CMakeLists.txt

# Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License

if(APPLE AND WITH_ARM)
    # cmake 3.19.2 version starts to support M1
    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.19.2)
    cmake_policy(VERSION 3.19.2)
else(APPLE AND WITH_ARM)
    cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
    cmake_policy(VERSION 3.10)
endif(APPLE AND WITH_ARM)
set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH} "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
set(PADDLE_SOURCE_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})
set(PADDLE_BINARY_DIR ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})

include(system)

# Note(zhouwei): Ninja Generator will set CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE to Debug
if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
    set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE "Release" CACHE STRING
      "Choose the type of build, options are: Debug Release RelWithDebInfo MinSizeRel"
      FORCE)
endif()

project(paddle CXX C)

# enable language CUDA
# TODO(Shibo Tao): remove find_package(CUDA) completely.
find_package(CUDA QUIET)
find_package(MKL CONFIG QUIET)
option(WITH_ONEMKL      "Compile PaddlePaddle with oneMKL"              OFF)
option(WITH_GPU         "Compile PaddlePaddle with NVIDIA GPU"          ${CUDA_FOUND})
option(WITH_TENSORRT    "Compile PaddlePaddle with NVIDIA TensorRT"     OFF)
option(WITH_XPU         "Compile PaddlePaddle with BAIDU KUNLUN XPU"    OFF)
option(WITH_XPU_KP      "Compile PaddlePaddle with BAIDU XPU compiler " OFF)
option(WITH_MLU    "Compile PaddlePaddle with CAMBRICON MLU"     OFF)
option(WITH_WIN_DUMP_DBG "Compile with windows core dump debug mode"    OFF)
option(WITH_ASCEND         "Compile PaddlePaddle with ASCEND"        OFF)
option(WITH_ROCM        "Compile PaddlePaddle with ROCM platform"       OFF)
option(WITH_IPU         "Compile PaddlePaddle with Graphcore IPU"    OFF)
# NOTE(zhiqiu): WITH_ASCEND_CL can be compile on x86_64, so we can set WITH_ASCEND=OFF and WITH_ASCEND_CL=ON
# to develop some acl related functionality on x86
option(WITH_ASCEND_CL         "Compile PaddlePaddle with ASCEND CL"        ${WITH_ASCEND})
option(WITH_ASCEND_CXX11         "Compile PaddlePaddle with ASCEND and CXX11 ABI"        OFF)
# Note(zhouwei): It use option above, so put here
include(init)
include(generic)            # simplify cmake module

if (WITH_GPU  AND WITH_XPU)
    message(FATAL_ERROR "Error when compile GPU and XPU at the same time")
endif()
if (WITH_GPU AND WITH_XPU_KP)
    message(FATAL_ERROR "Error when compile GPU and XPU2 at the same time")
endif()
if (WITH_GPU AND WITH_ASCEND)
    message(FATAL_ERROR "Error when compile GPU and ASCEND at the same time")
endif()
if (WITH_GPU AND WITH_ROCM)
    message(FATAL_ERROR "Error when compile CUDA and ROCM at the same time")
endif()
if (WITH_GPU AND WITH_MLU)
    message(FATAL_ERROR "Error when compile GPU and MLU at the same time")
endif()

if(WITH_GPU AND NOT APPLE)
    enable_language(CUDA)
    message(STATUS "CUDA compiler: ${CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER}, version: "
        "${CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_ID} ${CMAKE_CUDA_COMPILER_VERSION}")
endif()

message(STATUS "CXX compiler: ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}, version: "
        "${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID} ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION}")
message(STATUS "C compiler: ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER}, version: "
        "${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID} ${CMAKE_C_COMPILER_VERSION}")
message(STATUS "AR tools: ${CMAKE_AR}")

# MUSL build turn off warnings
if(WITH_MUSL)
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-error=deprecated-declarations -Wno-deprecated-declarations -Wno-error=pessimizing-move -Wno-error=deprecated-copy")
endif()

if(APPLE AND WITH_ARM)
    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -target arm64-apple-darwin")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -target arm64-apple-darwin")
endif()

if(WITH_ASCEND_CL AND NOT WITH_ASCEND_CXX11)
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS  "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -D_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=0")
endif()

if(WIN32)
    option(MSVC_STATIC_CRT "use static C Runtime library by default" ON)

    set(CMAKE_SUPPRESS_REGENERATION ON)
    set(CMAKE_STATIC_LIBRARY_PREFIX lib)

    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG   "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} /bigobj")
    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE  "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE} /bigobj")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG  "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /bigobj")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE   "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} /bigobj")

    if("${CMAKE_GENERATOR}" STREQUAL "Ninja")
        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG   "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Zc:inline")
        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE  "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE} /Zc:inline")
        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG  "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG} /Zc:inline")
        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE   "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} /Zc:inline")
    endif()

    if (MSVC_STATIC_CRT)
        message(STATUS "Use static C runtime time, refer to https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/crt-library-features?view=vs-2019")
        foreach(flag_var
            CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
            CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO
            CMAKE_C_FLAGS CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE
            CMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO)
            if(${flag_var} MATCHES "/MD")
                string(REGEX REPLACE "/MD" "/MT" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
            endif()
        endforeach(flag_var)
    endif()

    # NOTE(zhouwei): msvc max/min macro conflict with std::min/max, define NOMINMAX globally
    add_definitions("-DNOMINMAX")
    # windows build turn off warnings, use parallel compiling.
    foreach(flag_var
        CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE
        CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO
        CMAKE_C_FLAGS CMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE
        CMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO)
        string(REGEX REPLACE "/W[1-4]" " /W0 " ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
        
        # NOTE(zhouwei25): GPU compile have too high memory utilization when parallel compiling,
        # For Visual Studio generators, /MP should be added. 
        # For other generators like Ninja, it is not need to add /MP.
        if(CMAKE_GENERATOR MATCHES "Visual Studio" AND NOT WITH_GPU)
            math(EXPR PROCESS_MAX "${CPU_CORES} * 2 / 3")
            set(${flag_var} "${${flag_var}} /MP${PROCESS_MAX}")
        endif()
    endforeach(flag_var)
    foreach(flag_var CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_C_FLAGS)
        set(${flag_var} "${${flag_var}} /w")
    endforeach(flag_var)

    # Windows Remove /Zi, /ZI for Release, MinSizeRel builds
    foreach(flag_var
        CMAKE_C_FLAGS CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE CMAKE_C_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL
        CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MINSIZEREL)
        if(${flag_var} MATCHES "/Z[iI]")
            string(REGEX REPLACE "/Z[iI]" "" ${flag_var} "${${flag_var}}")
        endif()
    endforeach(flag_var)

    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} /wd4068 /wd4129 /wd4244 /wd4267 /wd4297 /wd4530 /wd4577 /wd4819 /wd4838")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /wd4068 /wd4129 /wd4244 /wd4267 /wd4297 /wd4530 /wd4577 /wd4819 /wd4838")

    foreach(flag_var CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS CMAKE_STATIC_LINKER_FLAGS CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS CMAKE_LINKER_FLAGS)
        set(${flag_var} "${${flag_var}} /ignore:4049 /ignore:4217 /ignore:4006 /ignore:4221")
        if(MSVC_STATIC_CRT)
            set(${flag_var} "${${flag_var}} /NODEFAULTLIB:MSVCRT.LIB")
        endif()
    endforeach(flag_var)

    if (WITH_WIN_DUMP_DBG)
        set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} /Zi")
        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} /Zi")

        foreach(flag_var CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS CMAKE_STATIC_LINKER_FLAGS CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS CMAKE_LINKER_FLAGS)
            set(${flag_var} "${${flag_var}} /DEBUG /OPT:REF /OPT:ICF")
        endforeach(flag_var)

        add_definitions("-DWITH_WIN_DUMP_DBG")
    endif()

else(WIN32)
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wno-error=deprecated-declarations -Wno-deprecated-declarations")
endif(WIN32)

find_package(Git REQUIRED)

# config GIT_URL with github mirrors to speed up dependent repos clone
option(GIT_URL "Git URL to clone dependent repos" ${GIT_URL})
if(NOT GIT_URL)
    set(GIT_URL "https://github.com")
endif()

find_package(Threads REQUIRED)

include(simd)

################################ Exposed Configurations #######################################
option(WITH_AVX         "Compile PaddlePaddle with AVX intrinsics"      ${AVX_FOUND})
option(WITH_PYTHON      "Compile PaddlePaddle with python interpreter"  ON)
option(WITH_TESTING     "Compile PaddlePaddle with unit testing"        OFF)
option(WITH_MKL         "Compile PaddlePaddle with MKL support."        ${AVX_FOUND})
option(WITH_SYSTEM_BLAS   "Use system blas library"           OFF)
option(WITH_DISTRIBUTE  "Compile with distributed support"              OFF)
option(WITH_BRPC_RDMA     "Use brpc rdma as the rpc protocal"           OFF)
option(ON_INFER         "Turn on inference optimization and inference-lib generation" OFF)
################################ Internal Configurations #######################################
option(WITH_NV_JETSON   "Compile PaddlePaddle with NV JETSON"             OFF)
option(WITH_PROFILER    "Compile PaddlePaddle with GPU profiler and gperftools"        OFF)
option(WITH_COVERAGE    "Compile PaddlePaddle with code coverage"       OFF)
option(WITH_INCREMENTAL_COVERAGE    "Generate coverage reports only for incremental code"       OFF)
OPTION(WITH_LIBXSMM     "Compile with libxsmm"                          OFF)
option(COVERALLS_UPLOAD "Package code coverage data to coveralls"       OFF)
option(WITH_PSLIB       "Compile with pslib support"                    OFF)
option(WITH_BOX_PS      "Compile with box_ps support"                   OFF)
option(WITH_XBYAK       "Compile with xbyak support"                    ON)
option(WITH_CONTRIB     "Compile the third-party contributation"        OFF)
option(WITH_PSCORE     "Compile with parameter server support"         ${WITH_DISTRIBUTE})
option(WITH_HETERPS     "Compile with heterps"                          OFF})
option(WITH_INFERENCE_API_TEST   "Test fluid inference C++ high-level api interface"  OFF)
option(PY_VERSION       "Compile PaddlePaddle with python3 support"     ${PY_VERSION})
option(WITH_DGC   "Use DGC(Deep Gradient Compression) or not" ${WITH_DISTRIBUTE})
option(SANITIZER_TYPE "Choose the type of sanitizer, options are: Address, Leak, Memory, Thread, Undefined" OFF)
option(WITH_LITE   "Compile Paddle Fluid with Lite Engine" OFF)
option(WITH_CINN   "Compile PaddlePaddle with CINN" OFF)
option(WITH_INFRT  "Compile PaddlePaddle with INFRT" OFF)
option(WITH_NCCL   "Compile PaddlePaddle with NCCL support"             ON)
option(WITH_RCCL   "Compile PaddlePaddle with RCCL support"             ON)
option(WITH_XPU_BKCL    "Compile PaddlePaddle with BAIDU KUNLUN XPU BKCL"   OFF)
option(WITH_CRYPTO   "Compile PaddlePaddle with crypto support"         ON)
option(WITH_ARM   "Compile PaddlePaddle with arm support"         OFF)
option(WITH_SW   "Compile PaddlePaddle with sw support"         OFF)
option(WITH_MIPS   "Compile PaddlePaddle with mips support"         OFF)
option(WITH_MUSL        "Compile with musl libc instead of gblic"  OFF)
option(WITH_UNITY_BUILD "Compile with UnityBuild mode"             OFF)
option(WITH_STRIP       "Strip so files of Whl packages"         OFF)
option(NEW_RELEASE_CUBIN   "PaddlePaddle next-level release strategy for pypi cubin package"             OFF)
option(NEW_RELEASE_JIT   "PaddlePaddle next-level release strategy for backup jit package"             OFF)
option(WITH_ASCEND_INT64 "Compile with int64 kernel for ascend NPU"    OFF)
option(WITH_POCKETFFT    "Compile with pocketfft support"      ON)

# PY_VERSION
if(NOT PY_VERSION)
  set(PY_VERSION 3.6)
endif()
set(PYBIND11_PYTHON_VERSION ${PY_VERSION})


# the type of sanitizer, options are: Address, Leak, Memory, Thread, Undefined. Default: OFF
if(SANITIZER_TYPE AND NOT "${SANITIZER_TYPE}" MATCHES "^(Address|Leak|Memory|Thread|Undefined)$")
  message("Choose the correct type of sanitizer")
  return()
endif()

if(WIN32)
    if(WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
        MESSAGE(WARNING
            "Disable DISTRIBUTE when compiling for Windows. Force WITH_DISTRIBUTE=OFF.")
        set(WITH_DISTRIBUTE OFF CACHE STRING
            "Disable DISTRIBUTE when compiling for Windows" FORCE)
    endif()
    if(WITH_NCCL)
        MESSAGE(WARNING
            "Disable NCCL when compiling for Windows. Force WITH_NCCL=OFF.")
        set(WITH_NCCL OFF CACHE STRING
            "Disable NCCL when compiling for Windows" FORCE)
    endif()
endif()

if (NOT WITH_GPU AND WITH_NCCL)
    MESSAGE(WARNING
        "Disable NCCL when compiling without GPU. Force WITH_NCCL=OFF.")
    set(WITH_NCCL OFF CACHE STRING
        "Disable NCCL when compiling without GPU" FORCE)
endif()

# force WITH_XPU on when WITH_XPU_KP
if (WITH_XPU_KP AND NOT WITH_XPU)
    MESSAGE(WARNING
        "Enable WITH_XPU when compiling with WITH_XPU_KP. Force WITH_XPU=ON.")
    set(WITH_XPU ON CACHE STRING
        "Enable WITH_XPU when compiling with WITH_XPU_KP" FORCE)
endif()

if (NOT WITH_XPU AND WITH_XPU_BKCL)
    MESSAGE(WARNING
        "Disable BKCL when compiling without XPU. Force WITH_XPU_BKCL=OFF.")
    set(WITH_XPU_BKCL OFF CACHE STRING
        "Disable BKCL when compiling without XPU" FORCE)
endif()

if(WITH_NCCL)
     add_definitions("-DPADDLE_WITH_NCCL")
     include(nccl)
else()
     if(WITH_GPU)
         MESSAGE(WARNING "If the environment is multi-card, the WITH_NCCL option needs to be turned on, otherwise only a single card can be used.")
     endif()
endif()

if(WITH_BRPC_RDMA)
    message(STATUS "Use brpc with rdma.")
    if(NOT WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
        message(FATAL_ERROR "Can't use brpc rdma in no distribute env.")
    endif()
endif()

if(WITH_GPU)
    include(cuda)
    # lite subgraph compilation depends on CUDNN_ROOT,
    # so include(cudnn) needs to be in front of include(third_party/lite)
    include(cudnn)              # set cudnn libraries, must before configure
    include(tensorrt)
    # there is no official support of nccl, cupti in windows
    if(NOT WIN32)
        include(cupti)
    endif()
endif()

if(WITH_MLU)
    include(neuware)
endif()

if(WITH_ROCM)
    include(hip)
    include(miopen) # set miopen libraries, must before configure
endif(WITH_ROCM)

if(WITH_XPU_KP)
    include(xpu_kp)
endif()

if (NOT WITH_ROCM AND WITH_RCCL)
    MESSAGE(WARNING
        "Disable RCCL when compiling without ROCM. Force WITH_RCCL=OFF.")
    set(WITH_RCCL OFF CACHE STRING
        "Disable RCCL when compiling without ROCM" FORCE)
endif()

if(WITH_RCCL)
     add_definitions("-DPADDLE_WITH_RCCL")
     include(rccl)
else()
     if(WITH_ROCM)
         MESSAGE(WARNING "If the environment is multi-card, the WITH_RCCL option needs to be turned on, otherwise only a single card can be used.")
     endif()
endif()

if(WITH_HETERPS AND WITH_PSLIB)
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -D_GLIBCXX_USE_CXX11_ABI=0")
endif()

if(WITH_DISTRIBUTE)
    if(LINUX)
        set(WITH_GLOO ON CACHE STRING "Enable GLOO when compiling WITH_DISTRIBUTE=ON." FORCE)
    endif()
    if(WITH_ASCEND_CL)
        # disable WITH_PSCORE for NPU before include third_party
        MESSAGE(WARNING "Disable WITH_PSCORE when compiling with NPU. Force WITH_PSCORE=OFF.")
        set(WITH_PSCORE OFF CACHE BOOL "Disable WITH_PSCORE when compiling with NPU" FORCE)
    endif()
endif()

include(third_party)  # download, build, install third_party, Contains about 20+ dependencies

include(flags)              # set paddle compile flags

if(WITH_PROFILER)
    find_package(Gperftools REQUIRED)
    include_directories(${GPERFTOOLS_INCLUDE_DIR})
    add_definitions(-DWITH_GPERFTOOLS)
endif()

include(ccache)             # set ccache for compilation
include(util)               # set unittest and link libs
include(version)            # set PADDLE_VERSION
include(coveralls)          # set code coverage
include(configure)          # add paddle env configuration

include_directories("${PADDLE_SOURCE_DIR}")

if(WITH_NV_JETSON)
    set(WITH_ARM ON CACHE STRING "Set WITH_ARM=ON when compiling WITH_NV_JETSON=ON." FORCE)
endif()

if(WITH_ARM)
    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fPIC")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fPIC")
    set(WITH_XBYAK OFF CACHE STRING "Disable XBYAK when compiling WITH_ARM=ON." FORCE)
    set(WITH_MKL OFF CACHE STRING "Disable MKL when compiling WITH_ARM=ON." FORCE)
    set(WITH_AVX OFF CACHE STRING "Disable AVX when compiling WITH_AVX=OFF." FORCE)
    add_definitions(-DPADDLE_WITH_ARM)
endif()

if (WITH_SW)
    # mieee flag solves floating-point exceptions under sw and ALPHA architectures
    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fPIC -mieee")
    set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fPIC -mieee")
    set(WITH_XBYAK OFF CACHE STRING "Disable XBYAK when compiling WITH_SW=ON" FORCE)
    set(WITH_MKL OFF CACHE STRING "Disable MKL when compiling WITH_SW=ON." FORCE)
    add_definitions(-DPADDLE_WITH_SW)
endif()

if (WITH_MIPS)
    set(WITH_XBYAK OFF CACHE STRING "Disable XBYAK when compiling WITH_MIPS=ON" FORCE)
    add_definitions(-DPADDLE_WITH_MIPS)
endif()

if (WITH_ONEMKL)
    add_definitions(-DPADDLE_WITH_ONEMKL)
endif()

if (WITH_HETERPS)
    if (CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER 7.0)
        set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -faligned-new")
    endif()
endif()
set(PADDLE_PYTHON_BUILD_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/python/build")

set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO "-O3 -g -DNDEBUG")
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELWITHDEBINFO "-O3 -g -DNDEBUG")

add_definitions(-DPADDLE_DLL_EXPORT)

if(ON_INFER)
    # you can trun off the paddle fluid and inference lib by set ON_INFER=OFF
    message(STATUS "On inference mode, will take place some specific optimization.")
    include(inference_lib)
    add_definitions(-DPADDLE_ON_INFERENCE)
else()
    #TODO(luotao), combine this warning with `make inference_lib_dist` command.
    message(WARNING "On inference mode, will take place some specific optimization. Turn on the ON_INFER flag when building inference_lib only.")
endif()

if(WITH_STRIP)
    find_program(STRIP_PATH strip)
    if(NOT STRIP_PATH OR NOT LINUX)
        set(WITH_STRIP OFF CACHE STRING "Command strip is only used on Linux when it exists." FORCE)
    endif()
endif()

add_subdirectory(paddle)
if(WITH_PYTHON)
    add_subdirectory(python)
endif()

get_directory_property(all_inc_dirs INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES)
list(JOIN all_inc_dirs "\r\n" all_inc_dirs)
file(WRITE "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/includes.txt" ${all_inc_dirs})