdev, "host:%.4x:%.4x",
                               hostdev->source.subsys.usb.vendor,
                               hostdev->source.subsys.usb.product);

            } else {
                    ret = asprintf(&usbdev, "host:%.3d.%.3d",
                               hostdev->source.subsys.usb.bus,
                               hostdev->source.subsys.usb.device);
            }
            if (ret < 0) {
                usbdev = NULL;
                goto error;
            }
            ADD_ARG_LIT("-usbdevice");
            ADD_ARG_LIT(usbdev);
            VIR_FREE(usbdev);
        }
        hostdev = hostdev->next;
    }

    if (migrateFrom) {
        ADD_ARG_LIT("-incoming");
        ADD_ARG_LIT(migrateFrom);
    }

    ADD_ARG(NULL);

    *retargv = qargv;
    return 0;

 no_memory:
    qemudReportError(conn, NULL, NULL, VIR_ERR_NO_MEMORY,
                     "%s", _("failed to allocate space for argv string"));
 error:
    if (tapfds &&
        *tapfds) {
        for (i = 0; i < *ntapfds; i++)
            close((*tapfds)[i]);
        VIR_FREE(*tapfds);
        *ntapfds = 0;
    }
    if (qargv) {
        for (i = 0 ; i < qargc ; i++)
            VIR_FREE((qargv)[i]);
        VIR_FREE(qargv);
    }
    return -1;

#undef ADD_ARG
#undef ADD_ARG_LIT
#undef ADD_ARG_SPACE
}