* add fluid.device_guard to specify the device type for Op

* polish backward api doc test=develop, test=document_preview,
       test=document_fix

* polish backward api doc test=develop, test=document_preview, test=document_fix

* no_grad supports set of Variable test=develop, test=document_preview

* polish sample code of append_backward test=develop, test=document_preview

* modify assert into Raise TypeError test=develop,test=document_preview

* fix unittest failed test=develop

* rm useless file test=develop

* polish en doc test=develop

* polish code of no_grad_set test=develop

* polish code of no_grad_set test=develop

* polish backward prune, test=develop

* fix control flow op bug, test=develop

* add some unittests, test=develop

* fix unittest args, test=develop

* follow huihuang's comments, test=develop

* append optimize op in the grad block of current block if current block is in control flow. test=develop

* add conditional grad op when optimizer used in control flow. test=develop

* add comment and modify typo. test=develop

* fix append_backward to support control flow. test=develop

* add test. test=develop

* fix copy_var_to_parent_block and conditional_block_grad. test=develop

* fix bug: revert to append conditional_block_grad vars to sub grad block. test=develop

* fix bug: revert to assign var to parent block even if var already is in parent block

* fix bug: consider outputs is empty. test=develop

* move _rename_grad_ out. test=develop

* modify code according to reviews from Huihuang. test=develop

* modify code according to reviews from Jinle. test=develop

* update doc, test=develop

* fix related unittests, test=develop

* fix str incompatible error, test=develop

The fixed bugs:

1. The condition sub-graph is not pruned
2. When backward graph is extremely simple, the whole backward ops are pruned.

* add seed op

Add tests to use dy/dx to make sure the gradient values calculated by the control flow backward is correct. Also fixed bugs detected by those tests.

Fix bugs:

1. Unlike sum_op, optimizer ops don't allow uninitialized input tensor. But in conditional_block_grad_op, since the conditional_block may not run, the output gradient tensor may be uninitialized, which will cause the optimizer op error. To fix it, we should let optimizer ops support uninitialized input like sum_op or assign the uninitialized gradient to 0 when the conditional_block_grad_op doesn't run. I found there are about 10+ optimizer ops. **To be simpler, I just assign output gradient of the conditional_block_grad_op to 0 in this PR**. But it can be further explored whether we can make optimizer ops like sum_op to support uninitialized input tensor because theoretically we can speed up without the assigning in conditional_block_grad_op.

2. Infer parameter shapes during append_backward. I didn't know that all our parameters are in global block. When op_desc is inferring shapes at the sub-block, it may not know the shape of gradients of parameters whose shape information is at global block. I fixed it by inferring shapes of gradients from forward var.

This PR also did some code clean up:
1. Print the var name when sgd_op catches shape error so that it is easier to debug
2. Fix a typo: dicta -> dict

* Commit before merging develop

test=develop

* Backup after working with Huihuang logs

* Commit before deleting Huihuang debug loggings

* Commit before debug

test=develop

* Fix bug commit

test=develop

* Backup of fixing bugs

test=develop

* Clean up code

test=develop

* Fix a bug in sum_op

test=develop

* fix_gradients

* fix_gradients, test=develop

2. fix bug in backward.py: using fill_constant instead of fill_constant_batch_size_like
3. fix bug in ExpandGradOp.

test=develop

* polish append_backward, test=document_fix

* test=document_fix, test=develop

* test=document_fix, test=develop

* polish append_backward, test=document_fix, test=develop

* rm unused ckpt and sort ckpt

* use max op idx to sort, test=develop

* remove unsed code,test=develop

* add testcase, test_develop

* modify test case, test=develop

* fix doc of apply_optimize
test=document_fix
test=document_preview

* modify doc of backward
test=develop
test=document_fix

* modify document hash
test=develop
test=document_preview

* add recompute based checkpoints methods for large batch training
test=develop

* add append_backward_with_forward_recomputation
test=develop

* refine optimizer
test=develop

* update backward and optimizer
test=develop

* make Variable usable
test=develop

* add recompute code

* refine optimizer
test=develop

* refine addup _append_backward_ops_with_checkpoints_
1) for recompute part, just cache the grad_op_desc without appending to block
2) before appending grad_op_desc to backward part, addup_repetitive_vars, remove unused branch
test=develop

* make method private

* add recompute strategy into DistributedStrategy
test=develop

* checkpoint version3
test=develop

* remove some print information
test=develop

* remove unused sumop
test=develop

* try to fix recompute with graph building modules

* add input names to vars should be held

* add memory debug tool

* backup backward

* Fix bugs

* add backward desc for op not in any segments

* add exception info for sub_block

test=develop

* modify code style

test=develop

* modify code style

test=develop

* remove print functions

test=develop

* add API spec

test=develop
test=document_preview

* make Recompute a child class of Optimizer

test=develop
test=document_preview

* add API spec

test=develop
test=document_preview

* modify API spec

test=develop
test=document_preview

* add document for Recompute

test=develop
test=document_preview

* change API doc of Rcompute

test=develop
test=document_preview

* code cleaning

test=develop
test=document_preview

* modify API spec

* fix bugs when segments hold no element

* add testcase for Recompute Optimizer

test=develop
test=document_preview

* add test for apply_gradient, and code cleaning

test=develop
test=document_preview

* add test case for load function

* enable CI

test=develop
test=document

* add test case

test=develop
test=document_preview

* add sample code for 4 function of recompute optimizer

test=develop
test=document_preview

* update dygraph api-doc and backward api-doc, test=develop

* update dygraph api-doc and backward api-doc, update api.spec, test=develop

* update dygraph api-doc and backward api-doc, update api.spec, test=develop

* update API.spec, test=develop

* fix optimizer bug
test=develop

* prun backward ops
test=develop

* add not_been_used_vars to no_grad_set
test=develop

* Update backward.py:
     - If there is no input grad var in all outputs of previous ops, do not append this op into graph.
     - Only apply this stragety when double backward.
* Update some double backward op.
* Update sum_op to judge whether a tensor is empty by numel or IsInitialized().

Fix the following API examples:

paddle.fluid.scope_guard
paddle.fluid.backward.append_backward
paddle.fluid.cpu_places
paddle.fluid.cuda_pinned_places
paddle.fluid.cuda_places
paddle.fluid.in_dygraph_mode
paddle.fluid.CUDAPlace
paddle.fluid.CPUPlace
paddle.fluid.CUDAPinnedPlace

Support backward of backward for Relu and add a new gradient checker by comparing theoretical and numerical Jacobian. (#16862)

* Support backward of backward and a new gradient checker
* Rename decorators.py to decorator_helper.py, since Python on Windows CI has decorators package.

1. Add ReluDoubleGradMaker when register relu_grad.
2. Add a new gradient checker by comparing theoretical and numerical Jacobian.  Check double gradients by double_grad_check.

* fix some grad op desc maker
test=develop

* fix grad op desc makers
test=develop

test=develop

test=develop

* hide operator API

* update

* update api.spec

* fix merge

* fix test

* hide program APIs

* fix merge error

* update