blk_mq freezing is entangled with generic bypassing which bypasses
blkcg and io scheduler and lets IO requests fall through the block
layer to the drivers in FIFO order.  This allows forward progress on
IOs with the advanced features disabled so that those features can be
configured or altered without worrying about stalling IO which may
lead to deadlock through memory allocation.

However, generic bypassing doesn't quite fit blk-mq.  blk-mq currently
doesn't make use of blkcg or ioscheds and it maps bypssing to
freezing, which blocks request processing and drains all the in-flight
ones.  This causes problems as bypassing assumes that request
processing is online.  blk-mq works around this by conditionally
allowing request processing for the problem case - during queue
initialization.

Another weirdity is that except for during queue cleanup, bypassing
started on the generic side prevents blk-mq from processing new
requests but doesn't drain the in-flight ones.  This shouldn't break
anything but again highlights that something isn't quite right here.

The root cause is conflating blk-mq freezing and generic bypassing
which are two different mechanisms.  The only intersecting purpose
that they serve is during queue cleanup.  Let's properly separate
blk-mq freezing from generic bypassing and simply use it where
necessary.

* request_queue->mq_freeze_depth is added and
  blk_mq_[un]freeze_queue() now operate on this counter instead of
  ->bypass_depth.  The replacement for QUEUE_FLAG_BYPASS isn't added
  but the counter is tested directly.  This will be further updated by
  later changes.

* blk_mq_drain_queue() is dropped and "__" prefix is dropped from
  blk_mq_freeze_queue().  Queue cleanup path now calls
  blk_mq_freeze_queue() directly.

* blk_queue_enter()'s fast path condition is simplified to simply
  check @q->mq_freeze_depth.  Previously, the condition was

	!blk_queue_dying(q) &&
	    (!blk_queue_bypass(q) || !blk_queue_init_done(q))

  mq_freeze_depth is incremented right after dying is set and
  blk_queue_init_done() exception isn't necessary as blk-mq doesn't
  start frozen, which only leaves the blk_queue_bypass() test which
  can be replaced by @q->mq_freeze_depth test.

This change simplifies the code and reduces confusion in the area.
Signed-off-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Nicholas A. Bellinger <nab@linux-iscsi.org>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Currently, both blk_queue_bypass_start() and blk_mq_freeze_queue()
skip queue draining if bypass_depth was already above zero.  The
assumption is that the one which bumped the bypass_depth should have
performed draining already; however, there's nothing which prevents a
new instance of bypassing/freezing from starting before the previous
one finishes draining.  The current code may allow the later
bypassing/freezing instances to complete while there still are
in-flight requests which haven't finished draining.

Fix it by draining regardless of bypass_depth.  We still skip draining
from blk_queue_bypass_start() while the queue is initializing to avoid
introducing excessive delays during boot.  INIT_DONE setting is moved
above the initial blk_queue_bypass_end() so that bypassing attempts
can't slip inbetween.
Signed-off-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Nicholas A. Bellinger <nab@linux-iscsi.org>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

blk-mq issues async requests through kblockd. To issue a work request on
a specific CPU, kblockd_schedule_delayed_work_on is used. However, the
specific CPU choice may not be honored, if the power_efficient option
for workqueues is set. blk-mq requires that we have strict per-cpu
scheduling, so it wont work properly if kblockd is marked
POWER_EFFICIENT and power_efficient is set.

Remove the kblockd WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT flag to prevent this behavior.
This essentially reverts part of commit 695588f9, which added
the WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT marker to kblockd.
Signed-off-by: NMatias Bjørling <m@bjorling.me>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

With the optimizations around not clearing the full request at alloc
time, we are leaving some of the needed init for REQ_TYPE_BLOCK_PC
up to the user allocating the request.

Add a blk_rq_set_block_pc() that sets the command type to
REQ_TYPE_BLOCK_PC, and properly initializes the members associated
with this type of request. Update callers to use this function instead
of manipulating rq->cmd_type directly.

Includes fixes from Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> for my half-assed
attempt.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

I don't think we've ever caught any bugs with this, and there's the
list poisoning for the plug lists to catch uninitialized cases.
So remove the magic member and save 8 bytes in the struct.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Instead of having two almost identical copies of the same code just let
the callers pass in the reserved flag directly.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

The percpu counter is only used for blk-mq, so move
its allocation and free inside blk-mq, and don't
allocate it for legacy queue device.
Signed-off-by: NMing Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

In blk_mq_make_request(), do the blk_queue_nomerges() check
outside the call to blk_attempt_plug_merge() to eliminate
function call overhead when nomerges=2 (disabled)
Signed-off-by: NRobert Elliott <elliott@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

For request_fn based devices, the block layer exports a 'nr_requests'
file through sysfs to allow adjusting of queue depth on the fly.
Currently this returns -EINVAL for blk-mq, since it's not wired up.
Wire this up for blk-mq, so that it now also always dynamic
adjustments of the allowed queue depth for any given block device
managed by blk-mq.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

We first check if we have inflight IO, then retrieve that
same number again. Usually this isn't that costly since the
chance of having the data dirtied in between is small, but
there's no reason for calling part_in_flight() twice.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Adding tracepoints for bio_complete and block_split into nvme to help
with gathering IO info using blktrace and blkparse.
Signed-off-by: NKeith Busch <keith.busch@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: NMatthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>

This allows to mirror the blk-mq code flow for more a more readable I/O
completion handler in SCSI.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Add a blk-mq equivalent to blk_delay_queue so that the scsi layer can ask
to be kicked again after a delay.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>

Modified by me to kill the unnecessary preempt disable/enable
in the delayed workqueue handler.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

This was used in the olden days, back when onions were proper
yellow. Basically it mapped to the current buffer to be
transferred. With highmem being added more than a decade ago,
most drivers map pages out of a bio, and rq->buffer isn't
pointing at anything valid.

Convert old style drivers to just use bio_data().

For the discard payload use case, just reference the page
in the bio.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

This patch fixes coccinelle error regarding usage of IS_ERR and
PTR_ERR instead of PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO.
Signed-off-by: NDuan Jiong <duanj.fnst@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Martin reported that his test system would not boot with
current git, it oopsed with this:

BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ffff88046c6c9e80
IP: [<ffffffff812971e0>] blk_queue_start_tag+0x90/0x150
PGD 1ddf067 PUD 1de2067 PMD 47fc7d067 PTE 800000046c6c9060
Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP DEBUG_PAGEALLOC
Modules linked in: sd_mod lpfc(+) scsi_transport_fc scsi_tgt oracleasm
rpcsec_gss_krb5 ipv6 igb dca i2c_algo_bit i2c_core hwmon
CPU: 3 PID: 87 Comm: kworker/u17:1 Not tainted 3.14.0+ #246
Hardware name: Supermicro X9DRX+-F/X9DRX+-F, BIOS 3.00 07/09/2013
Workqueue: events_unbound async_run_entry_fn
task: ffff8802743c2150 ti: ffff880273d02000 task.ti: ffff880273d02000
RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff812971e0>]  [<ffffffff812971e0>]
blk_queue_start_tag+0x90/0x150
RSP: 0018:ffff880273d03a58  EFLAGS: 00010092
RAX: ffff88046c6c9e78 RBX: ffff880077208e78 RCX: 00000000fffc8da6
RDX: 00000000fffc186d RSI: 0000000000000009 RDI: 00000000fffc8d9d
RBP: ffff880273d03a88 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: ffff8800021c2410
R10: 0000000000000005 R11: 0000000000015b30 R12: ffff88046c5bb8a0
R13: ffff88046c5c0890 R14: 000000000000001e R15: 000000000000001e
FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff880277b00000(0000)
knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: ffff88046c6c9e80 CR3: 00000000018f6000 CR4: 00000000000407e0
Stack:
 ffff880273d03a98 ffff880474b18800 0000000000000000 ffff880474157000
 ffff88046c5c0890 ffff880077208e78 ffff880273d03ae8 ffffffff813b9e62
 ffff880200000010 ffff880474b18968 ffff880474b18848 ffff88046c5c0cd8
Call Trace:
 [<ffffffff813b9e62>] scsi_request_fn+0xf2/0x510
 [<ffffffff81293167>] __blk_run_queue+0x37/0x50
 [<ffffffff8129ac43>] blk_execute_rq_nowait+0xb3/0x130
 [<ffffffff8129ad24>] blk_execute_rq+0x64/0xf0
 [<ffffffff8108d2b0>] ? bit_waitqueue+0xd0/0xd0
 [<ffffffff813bba35>] scsi_execute+0xe5/0x180
 [<ffffffff813bbe4a>] scsi_execute_req_flags+0x9a/0x110
 [<ffffffffa01b1304>] sd_spinup_disk+0x94/0x460 [sd_mod]
 [<ffffffff81160000>] ? __unmap_hugepage_range+0x200/0x2f0
 [<ffffffffa01b2b9a>] sd_revalidate_disk+0xaa/0x3f0 [sd_mod]
 [<ffffffffa01b2fb8>] sd_probe_async+0xd8/0x200 [sd_mod]
 [<ffffffff8107703f>] async_run_entry_fn+0x3f/0x140
 [<ffffffff8106a1c5>] process_one_work+0x175/0x410
 [<ffffffff8106b373>] worker_thread+0x123/0x400
 [<ffffffff8106b250>] ? manage_workers+0x160/0x160
 [<ffffffff8107104e>] kthread+0xce/0xf0
 [<ffffffff81070f80>] ? kthread_freezable_should_stop+0x70/0x70
 [<ffffffff815f0bac>] ret_from_fork+0x7c/0xb0
 [<ffffffff81070f80>] ? kthread_freezable_should_stop+0x70/0x70
Code: 48 0f ab 11 72 db 48 81 4b 40 00 00 10 00 89 83 08 01 00 00 48 89
df 49 8b 04 24 48 89 1c d0 e8 f7 a8 ff ff 49 8b 85 28 05 00 00 <48> 89
58 08 48 89 03 49 8d 85 28 05 00 00 48 89 43 08 49 89 9d
RIP  [<ffffffff812971e0>] blk_queue_start_tag+0x90/0x150
 RSP <ffff880273d03a58>
CR2: ffff88046c6c9e80

Martin bisected and found this to be the problem patch;

	commit 6d113398
	Author: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
	Date:   Mon Feb 24 16:39:54 2014 +0100

	    block: Stop abusing rq->csd.list in blk-softirq

and the problem was immediately apparent. The patch states that
it is safe to reuse queuelist at completion time, since it is
no longer used. However, that is not true if a device is using
block enabled tagging. If that is the case, then the queuelist
is reused to keep track of busy tags. If a device also ended
up using softirq completions, we'd reuse ->queuelist for the
IPI handling while block tagging was still using it. Boom.

Fix this by adding a new ipi_list list head, and share the
memory used with the request hash table. The hash table is
never used after the request is moved to the dispatch list,
which happens long before any potential completion of the
request. Add a new request bit for this, so we don't have
cases that check rq->hash while it could potentially have
been reused for the IPI completion.
Reported-by: NMartin K. Petersen <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Tested-by: NBenjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Same function as kblockd_schedule_delayed_work(), but allow the
caller to pass in a CPU that the work should be executed on. This
just directly extends and maps into the workqueue API, and will
be used to make the blk-mq mappings more strict.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

The queue parameter is never used, just get rid of it.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

Commit 7982e90c ("block: fix q->flush_rq NULL pointer crash on
dm-mpath flush") moved an allocation to blk_init_allocated_queue(), but
neglected to free that allocation on the error paths that follow.
Signed-off-by: NDave Jones <davej@fedoraproject.org>
Acked-by: NMike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Commit 18741986 ("blk-mq: rework flush sequencing logic") switched
->flush_rq from being an embedded member of the request_queue structure
to being dynamically allocated in blk_init_queue_node().

Request-based DM multipath doesn't use blk_init_queue_node(), instead it
uses blk_alloc_queue_node() + blk_init_allocated_queue().  Because
commit 18741986 placed the dynamic allocation of ->flush_rq in
blk_init_queue_node() any flush issued to a dm-mpath device would crash
with a NULL pointer, e.g.:

BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at           (null)
IP: [<ffffffff8125037e>] blk_rq_init+0x1e/0xb0
PGD bb3c7067 PUD bb01d067 PMD 0
Oops: 0002 [#1] SMP
...
CPU: 5 PID: 5028 Comm: dt Tainted: G        W  O 3.14.0-rc3.snitm+ #10
...
task: ffff88032fb270e0 ti: ffff880079564000 task.ti: ffff880079564000
RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8125037e>]  [<ffffffff8125037e>] blk_rq_init+0x1e/0xb0
RSP: 0018:ffff880079565c98  EFLAGS: 00010046
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 0000000000000030
RDX: ffff880260c74048 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: ffff880079565ca8 R08: ffff880260aa1e98 R09: 0000000000000001
R10: ffff88032fa78500 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: ffff880260aa1de8 R14: 0000000000000650 R15: 0000000000000000
FS:  00007f8d36a2a700(0000) GS:ffff88033fca0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 0000000079b36000 CR4: 00000000000007e0
Stack:
 0000000000000000 ffff880260c74048 ffff880079565cd8 ffffffff81257a47
 ffff880260aa1de8 ffff880260c74048 0000000000000001 0000000000000000
 ffff880079565d08 ffffffff81257c2d 0000000000000000 ffff880260aa1de8
Call Trace:
 [<ffffffff81257a47>] blk_flush_complete_seq+0x2d7/0x2e0
 [<ffffffff81257c2d>] blk_insert_flush+0x1dd/0x210
 [<ffffffff8124ec59>] __elv_add_request+0x1f9/0x320
 [<ffffffff81250681>] ? blk_account_io_start+0x111/0x190
 [<ffffffff81253a4b>] blk_queue_bio+0x25b/0x330
 [<ffffffffa0020bf5>] dm_request+0x35/0x40 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffff812530c0>] generic_make_request+0xc0/0x100
 [<ffffffff81253173>] submit_bio+0x73/0x140
 [<ffffffff811becdd>] submit_bio_wait+0x5d/0x80
 [<ffffffff81257528>] blkdev_issue_flush+0x78/0xa0
 [<ffffffff811c1f6f>] blkdev_fsync+0x3f/0x60
 [<ffffffff811b7fde>] vfs_fsync_range+0x1e/0x20
 [<ffffffff811b7ffc>] vfs_fsync+0x1c/0x20
 [<ffffffff811b81f1>] do_fsync+0x41/0x80
 [<ffffffff8118874e>] ? SyS_lseek+0x7e/0x80
 [<ffffffff811b8260>] SyS_fsync+0x10/0x20
 [<ffffffff8154c2d2>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b

Fix this by moving the ->flush_rq allocation from blk_init_queue_node()
to blk_init_allocated_queue().  blk_init_queue_node() also calls
blk_init_allocated_queue() so this change is functionality equivalent
for all blk_init_queue_node() callers.
Reported-by: NHannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Reported-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NMike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

trace_block_rq_complete does not take into account that request can
be partially completed, so we can get the following incorrect output
of blkparser:

  C   R 232 + 240 [0]
  C   R 240 + 232 [0]
  C   R 248 + 224 [0]
  C   R 256 + 216 [0]

but should be:

  C   R 232 + 8 [0]
  C   R 240 + 8 [0]
  C   R 248 + 8 [0]
  C   R 256 + 8 [0]

Also, the whole output summary statistics of completed requests and
final throughput will be incorrect.

This patch takes into account real completion size of the request and
fixes wrong completion accounting.
Signed-off-by: NRoman Pen <r.peniaev@gmail.com>
CC: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
CC: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
CC: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
CC: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

This patch fix spelling typo in Documentation/DocBook.
It is because .html and .xml files are generated by make htmldocs,
I have to fix a typo within the source files.
Signed-off-by: NMasanari Iida <standby24x7@gmail.com>
Acked-by: NRandy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: NJiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>

Witch to using a preallocated flush_rq for blk-mq similar to what's done
with the old request path.  This allows us to set up the request properly
with a tag from the actually allowed range and ->rq_disk as needed by
some drivers.  To make life easier we also switch to dynamic allocation
of ->flush_rq for the old path.

This effectively reverts most of

    "blk-mq: fix for flush deadlock"

and

    "blk-mq: Don't reserve a tag for flush request"
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

__blk_put_request needs to call into the blk-mq code just like
blk_put_request.  As we don't have the queue lock in this case both
end up calling the same function.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>

This patch moves synchronization on mq->delay_work
from blk_mq_free_queue() to blk_sync_queue(), so that
blk_sync_queue can work on mq.

Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NMing Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

blk_mq_drain_queue() is introduced so that we can drain
mq queue inside blk_cleanup_queue().

Also don't accept new requests any more if queue is marked
as dying.

Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NMing Lei <tom.leiming@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

More prep work for immutable biovecs - with immutable bvecs drivers
won't be able to use the biovec directly, they'll need to use helpers
that take into account bio->bi_iter.bi_bvec_done.

This updates callers for the new usage without changing the
implementation yet.
Signed-off-by: NKent Overstreet <kmo@daterainc.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Ed L. Cashin" <ecashin@coraid.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Lars Ellenberg <drbd-dev@lists.linbit.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Paul Clements <Paul.Clements@steeleye.com>
Cc: Jim Paris <jim@jtan.com>
Cc: Geoff Levand <geoff@infradead.org>
Cc: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
Cc: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Cc: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Cc: ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Joshua Morris <josh.h.morris@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Philip Kelleher <pjk1939@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: linux390@de.ibm.com
Cc: Nagalakshmi Nandigama <Nagalakshmi.Nandigama@lsi.com>
Cc: Sreekanth Reddy <Sreekanth.Reddy@lsi.com>
Cc: support@lsi.com
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <JBottomley@parallels.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Herton Ronaldo Krzesinski <herton.krzesinski@canonical.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Guo Chao <yan@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Asai Thambi S P <asamymuthupa@micron.com>
Cc: Selvan Mani <smani@micron.com>
Cc: Sam Bradshaw <sbradshaw@micron.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>
Cc: Keith Busch <keith.busch@intel.com>
Cc: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com>
Cc: Quoc-Son Anh <quoc-sonx.anh@intel.com>
Cc: Sebastian Ott <sebott@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@redhat.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Cc: Vivek Goyal <vgoyal@redhat.com>
Cc: "Darrick J. Wong" <darrick.wong@oracle.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: linux-m68k@lists.linux-m68k.org
Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: drbd-user@lists.linbit.com
Cc: nbd-general@lists.sourceforge.net
Cc: cbe-oss-dev@lists.ozlabs.org
Cc: xen-devel@lists.xensource.com
Cc: virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
Cc: linux-raid@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-s390@vger.kernel.org
Cc: DL-MPTFusionLinux@lsi.com
Cc: linux-scsi@vger.kernel.org
Cc: devel@driverdev.osuosl.org
Cc: linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: cluster-devel@redhat.com
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Acked-by: NGeoff Levand <geoff@infradead.org>

Immutable biovecs are going to require an explicit iterator. To
implement immutable bvecs, a later patch is going to add a bi_bvec_done
member to this struct; for now, this patch effectively just renames
things.
Signed-off-by: NKent Overstreet <kmo@daterainc.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: "Ed L. Cashin" <ecashin@coraid.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Cc: Lars Ellenberg <drbd-dev@lists.linbit.com>
Cc: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Geoff Levand <geoff@infradead.org>
Cc: Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@inktank.com>
Cc: Sage Weil <sage@inktank.com>
Cc: Alex Elder <elder@inktank.com>
Cc: ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Joshua Morris <josh.h.morris@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Philip Kelleher <pjk1939@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Alasdair Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: linux390@de.ibm.com
Cc: Boaz Harrosh <bharrosh@panasas.com>
Cc: Benny Halevy <bhalevy@tonian.com>
Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <JBottomley@parallels.com>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: "Nicholas A. Bellinger" <nab@linux-iscsi.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@fusionio.com>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <adilger.kernel@dilger.ca>
Cc: Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@samsung.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@kernel.org>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: Prasad Joshi <prasadjoshi.linux@gmail.com>
Cc: Trond Myklebust <Trond.Myklebust@netapp.com>
Cc: KONISHI Ryusuke <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Ben Myers <bpm@sgi.com>
Cc: xfs@oss.sgi.com
Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Cc: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Len Brown <len.brown@intel.com>
Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>
Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Herton Ronaldo Krzesinski <herton.krzesinski@canonical.com>
Cc: Ben Hutchings <ben@decadent.org.uk>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Guo Chao <yan@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Asai Thambi S P <asamymuthupa@micron.com>
Cc: Selvan Mani <smani@micron.com>
Cc: Sam Bradshaw <sbradshaw@micron.com>
Cc: Wei Yongjun <yongjun_wei@trendmicro.com.cn>
Cc: "Roger Pau Monné" <roger.pau@citrix.com>
Cc: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com>
Cc: Stefano Stabellini <stefano.stabellini@eu.citrix.com>
Cc: Ian Campbell <Ian.Campbell@citrix.com>
Cc: Sebastian Ott <sebott@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Jerome Marchand <jmarchand@redhat.com>
Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Cc: Peng Tao <tao.peng@emc.com>
Cc: Andy Adamson <andros@netapp.com>
Cc: fanchaoting <fanchaoting@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: "Martin K. Petersen" <martin.petersen@oracle.com>
Cc: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com>
Cc: Pankaj Kumar <pankaj.km@samsung.com>
Cc: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>6

This patch enables the sysfs to control I/O request merge
functionality in the plug list. While this control has been
implemented for the request queue, it was dismissed in the plug list.
Therefore, block layer merges requests together (or attempt to merge)
even if the merge capability was disable using sysfs nomerge parameter
value 2.

This limitation is directly affects functionality of io_submit()
system call. The system call enables user to submit a bunch of IO
requests from user space using struct iocb **ios input argument.
However, the unconditioned merging functionality in the plug list
potentially merges these requests together down the road. Therefore,
there is no way to distinguish between an application sending bunch of
sequential IOs and an application sending one big IO. Ultimately, all
requests generated by the former app merge within the plug list
together and looks similar to the second app.

While the merging functionality is a desirable feature to improve the
performance of IO subsystem for some applications, it is not useful
for other application like ours at all.
Signed-off-by: NAlireza Haghdoost <alireza@cs.umn.edu>
Reviewed-by: NJeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>

Coding style modified.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

The soft lockup below happens at the boot time of the system using dm
multipath and the udev rules to switch scheduler.

[  356.127001] BUG: soft lockup - CPU#3 stuck for 22s! [sh:483]
[  356.127001] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff81072a7d>]  [<ffffffff81072a7d>] lock_timer_base.isra.35+0x1d/0x50
...
[  356.127001] Call Trace:
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff81073810>] try_to_del_timer_sync+0x20/0x70
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff8118b08a>] ? kmem_cache_alloc_node_trace+0x20a/0x230
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff810738b2>] del_timer_sync+0x52/0x60
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff812ece22>] cfq_exit_queue+0x32/0xf0
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff812c98df>] elevator_exit+0x2f/0x50
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff812c9f21>] elevator_change+0xf1/0x1c0
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff812caa50>] elv_iosched_store+0x20/0x50
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff812d1d09>] queue_attr_store+0x59/0xb0
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff812143f6>] sysfs_write_file+0xc6/0x140
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff811a326d>] vfs_write+0xbd/0x1e0
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff811a3ca9>] SyS_write+0x49/0xa0
[  356.127001]  [<ffffffff8164e899>] system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b

This is caused by a race between md device initialization by multipathd and
shell script to switch the scheduler using sysfs.

 - multipathd:
   SyS_ioctl -> do_vfs_ioctl -> dm_ctl_ioctl -> ctl_ioctl -> table_load
   -> dm_setup_md_queue -> blk_init_allocated_queue -> elevator_init
    q->elevator = elevator_alloc(q, e); // not yet initialized

 - sh -c 'echo deadline > /sys/$DEVPATH/queue/scheduler':
   elevator_switch (in the call trace above)
    struct elevator_queue *old = q->elevator;
    q->elevator = elevator_alloc(q, new_e);
    elevator_exit(old);                 // lockup! (*)

 - multipathd: (cont.)
    err = e->ops.elevator_init_fn(q);   // init fails; q->elevator is modified

(*) When del_timer_sync() is called, lock_timer_base() will loop infinitely
while timer->base == NULL. In this case, as timer will never initialized,
it results in lockup.

This patch introduces acquisition of q->sysfs_lock around elevator_init()
into blk_init_allocated_queue(), to provide mutual exclusion between
initialization of the q->scheduler and switching of the scheduler.

This should fix this bugzilla:
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=902012Signed-off-by: NTomoki Sekiyama <tomoki.sekiyama@hds.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

If blkcg_init_queue fails, blk_alloc_queue_node doesn't call bdi_destroy
to clean up structures allocated by the backing dev.

------------[ cut here ]------------
WARNING: at lib/debugobjects.c:260 debug_print_object+0x85/0xa0()
ODEBUG: free active (active state 0) object type: percpu_counter hint:           (null)
Modules linked in: dm_loop dm_mod ip6table_filter ip6_tables uvesafb cfbcopyarea cfbimgblt cfbfillrect fbcon font bitblit fbcon_rotate fbcon_cw fbcon_ud fbcon_ccw softcursor fb fbdev ipt_MASQUERADE iptable_nat nf_nat_ipv4 msr nf_conntrack_ipv4 nf_defrag_ipv4 xt_state ipt_REJECT xt_tcpudp iptable_filter ip_tables x_tables bridge stp llc tun ipv6 cpufreq_userspace cpufreq_stats cpufreq_powersave cpufreq_ondemand cpufreq_conservative spadfs fuse hid_generic usbhid hid raid0 md_mod dmi_sysfs nf_nat_ftp nf_nat nf_conntrack_ftp nf_conntrack lm85 hwmon_vid snd_usb_audio snd_pcm_oss snd_mixer_oss snd_pcm snd_timer snd_page_alloc snd_hwdep snd_usbmidi_lib snd_rawmidi snd soundcore acpi_cpufreq freq_table mperf sata_svw serverworks kvm_amd ide_core ehci_pci ohci_hcd libata ehci_hcd kvm usbcore tg3 usb_common libphy k10temp pcspkr ptp i2c_piix4 i2c_core evdev microcode hwmon rtc_cmos pps_core e100 skge floppy mii processor button unix
CPU: 0 PID: 2739 Comm: lvchange Tainted: G        W
3.10.15-devel #14
Hardware name: empty empty/S3992-E, BIOS 'V1.06   ' 06/09/2009
 0000000000000009 ffff88023c3c1ae8 ffffffff813c8fd4 ffff88023c3c1b20
 ffffffff810399eb ffff88043d35cd58 ffffffff81651940 ffff88023c3c1bf8
 ffffffff82479d90 0000000000000005 ffff88023c3c1b80 ffffffff81039a67
Call Trace:
 [<ffffffff813c8fd4>] dump_stack+0x19/0x1b
 [<ffffffff810399eb>] warn_slowpath_common+0x6b/0xa0
 [<ffffffff81039a67>] warn_slowpath_fmt+0x47/0x50
 [<ffffffff8122aaaf>] ? debug_check_no_obj_freed+0xcf/0x250
 [<ffffffff81229a15>] debug_print_object+0x85/0xa0
 [<ffffffff8122abe3>] debug_check_no_obj_freed+0x203/0x250
 [<ffffffff8113c4ac>] kmem_cache_free+0x20c/0x3a0
 [<ffffffff811f6709>] blk_alloc_queue_node+0x2a9/0x2c0
 [<ffffffff811f672e>] blk_alloc_queue+0xe/0x10
 [<ffffffffa04c0093>] dm_create+0x1a3/0x530 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffffa04c6bb0>] ? list_version_get_info+0xe0/0xe0 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffffa04c6c07>] dev_create+0x57/0x2b0 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffffa04c6bb0>] ? list_version_get_info+0xe0/0xe0 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffffa04c6bb0>] ? list_version_get_info+0xe0/0xe0 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffffa04c6528>] ctl_ioctl+0x268/0x500 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffff81097662>] ? get_lock_stats+0x22/0x70
 [<ffffffffa04c67ce>] dm_ctl_ioctl+0xe/0x20 [dm_mod]
 [<ffffffff81161aad>] do_vfs_ioctl+0x2ed/0x520
 [<ffffffff8116cfc7>] ? fget_light+0x377/0x4e0
 [<ffffffff81161d2b>] SyS_ioctl+0x4b/0x90
 [<ffffffff813cff16>] system_call_fastpath+0x1a/0x1f
---[ end trace 4b5ff0d55673d986 ]---
------------[ cut here ]------------

This fix should be backported to stable kernels starting with 2.6.37. Note
that in the kernels prior to 3.5 the affected code is different, but the
bug is still there - bdi_init is called and bdi_destroy isn't.
Signed-off-by: NMikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: stable@kernel.org	# 2.6.37+
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

crocode i2c_i801 i2c_core iTCO_wdt iTCO_vendor_support shpchp ioatdma dca be2net sg ses enclosure ext4 mbcache jbd2 sd_mod crc_t10dif ahci megaraid_sas(U) dm_mirror dm_region_hash dm_log dm_mod [last unloaded: scsi_wait_scan]

Pid: 491, comm: scsi_eh_0 Tainted: G        W  ----------------   2.6.32-220.13.1.el6.x86_64 #1 IBM  -[8722PAX]-/00D1461
RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff8124e424>]  [<ffffffff8124e424>] blk_requeue_request+0x94/0xa0
RSP: 0018:ffff881057eefd60  EFLAGS: 00010012
RAX: ffff881d99e3e8a8 RBX: ffff881d99e3e780 RCX: ffff881d99e3e8a8
RDX: ffff881d99e3e8a8 RSI: ffff881d99e3e780 RDI: ffff881d99e3e780
RBP: ffff881057eefd80 R08: ffff881057eefe90 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff881057f92338
R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff881057f92338 R15: ffff883058188000
FS:  0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff880040200000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS:  0010 DS: 0018 ES: 0018 CR0: 000000008005003b
CR2: 00000000006d3ec0 CR3: 000000302cd7d000 CR4: 00000000000406b0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Process scsi_eh_0 (pid: 491, threadinfo ffff881057eee000, task ffff881057e29540)
Stack:
 0000000000001057 0000000000000286 ffff8810275efdc0 ffff881057f16000
<0> ffff881057eefdd0 ffffffff81362323 ffff881057eefe20 ffffffff8135f393
<0> ffff881057e29af8 ffff8810275efdc0 ffff881057eefe78 ffff881057eefe90
Call Trace:
 [<ffffffff81362323>] __scsi_queue_insert+0xa3/0x150
 [<ffffffff8135f393>] ? scsi_eh_ready_devs+0x5e3/0x850
 [<ffffffff81362a23>] scsi_queue_insert+0x13/0x20
 [<ffffffff8135e4d4>] scsi_eh_flush_done_q+0x104/0x160
 [<ffffffff8135fb6b>] scsi_error_handler+0x35b/0x660
 [<ffffffff8135f810>] ? scsi_error_handler+0x0/0x660
 [<ffffffff810908c6>] kthread+0x96/0xa0
 [<ffffffff8100c14a>] child_rip+0xa/0x20
 [<ffffffff81090830>] ? kthread+0x0/0xa0
 [<ffffffff8100c140>] ? child_rip+0x0/0x20
Code: 00 00 eb d1 4c 8b 2d 3c 8f 97 00 4d 85 ed 74 bf 49 8b 45 00 49 83 c5 08 48 89 de 4c 89 e7 ff d0 49 8b 45 00 48 85 c0 75 eb eb a4 <0f> 0b eb fe 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 55 48 89 e5 0f 1f 44 00 00
RIP  [<ffffffff8124e424>] blk_requeue_request+0x94/0xa0
 RSP <ffff881057eefd60>

The RIP is this line:
        BUG_ON(blk_queued_rq(rq));

After digging through the code, I think there may be a race between the
request completion and the timer handler running.

A timer is started for each request put on the device's queue (see
blk_start_request->blk_add_timer).  If the request does not complete
before the timer expires, the timer handler (blk_rq_timed_out_timer)
will mark the request complete atomically:

static inline int blk_mark_rq_complete(struct request *rq)
{
        return test_and_set_bit(REQ_ATOM_COMPLETE, &rq->atomic_flags);
}

and then call blk_rq_timed_out.  The latter function will call
scsi_times_out, which will return one of BLK_EH_HANDLED,
BLK_EH_RESET_TIMER or BLK_EH_NOT_HANDLED.  If BLK_EH_RESET_TIMER is
returned, blk_clear_rq_complete is called, and blk_add_timer is again
called to simply wait longer for the request to complete.

Now, if the request happens to complete while this is going on, what
happens?  Given that we know the completion handler will bail if it
finds the REQ_ATOM_COMPLETE bit set, we need to focus on the completion
handler running after that bit is cleared.  So, from the above
paragraph, after the call to blk_clear_rq_complete.  If the completion
sets REQ_ATOM_COMPLETE before the BUG_ON in blk_add_timer, we go boom
there (I haven't seen this in the cores).  Next, if we get the
completion before the call to list_add_tail, then the timer will
eventually fire for an old req, which may either be freed or reallocated
(there is evidence that this might be the case).  Finally, if the
completion comes in *after* the addition to the timeout list, I think
it's harmless.  The request will be removed from the timeout list,
req_atom_complete will be set, and all will be well.

This will only actually explain the coredumps *IF* the request
structure was freed, reallocated *and* queued before the error handler
thread had a chance to process it.  That is possible, but it may make
sense to keep digging for another race.  I think that if this is what
was happening, we would see other instances of this problem showing up
as null pointer or garbage pointer dereferences, for example when the
request structure was not re-used.  It looks like we actually do run
into that situation in other reports.

This patch moves the BUG_ON(test_bit(REQ_ATOM_COMPLETE,
&req->atomic_flags)); from blk_add_timer to the only caller that could
trip over it (blk_start_request).  It then inverts the calls to
blk_clear_rq_complete and blk_add_timer in blk_rq_timed_out to address
the race.  I've boot tested this patch, but nothing more.
Signed-off-by: NJeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NHannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

We switched to plug mq_list for mq, but some code are still using old list.
Signed-off-by: NShaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

The flush state machine takes in a struct request, which then is
submitted multiple times to the underling driver.  The old block code
requeses the same request for each of those, so it does not have an
issue with tapping into the request pool.  The new one on the other hand
allocates a new request for each of the actualy steps of the flush
sequence. If have already allocated all of the tags for IO, we will
fail allocating the flush request.

Set aside a reserved request just for flushes.
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

Linux currently has two models for block devices:

- The classic request_fn based approach, where drivers use struct
  request units for IO. The block layer provides various helper
  functionalities to let drivers share code, things like tag
  management, timeout handling, queueing, etc.

- The "stacked" approach, where a driver squeezes in between the
  block layer and IO submitter. Since this bypasses the IO stack,
  driver generally have to manage everything themselves.

With drivers being written for new high IOPS devices, the classic
request_fn based driver doesn't work well enough. The design dates
back to when both SMP and high IOPS was rare. It has problems with
scaling to bigger machines, and runs into scaling issues even on
smaller machines when you have IOPS in the hundreds of thousands
per device.

The stacked approach is then most often selected as the model
for the driver. But this means that everybody has to re-invent
everything, and along with that we get all the problems again
that the shared approach solved.

This commit introduces blk-mq, block multi queue support. The
design is centered around per-cpu queues for queueing IO, which
then funnel down into x number of hardware submission queues.
We might have a 1:1 mapping between the two, or it might be
an N:M mapping. That all depends on what the hardware supports.

blk-mq provides various helper functions, which include:

- Scalable support for request tagging. Most devices need to
  be able to uniquely identify a request both in the driver and
  to the hardware. The tagging uses per-cpu caches for freed
  tags, to enable cache hot reuse.

- Timeout handling without tracking request on a per-device
  basis. Basically the driver should be able to get a notification,
  if a request happens to fail.

- Optional support for non 1:1 mappings between issue and
  submission queues. blk-mq can redirect IO completions to the
  desired location.

- Support for per-request payloads. Drivers almost always need
  to associate a request structure with some driver private
  command structure. Drivers can tell blk-mq this at init time,
  and then any request handed to the driver will have the
  required size of memory associated with it.

- Support for merging of IO, and plugging. The stacked model
  gets neither of these. Even for high IOPS devices, merging
  sequential IO reduces per-command overhead and thus
  increases bandwidth.

For now, this is provided as a potential 3rd queueing model, with
the hope being that, as it matures, it can replace both the classic
and stacked model. That would get us back to having just 1 real
model for block devices, leaving the stacked approach to dm/md
devices (as it was originally intended).

Contributions in this patch from the following people:

Shaohua Li <shli@fusionio.com>
Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@redhat.com>
Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Matias Bjorling <m@bjorling.me>
Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

This reference count has been around since before git history, but the only
place where it's used is in blk_execute_rq, and ther it is entirely useless
as it is incremented before submitting the request and decremented in the
end_io handler before waking up the submitter thread.
Signed-off-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

We have officially run out of flags in a 32-bit space. Extend it
to 64-bit even on 32-bit archs.
Reviewed-by: NChristoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

In func blk_queue_bio, if list of plug is empty,it will call
blk_trace_plug.
If process deal with a single device,it't ok.But if process deal with
multi devices,it only trace the first device.
Using request_count to judge, it can soleve this problem.

In addition, i modify the comment.
Signed-off-by: NJianpeng Ma <majianpeng@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NJens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

When a medium error is detected the SCSI stack should return
ENODATA to the upper layers.

[jejb: fix whitespace error]
Signed-off-by: NHannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NJames Bottomley <JBottomley@Parallels.com>

When the thin provisioning hard threshold is reached we
should return ENOSPC to inform upper layers about this fact.
Signed-off-by: NHannes Reinecke <hare@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NJames Bottomley <JBottomley@Parallels.com>