Summary:
This PR adds support for encrypting data stored by RocksDB when written to disk.

It adds an `EncryptedEnv` override of the `Env` class with matching overrides for sequential&random access files.
The encryption itself is done through a configurable `EncryptionProvider`. This class creates is asked to create `BlockAccessCipherStream` for a file. This is where the actual encryption/decryption is being done.
Currently there is a Counter mode implementation of `BlockAccessCipherStream` with a `ROT13` block cipher (NOTE the `ROT13` is for demo purposes only!!).

The Counter operation mode uses an initial counter & random initialization vector (IV).
Both are created randomly for each file and stored in a 4K (default size) block that is prefixed to that file. The `EncryptedEnv` implementation is such that clients of the `Env` class do not see this prefix (nor data, nor in filesize).
The largest part of the prefix block is also encrypted, and there is room left for implementation specific settings/values/keys in there.

To test the encryption, the `DBTestBase` class has been extended to consider a new environment variable called `ENCRYPTED_ENV`. If set, the test will setup a encrypted instance of the `Env` class to use for all tests.
Typically you would run it like this:

```
ENCRYPTED_ENV=1 make check_some
```

There is also an added test that checks that some data inserted into the database is or is not "visible" on disk. With `ENCRYPTED_ENV` active it must not find plain text strings, with `ENCRYPTED_ENV` unset, it must find the plain text strings.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2424

Differential Revision: D5322178

Pulled By: sdwilsh

fbshipit-source-id: 253b0a9c2c498cc98f580df7f2623cbf7678a27f

Summary: Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2454

Differential Revision: D5255320

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 0080830fa8eb5da6de25e17ba68aee91018c7913

Summary:
Throughput: 46k tps in our sysbench settings (filling the details later)

The idea is to have the simplest change that gives us a reasonable boost
in 2PC throughput.

Major design changes:
1. The WAL file internal buffer is not flushed after each write. Instead
it is flushed before critical operations (WAL copy via fs) or when
FlushWAL is called by MySQL. Flushing the WAL buffer is also protected
via mutex_.
2. Use two sequence numbers: last seq, and last seq for write. Last seq
is the last visible sequence number for reads. Last seq for write is the
next sequence number that should be used to write to WAL/memtable. This
allows to have a memtable write be in parallel to WAL writes.
3. BatchGroup is not used for writes. This means that we can have
parallel writers which changes a major assumption in the code base. To
accommodate for that i) allow only 1 WriteImpl that intends to write to
memtable via mem_mutex_--which is fine since in 2PC almost all of the memtable writes
come via group commit phase which is serial anyway, ii) make all the
parts in the code base that assumed to be the only writer (via
EnterUnbatched) to also acquire mem_mutex_, iii) stat updates are
protected via a stat_mutex_.

Note: the first commit has the approach figured out but is not clean.
Submitting the PR anyway to get the early feedback on the approach. If
we are ok with the approach I will go ahead with this updates:
0) Rebase with Yi's pipelining changes
1) Currently batching is disabled by default to make sure that it will be
consistent with all unit tests. Will make this optional via a config.
2) A couple of unit tests are disabled. They need to be updated with the
serial commit of 2PC taken into account.
3) Replacing BatchGroup with mem_mutex_ got a bit ugly as it requires
releasing mutex_ beforehand (the same way EnterUnbatched does). This
needs to be cleaned up.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2345

Differential Revision: D5210732

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: 78653bd95a35cd1e831e555e0e57bdfd695355a4

Summary:
Improve write buffer manager in several ways:
1. Size is tracked when arena block is allocated, rather than every allocation, so that it can better track actual memory usage and the tracking overhead is slightly lower.
2. We start to trigger memtable flush when 7/8 of the memory cap hits, instead of 100%, and make 100% much harder to hit.
3. Allow a cache object to be passed into buffer manager and the size allocated by memtable can be costed there. This can help users have one single memory cap across block cache and memtable.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2350

Differential Revision: D5110648

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: b4238113094bf22574001e446b5d88523ba00017

Summary:
Some users want to monitor column family activity in their custom memtable implementations. Previously there was no way to figure out with which column family a memtable is associated. This diff:

- adds an overload to MemTableRepFactory::CreateMemTableRep() that provides the CF ID. For compatibility, its default implementation calls the old overload.
- updates MemTable to create MemTableRep's using the new overload.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2346

Differential Revision: D5108061

Pulled By: ajkr

fbshipit-source-id: 3a1921214a348dd8ea0f54e1cab3b71c3d46d616

Summary:
Blob db rely on base db returning sequence number through write batch after DB::Write(). However after recent changes to the write path, DB::Writ()e no longer return sequence number in some cases. Fixing it by have WriteBatchInternal::InsertInto() always encode sequence number into write batch.

Stacking on #2375.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2385

Differential Revision: D5148358

Pulled By: yiwu-arbug

fbshipit-source-id: 8bda0aa07b9334ed03ed381548b39d167dc20c33

Summary:
yiwu-arbug see individual commits.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2318

Differential Revision: D5141520

Pulled By: yiwu-arbug

fbshipit-source-id: 7987c92ab4461eef36afce5a133d3a0ee0c96300

Summary:
Previously sst_file_writer only supports kTypeValue, we need kTypeMerge and kTypeDeletion also as user requested.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2361

Differential Revision: D5139402

Pulled By: lightmark

fbshipit-source-id: 092a60756d01692539d817a3765ebfd58a8d7f88

Summary:
Disable direct reads for log and manifest. Direct reads should not affect sequential_file
Also add kDirectIO for option_config_ in db_test_util
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2337

Differential Revision: D5100261

Pulled By: lightmark

fbshipit-source-id: 0ebfd13b93fa1b8f9acae514ac44f8125a05868b

Summary:
When user doesn't set a limit on compaction output file size, let's use the sum of the input files' sizes. This will avoid passing UINT64_MAX as fallocate()'s length. Reported in #2249.

Test setup:
- command: `TEST_TMPDIR=/data/rocksdb-test/ strace -e fallocate ./db_compaction_test --gtest_filter=DBCompactionTest.ManualCompactionUnknownOutputSize`
- filesystem: xfs

before this diff:
`fallocate(10, 01, 0, 1844674407370955160) = -1 ENOSPC (No space left on device)`

after this diff:
`fallocate(10, 01, 0, 1977)              = 0`
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2252

Differential Revision: D5007275

Pulled By: ajkr

fbshipit-source-id: 4491404a6ae8a41328aede2e2d6f4d9ac3e38880

Summary:
Move some files under util/ to new directories env/, monitoring/ options/ and cache/
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2090

Differential Revision: D4833681

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 2fd8bef

Summary:
It is confusing to have auto_roll_logger to stay under db/, which has nothing to do with database. Move filename together as it is a dependency.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2080

Differential Revision: D4821141

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: ca7d768

Summary:
Allow the users to specify the target index partition size.

With this patch an index partition is cut before its estimated in-memory size goes above the configured value for metadata_block_size. The filter partitions are still cut right after an index partition is cut.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/2041

Differential Revision: D4780216

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: 95a0831

Summary:
This is the last split of this pull request: https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1891 which includes the reader part as well as the tests.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1961

Differential Revision: D4672216

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: 6a2b829

Summary:
Fixing some bugs in MockEnv so it be actually used.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1914

Differential Revision: D4609923

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: ca25735

Summary:
Avoid to run db_wal_test in all the DB test options, and some small changes.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1921

Differential Revision: D4622054

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 890fd64

Summary:
Xfunc is hardly used. Remove it to keep the code simple.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1905

Differential Revision: D4603220

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 731f96d

Summary:
omit the override for the previous commit
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1898

Differential Revision: D4598743

Pulled By: lightmark

fbshipit-source-id: f98a378

Summary:
we occasionally missing this call so the file size will be wrong
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1894

Differential Revision: D4598446

Pulled By: lightmark

fbshipit-source-id: 42b6ef5

Summary:
Partition Index blocks and use a Partition-index as a 2nd level index.

The two-level index can be used by setting
BlockBasedTableOptions::kTwoLevelIndexSearch as the index type and
configuring BlockBasedTableOptions::index_per_partition

t15539501
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1814

Differential Revision: D4473535

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: bffb87e

Summary:
This fix the issue with tests failing under GCC 481, I am not sure what is the exact reason
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1735

Differential Revision: D4374094

Pulled By: IslamAbdelRahman

fbshipit-source-id: b3625bc

Summary:
rocksdb direct io support

```
[gzh@dev11575.prn2 ~/rocksdb] ./db_bench -benchmarks=fillseq --num=1000000
Initializing RocksDB Options from the specified file
Initializing RocksDB Options from command-line flags
RocksDB:    version 5.0
Date:       Wed Nov 23 13:17:43 2016
CPU:        40 * Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2660 v2 @ 2.20GHz
CPUCache:   25600 KB
Keys:       16 bytes each
Values:     100 bytes each (50 bytes after compression)
Entries:    1000000
Prefix:    0 bytes
Keys per prefix:    0
RawSize:    110.6 MB (estimated)
FileSize:   62.9 MB (estimated)
Write rate: 0 bytes/second
Compression: Snappy
Memtablerep: skip_list
Perf Level: 1
WARNING: Assertions are enabled; benchmarks unnecessarily slow
------------------------------------------------
Initializing RocksDB Options from the specified file
Initializing RocksDB Options from command-line flags
DB path: [/tmp/rocksdbtest-112628/dbbench]
fillseq      :       4.393 micros/op 227639 ops/sec;   25.2 MB/s

[gzh@dev11575.prn2 ~/roc
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1564

Differential Revision: D4241093

Pulled By: lightmark

fbshipit-source-id: 98c29e3

Summary:
Iterator should be in corrupted status if merge operator return false.
Also add test to make sure if max_successive_merges is hit during write,
data will not be lost.
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1665

Differential Revision: D4322695

Pulled By: yiwu-arbug

fbshipit-source-id: b327b05

Summary:
If the WriteOptions.no_slowdown flag is set AND we need to wait or sleep for
the write request, then fail immediately with Status::Incomplete().
Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1527

Differential Revision: D4191405

Pulled By: maysamyabandeh

fbshipit-source-id: 7f3ce3f

Summary: Closes https://github.com/facebook/rocksdb/pull/1496

Differential Revision: D4168080

Pulled By: siying

fbshipit-source-id: 056ae62

Summary:
Changes in the diff

API changes:
- Introduce IngestExternalFile to replace AddFile (I think this make the API more clear)
- Introduce IngestExternalFileOptions (This struct will encapsulate the options for ingesting the external file)
- Deprecate AddFile() API

Logic changes:
- If our file overlap with the memtable we will flush the memtable
- We will find the first level in the LSM tree that our file key range overlap with the keys in it
- We will find the lowest level in the LSM tree above the the level we found in step 2 that our file can fit in and ingest our file in it
- We will assign a global sequence number to our new file
- Remove AddFile restrictions by using global sequence numbers

Other changes:
- Refactor all AddFile logic to be encapsulated in ExternalSstFileIngestionJob

Test Plan:
unit tests (still need to add more)
addfile_stress (https://reviews.facebook.net/D65037)

Reviewers: yiwu, andrewkr, lightmark, yhchiang, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: jkedgar, hcz, andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D65061

Summary:
reland https://reviews.facebook.net/D62523

- Update SstFileWriter to include a property for a global sequence number in the SST file `rocksdb.external_sst_file.global_seqno`
- Update TableProperties to be aware of the offset of each property in the file
- Update BlockBasedTableReader and Block to be able to honor the sequence number in `rocksdb.external_sst_file.global_seqno` property and use it to overwrite all sequence number in the file

Something worth mentioning is that we don't update the seqno in the index block since and when doing a binary search, the reason for that is that it's guaranteed that SST files with global seqno will have only one user_key and each key will have seqno=0 encoded in it, This mean that this key is greater than any other key with seqno> 0. That mean that we can actually keep the current logic for these blocks

Test Plan: unit tests

Reviewers: sdong, yhchiang

Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D65211

Summary: Currently the WAL file preallocation size is 1.1 * write_buffer_size. This, however, will be over-estimated if options.db_write_buffer_size or options.max_total_wal_size is set and is much smaller.

Test Plan: Add a unit test.

Reviewers: andrewkr, yiwu

Reviewed By: yiwu

Subscribers: leveldb, andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D63957

Add a sub code to distinguish "out of space" errors from regular I/O errors

Summary:
This diff update ForwardIterator to support pinning keys and values, which will allow DBIter to take advantage of that and eliminate memcpy when executing merge operators
This diff is stacked on D61305

Test Plan:
existing tests (updated them to test tailing iterator)
new test

Reviewers: andrewkr, yhchiang, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D60009

read_options.background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup to cover forward iterator and log file closing too.

Summary: With read_options.background_purge_on_iterator_cleanup=true, File deletion and closing can still happen in forward iterator, or WAL file closing. Cover those cases too.

Test Plan: I am adding unit tests.

Reviewers: andrewkr, IslamAbdelRahman, yiwu

Reviewed By: yiwu

Subscribers: leveldb, andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D61503

Summary:
This diff update the code to pin the merge operator operands while the merge operation is done, so that we can eliminate the memcpy cost, to do that we need a new public API for FullMerge that replace the std::deque<std::string> with std::vector<Slice>

This diff is stacked on top of D56493 and D56511

In this diff we
- Update FullMergeV2 arguments to be encapsulated in MergeOperationInput and MergeOperationOutput which will make it easier to add new arguments in the future
- Replace std::deque<std::string> with std::vector<Slice> to pass operands
- Replace MergeContext std::deque with std::vector (based on a simple benchmark I ran https://gist.github.com/IslamAbdelRahman/78fc86c9ab9f52b1df791e58943fb187)
- Allow FullMergeV2 output to be an existing operand

```
[Everything in Memtable | 10K operands | 10 KB each | 1 operand per key]

DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make db_bench -j64 && ./db_bench --benchmarks="mergerandom,readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq" --merge_operator="max" --merge_keys=10000 --num=10000 --disable_auto_compactions --value_size=10240 --write_buffer_size=1000000000

[FullMergeV2]
readseq      :       0.607 micros/op 1648235 ops/sec; 16121.2 MB/s
readseq      :       0.478 micros/op 2091546 ops/sec; 20457.2 MB/s
readseq      :       0.252 micros/op 3972081 ops/sec; 38850.5 MB/s
readseq      :       0.237 micros/op 4218328 ops/sec; 41259.0 MB/s
readseq      :       0.247 micros/op 4043927 ops/sec; 39553.2 MB/s

[master]
readseq      :       3.935 micros/op 254140 ops/sec; 2485.7 MB/s
readseq      :       3.722 micros/op 268657 ops/sec; 2627.7 MB/s
readseq      :       3.149 micros/op 317605 ops/sec; 3106.5 MB/s
readseq      :       3.125 micros/op 320024 ops/sec; 3130.1 MB/s
readseq      :       4.075 micros/op 245374 ops/sec; 2400.0 MB/s
```

```
[Everything in Memtable | 10K operands | 10 KB each | 10 operand per key]

DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make db_bench -j64 && ./db_bench --benchmarks="mergerandom,readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq" --merge_operator="max" --merge_keys=1000 --num=10000 --disable_auto_compactions --value_size=10240 --write_buffer_size=1000000000

[FullMergeV2]
readseq      :       3.472 micros/op 288018 ops/sec; 2817.1 MB/s
readseq      :       2.304 micros/op 434027 ops/sec; 4245.2 MB/s
readseq      :       1.163 micros/op 859845 ops/sec; 8410.0 MB/s
readseq      :       1.192 micros/op 838926 ops/sec; 8205.4 MB/s
readseq      :       1.250 micros/op 800000 ops/sec; 7824.7 MB/s

[master]
readseq      :      24.025 micros/op 41623 ops/sec;  407.1 MB/s
readseq      :      18.489 micros/op 54086 ops/sec;  529.0 MB/s
readseq      :      18.693 micros/op 53495 ops/sec;  523.2 MB/s
readseq      :      23.621 micros/op 42335 ops/sec;  414.1 MB/s
readseq      :      18.775 micros/op 53262 ops/sec;  521.0 MB/s

```

```
[Everything in Block cache | 10K operands | 10 KB each | 1 operand per key]

[FullMergeV2]
$ DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make db_bench -j64 && ./db_bench --benchmarks="readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq" --merge_operator="max" --num=100000 --db="/dev/shm/merge-random-10K-10KB" --cache_size=1000000000 --use_existing_db --disable_auto_compactions
readseq      :      14.741 micros/op 67837 ops/sec;  663.5 MB/s
readseq      :       1.029 micros/op 971446 ops/sec; 9501.6 MB/s
readseq      :       0.974 micros/op 1026229 ops/sec; 10037.4 MB/s
readseq      :       0.965 micros/op 1036080 ops/sec; 10133.8 MB/s
readseq      :       0.943 micros/op 1060657 ops/sec; 10374.2 MB/s

[master]
readseq      :      16.735 micros/op 59755 ops/sec;  584.5 MB/s
readseq      :       3.029 micros/op 330151 ops/sec; 3229.2 MB/s
readseq      :       3.136 micros/op 318883 ops/sec; 3119.0 MB/s
readseq      :       3.065 micros/op 326245 ops/sec; 3191.0 MB/s
readseq      :       3.014 micros/op 331813 ops/sec; 3245.4 MB/s
```

```
[Everything in Block cache | 10K operands | 10 KB each | 10 operand per key]

DEBUG_LEVEL=0 make db_bench -j64 && ./db_bench --benchmarks="readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq,readseq" --merge_operator="max" --num=100000 --db="/dev/shm/merge-random-10-operands-10K-10KB" --cache_size=1000000000 --use_existing_db --disable_auto_compactions

[FullMergeV2]
readseq      :      24.325 micros/op 41109 ops/sec;  402.1 MB/s
readseq      :       1.470 micros/op 680272 ops/sec; 6653.7 MB/s
readseq      :       1.231 micros/op 812347 ops/sec; 7945.5 MB/s
readseq      :       1.091 micros/op 916590 ops/sec; 8965.1 MB/s
readseq      :       1.109 micros/op 901713 ops/sec; 8819.6 MB/s

[master]
readseq      :      27.257 micros/op 36687 ops/sec;  358.8 MB/s
readseq      :       4.443 micros/op 225073 ops/sec; 2201.4 MB/s
readseq      :       5.830 micros/op 171526 ops/sec; 1677.7 MB/s
readseq      :       4.173 micros/op 239635 ops/sec; 2343.8 MB/s
readseq      :       4.150 micros/op 240963 ops/sec; 2356.8 MB/s
```

Test Plan: COMPILE_WITH_ASAN=1 make check -j64

Reviewers: yhchiang, andrewkr, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: lovro, andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D57075

Summary:
DB::AddFile() right now always add the ingested file to L0
update the logic to add the file to the lowest possible level

Test Plan: unit tests

Reviewers: jkedgar, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba, yoshinorim

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D59637

Summary: filter_deltes is not a frequently used feature. Remove it.

Test Plan: Run all test suites.

Reviewers: igor, yhchiang, IslamAbdelRahman

Reviewed By: IslamAbdelRahman

Subscribers: leveldb, andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D59427

Summary: Fixing error with win build where we compare int64_t with size_t.

Test Plan: make check

Reviewers: andrewkr

Reviewed By: andrewkr

Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D57885

Summary:
Add an option `iterator_readahead_size` to `ReadOptions` to enable
configurable readahead for iterators similar to the corresponding
option for compaction.

Test Plan:
```
make commit_prereq
```

Reviewers: kumar.rangarajan, ott, igor, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: yiwu, andrewkr, dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D55419

Summary:
This is needed so we can measure compression ratio improvements
achieved by D52287.

The property compares raw data size against the total file size for a given
level. If the level is empty it should return 0.0.

Test Plan: new unit test

Reviewers: IslamAbdelRahman, yhchiang, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D56967

Summary: Fix rocksdb lite build after D56715.

Test Plan:
  make -j40 'OPT=-g -DROCKSDB_LITE'

Reviewers: sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: andrewkr, dhruba, leveldb

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D56895

Summary: Split db_test.cc into several files. Moving several helper functions into DBTestBase.

Test Plan: make check

Reviewers: sdong, yhchiang, IslamAbdelRahman

Reviewed By: IslamAbdelRahman

Subscribers: dhruba, andrewkr, kradhakrishnan, yhchiang, leveldb, sdong

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D56715

Summary:
Introude SstFileManager::SetMaxAllowedSpaceUsage() that can be used to limit the maximum space usage allowed for RocksDB.
When this limit is exceeded WriteImpl() will fail and return Status::Aborted()

Test Plan: unit testing

Reviewers: yhchiang, anthony, andrewkr, sdong

Reviewed By: sdong

Subscribers: dhruba

Differential Revision: https://reviews.facebook.net/D53763