This privilege is required to do Streaming Replication, instead of
superuser, making it possible to set up a SR slave that doesn't
have write permissions on the master.

Superuser privileges do NOT override this check, so in order to
use the default superuser account for replication it must be
explicitly granted the REPLICATION permissions. This is backwards
incompatible change, in the interest of higher default security.

postmaster.pid file is larger than in previous major versions.
This is a bug introduced when I added lines to the file recently.

port and socket directory into postmaster.pid, and have pg_ctl read from
that file, for use by PQping().

socket lockfile) when writing them.  The lack of an fsync here may well
explain two different reports we've seen of corrupted lockfile contents,
which doesn't particularly bother the running server but can prevent a
new server from starting if the old one crashes.  Per suggestion from
Alvaro.

Back-patch to all supported versions.

database to connect to. This is necessary for the walsender code to work
properly (it was previously using an untenable assumption that template1 would
always be available to connect to).  This also gets rid of a small security
shortcoming that was introduced in the original patch to eliminate the flat
authentication files: before, you could find out whether or not the requested
database existed even if you couldn't pass the authentication checks.

The changes needed to support this are mainly just to treat pg_authid and
pg_auth_members as nailed relations, so that we can read them without having
to be able to locate real pg_class entries for them.  This mechanism was
already debugged for pg_database, but we hadn't recognized the value of
applying it to those catalogs too.

Since the current code doesn't have support for accessing toast tables before
we've brought up all of the relcache, remove pg_authid's toast table to ensure
that no one can store an out-of-line toasted value of rolpassword.  The case
seems quite unlikely to occur in practice, and was effectively unsupported
anyway in the old "flatfiles" implementation.

Update genbki.pl to actually implement the same rules as bootstrap.c does for
not-nullability of catalog columns.  The previous coding was a bit cheesy but
worked all right for the previous set of bootstrap catalogs.  It does not work
for pg_authid, where rolvaliduntil needs to be nullable.

Initdb forced due to minor catalog changes (mainly the toast table removal).

The purpose of this change is to eliminate the need for every caller
of SearchSysCache, SearchSysCacheCopy, SearchSysCacheExists,
GetSysCacheOid, and SearchSysCacheList to know the maximum number
of allowable keys for a syscache entry (currently 4).  This will
make it far easier to increase the maximum number of keys in a
future release should we choose to do so, and it makes the code
shorter, too.

Design and review by Tom Lane.

of shared or nailed system catalogs.  This has two key benefits:

* The new CLUSTER-based VACUUM FULL can be applied safely to all catalogs.

* We no longer have to use an unsafe reindex-in-place approach for reindexing
  shared catalogs.

CLUSTER on nailed catalogs now works too, although I left it disabled on
shared catalogs because the resulting pg_index.indisclustered update would
only be visible in one database.

Since reindexing shared system catalogs is now fully transactional and
crash-safe, the former special cases in REINDEX behavior have been removed;
shared catalogs are treated the same as non-shared.

This commit does not do anything about the recently-discussed problem of
deadlocks between VACUUM FULL/CLUSTER on a system catalog and other
concurrent queries; will address that in a separate patch.  As a stopgap,
parallel_schedule has been tweaked to run vacuum.sql by itself, to avoid
such failures during the regression tests.

an allegedly immutable index function.  It was previously recognized that
we had to prevent such a function from executing SET/RESET ROLE/SESSION
AUTHORIZATION, or it could trivially obtain the privileges of the session
user.  However, since there is in general no privilege checking for changes
of session-local state, it is also possible for such a function to change
settings in a way that might subvert later operations in the same session.
Examples include changing search_path to cause an unexpected function to
be called, or replacing an existing prepared statement with another one
that will execute a function of the attacker's choosing.

The present patch secures VACUUM, ANALYZE, and CREATE INDEX/REINDEX against
these threats, which are the same places previously deemed to need protection
against the SET ROLE issue.  GUC changes are still allowed, since there are
many useful cases for that, but we prevent security problems by forcing a
rollback of any GUC change after completing the operation.  Other cases are
handled by throwing an error if any change is attempted; these include temp
table creation, closing a cursor, and creating or deleting a prepared
statement.  (In 7.4, the infrastructure to roll back GUC changes doesn't
exist, so we settle for rejecting changes of "search_path" in these contexts.)

Original report and patch by Gurjeet Singh, additional analysis by
Tom Lane.

Security: CVE-2009-4136

Create a new catalog pg_db_role_setting where they are now stored, and better
encapsulate the code that deals with settings into its realm.  The old
datconfig and rolconfig columns are removed.

psql has gained a \drds command to display the settings.

Backwards compatibility warning: while the backwards-compatible system views
still have the config columns, they no longer completely represent the
configuration for a user or database.

Catalog version bumped.

script.

To do this, have pg_ctl pass down its parent shell's PID in an environment
variable PG_GRANDPARENT_PID, and teach CreateLockFile() to disregard that PID
as a false match if it finds it in postmaster.pid.  This allows us to cope
with one level of postgres-owned shell process even with pg_ctl in the way,
so it's just as safe as starting the postmaster directly.  You still have to
be careful about how you write the initscript though.

Adjust the comments in contrib/start-scripts/ to not deprecate use of
pg_ctl.  Also, fix the ROTATELOGS option in the OSX script, which was
indulging in exactly the sort of unsafe coding that renders this fix
pointless :-(.  A pipe inside the "sudo" will probably result in more
than one postgres-owned process hanging around.

To make this work in the base case, pg_database now has a nailed-in-cache
relation descriptor that is initialized using hardwired knowledge in
relcache.c.  This means pg_database is added to the set of relations that
need to have a Schema_pg_xxx macro maintained in pg_attribute.h.  When this
path is taken, we'll have to do a seqscan of pg_database to find the row
we need.

In the normal case, we are able to do an indexscan to find the database's row
by name.  This is made possible by storing a global relcache init file that
describes only the shared catalogs and their indexes (and therefore is usable
by all backends in any database).  A new backend loads this cache file,
finds its database OID after an indexscan on pg_database, and then loads
the local relcache init file for that database.

This change should effectively eliminate number of databases as a factor
in backend startup time, even with large numbers of databases.  However,
the real reason for doing it is as a first step towards getting rid of
the flat files altogether.  There are still several other sub-projects
to be tackled before that can happen.

provided by Andrew.

already did that on Windows, but it's needed on other platforms too when
LC_CTYPE=C. With other locales, we enforce (or trust) that the codeset of
the locale matches the server encoding so we don't need to bind it
explicitly. It should do no harm in that case either, but I don't have
full faith in the PG encoding -> OS codeset mapping table yet. Per recent
discussion on pgsql-hackers.

too, so that the codeset is properly mapped on the newly added PL domains.

re-loading a library already loaded into the postmaster.

ITAGAKI Takahiro

when loaded via shared_preload_libraries.  Needed for support of
pg_stat_statements, or pretty much anything else that wants a GUC to
control size of a shared memory allocation.

to the gettext domain name, to simplify parallel installations.

Also, rename set_text_domain() to pg_bindtextdomain(), because that is what
it does.

the ereport macro.  Included in this commit are enough files for starting
plpgsql, plpython, plperl and pltcl translations.

Windows.  Users should use their operating system tools instead.

and CLUSTER) execute as the table owner rather than the calling user, using
the same privilege-switching mechanism already used for SECURITY DEFINER
functions.  The purpose of this change is to ensure that user-defined
functions used in index definitions cannot acquire the privileges of a
superuser account that is performing routine maintenance.  While a function
used in an index is supposed to be IMMUTABLE and thus not able to do anything
very interesting, there are several easy ways around that restriction; and
even if we could plug them all, there would remain a risk of reading sensitive
information and broadcasting it through a covert channel such as CPU usage.

To prevent bypassing this security measure, execution of SET SESSION
AUTHORIZATION and SET ROLE is now forbidden within a SECURITY DEFINER context.

Thanks to Itagaki Takahiro for reporting this vulnerability.

Security: CVE-2007-6600

transaction, unless rolled back or overridden by a SET clause for the same
variable attached to a surrounding function call.  Per discussion, these
seem the best semantics.  Note that this is an INCOMPATIBLE CHANGE: in 8.0
through 8.2, SET LOCAL's effects disappeared at subtransaction commit
(leading to behavior that made little sense at the SQL level).

I took advantage of the opportunity to rewrite and simplify the GUC variable
save/restore logic a little bit.  The old idea of a "tentative" value is gone;
it was a hangover from before we had a stack.  Also, we no longer need a stack
entry for every nesting level, but only for those in which a variable's value
actually changed.

There are still some loose ends: I didn't do anything about the SET FROM
CURRENT idea yet, and it's not real clear whether we are happy with the
interaction of SET LOCAL with function-local settings.  The documentation
is a bit spartan, too.

continuously, and requests vacuum runs of "autovacuum workers" to postmaster.
The workers do the actual vacuum work.  This allows for future improvements,
like allowing multiple autovacuum jobs running in parallel.

For now, the code keeps the original behavior of having a single autovac
process at any time by sleeping until the previous worker has finished.

Standard English uses "may", "can", and "might" in different ways:

        may - permission, "You may borrow my rake."

        can - ability, "I can lift that log."

        might - possibility, "It might rain today."

Unfortunately, in conversational English, their use is often mixed, as
in, "You may use this variable to do X", when in fact, "can" is a better
choice.  Similarly, "It may crash" is better stated, "It might crash".

back-stamped for this.

Per buildfarm results from warthog.

such as debugging and performance measurement.  This consists of two features:
a table of "rendezvous variables" that allows separately-loaded shared
libraries to communicate, and a new GUC setting "local_preload_libraries"
that allows libraries to be loaded into specific sessions without explicit
cooperation from the client application.  To make local_preload_libraries
as flexible as possible, we do not restrict its use to superusers; instead,
it is restricted to load only libraries stored in $libdir/plugins/.  The
existing LOAD command has also been modified to allow non-superusers to
LOAD libraries stored in this directory.

This patch also renames the existing GUC variable preload_libraries to
shared_preload_libraries (after a suggestion by Simon Riggs) and does some
code refactoring in dfmgr.c to improve clarity.

Korry Douglas, with a little help from Tom Lane.

loaded libraries: call functions _PG_init() and _PG_fini() if the library
defines such symbols.  Hence we no longer need to specify an initialization
function in preload_libraries: we can assume that the library used the
_PG_init() convention, instead.  This removes one source of pilot error
in use of preloaded libraries.  Original patch by Ralf Engelschall,
preload_libraries changes by me.

http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2006-01/msg00151.php for the
complete plan.

comment line where output as too long, and update typedefs for /lib
directory.  Also fix case where identifiers were used as variable names
in the backend, but as typedefs in ecpg (favor the backend for
indenting).

Backpatch to 8.1.X.