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    <li>Design Doc: Supporting new Device/Library</li>
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  <div class="section" id="design-doc-supporting-new-device-library">
<span id="design-doc-supporting-new-device-library"></span><h1>Design Doc: Supporting new Device/Library<a class="headerlink" href="#design-doc-supporting-new-device-library" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h1>
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<div class="section" id="background">
<span id="background"></span><h2>Background<a class="headerlink" href="#background" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
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<p>Deep learning has a high demand for computing resources. New high-performance devices and computing libraries are appearing very frequently. Deep learning frameworks have to integrate these high-performance devices and computing libraries flexibly and efficiently.</p>
<p>On one hand, hardware and computing libraries usually do not have a one-to-one correspondence. For example,Intel CPUs support Eigen and MKL computing libraries while Nvidia GPUs support Eigen and cuDNN computing libraries. We have to implement operator specific kernels for each computing library.</p>
<p>On the other hand, users usually do not want to care about the low-level hardware and computing libraries when writing a neural network configuration. In Fluid, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Layer</span></code> is exposed in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Python</span></code>, and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Operator</span></code> is exposed in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">C++</span></code>. Both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Layer</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Operator</span></code> are hardware independent.</p>
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<p>So, how to support a new Device/Library in Fluid becomes a challenge.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="basic-integrate-a-new-device-library">
<span id="basic-integrate-a-new-device-library"></span><h2>Basic: Integrate A New Device/Library<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-integrate-a-new-device-library" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
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<p>For a general overview of fluid, please refer to the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/howto/read_source.md">overview doc</a>.</p>
<p>There are mainly three parts that we have to consider while integrating a new device/library:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
<li>Place and DeviceContext: indicates the device id and manages hardware resources</li>
<li>Memory and Tensor: malloc/free data on certain device</li>
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<li>Math Functor and OpKernel: implement computing unit on certain devices/libraries</li>
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</ul>
<div class="section" id="place-and-devicecontext">
<span id="place-and-devicecontext"></span><h3>Place and DeviceContext<a class="headerlink" href="#place-and-devicecontext" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<div class="section" id="place">
<span id="place"></span><h4>Place<a class="headerlink" href="#place" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h4>
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<p>Fluid uses class <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/paddle/platform/place.h#L55">Place</a> to represent different devices and computing libraries. There are inheritance relationships between different kinds of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Place</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>        <span class="o">|</span>   <span class="n">CPUPlace</span>   <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">MKLDNNPlace</span>
<span class="n">Place</span> <span class="o">--|</span>   <span class="n">CUDAPlace</span>  <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">CUDNNPlace</span>
        <span class="o">|</span>   <span class="n">FPGAPlace</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Place</span></code> is defined as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">typedef</span> <span class="n">boost</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">variant</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">CUDAPlace</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">CPUPlace</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FPGAPlace</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">Place</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="devicecontext">
<span id="devicecontext"></span><h4>DeviceContext<a class="headerlink" href="#devicecontext" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h4>
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<p>Fluid uses class <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/paddle/platform/device_context.h#L30">DeviceContext</a> to manage the resources in different hardwares, such as CUDA stream in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">CDUADeviceContext</span></code>. There are also inheritance relationships between different kinds of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">DeviceContext</span></code>.</p>
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<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>                <span class="o">/-&gt;</span>  <span class="n">CPUDeviceContext</span>   <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">MKLDeviceContext</span>
<span class="n">DeviceContext</span> <span class="o">----&gt;</span>  <span class="n">CUDADeviceContext</span>  <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">CUDNNDeviceContext</span>
                \<span class="o">-&gt;</span>  <span class="n">FPGADeviceContext</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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<p>An example of Nvidia GPU is as follows:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
<li>DeviceContext</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">DeviceContext</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="n">virtual</span> <span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">GetPlace</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">const</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>  
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>CUDADeviceContext</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CUDADeviceContext</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">public</span> <span class="n">DeviceContext</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">GetPlace</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">override</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">place_</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">private</span><span class="p">:</span>
  <span class="n">CUDAPlace</span> <span class="n">place_</span><span class="p">;</span>
  <span class="n">cudaStream_t</span> <span class="n">stream_</span><span class="p">;</span> 
  <span class="n">cublasHandle_t</span> <span class="n">cublas_handle_</span><span class="p">;</span>
  <span class="n">std</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Eigen</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">GpuDevice</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">eigen_device_</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="o">//</span> <span class="n">binds</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">stream_</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li>CUDNNDeviceContext</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">CUDNNDeviceContext</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">public</span> <span class="n">CUDADeviceContext</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="n">private</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">cudnnHandle_t</span> <span class="n">cudnn_handle_</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="memory-and-tensor">
<span id="memory-and-tensor"></span><h3>Memory and Tensor<a class="headerlink" href="#memory-and-tensor" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
<div class="section" id="memory-module">
<span id="memory-module"></span><h4>memory module<a class="headerlink" href="#memory-module" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h4>
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<p>Fluid provides the following <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/paddle/memory/memory.h#L36">memory interfaces</a>:</p>
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<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">Place</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">void</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">Alloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">place</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size_t</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">Place</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">void</span> <span class="n">Free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">place</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">void</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">ptr</span><span class="p">);</span>

<span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">Place</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="n">size_t</span> <span class="n">Used</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">place</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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<p>To implementing these interfaces, we have to implement MemoryAllocator for different Devices</p>
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314 315 316 
</div>
<div class="section" id="tensor">
<span id="tensor"></span><h4>Tensor<a class="headerlink" href="#tensor" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h4>
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<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/paddle/framework/tensor.h#L36">Tensor</a> holds data with some shape in a specific Place.</p>
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318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 
<div class="highlight-cpp"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Tensor</span> <span class="p">{</span>
 <span class="k">public</span><span class="o">:</span>
  <span class="cm">/*! Return a pointer to mutable memory block. */</span>
  <span class="k">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
  <span class="kr">inline</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">();</span>

  <span class="cm">/**</span>
<span class="cm">   * @brief   Return a pointer to mutable memory block.</span>
<span class="cm">   * @note    If not exist, then allocation.</span>
<span class="cm">   */</span>
  <span class="k">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
  <span class="kr">inline</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">mutable_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">place</span><span class="p">);</span>

  <span class="cm">/**</span>
<span class="cm">   * @brief     Return a pointer to mutable memory block.</span>
<span class="cm">   *</span>
<span class="cm">   * @param[in] dims    The dimensions of the memory block.</span>
<span class="cm">   * @param[in] place   The place of the memory block.</span>
<span class="cm">   *</span>
<span class="cm">   * @note      If not exist, then allocation.</span>
<span class="cm">   */</span>
  <span class="k">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="k">typename</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
  <span class="kr">inline</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">mutable_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">DDim</span> <span class="n">dims</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">platform</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Place</span> <span class="n">place</span><span class="p">);</span>

  <span class="cm">/*! Resize the dimensions of the memory block. */</span>
  <span class="kr">inline</span> <span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">Resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">DDim</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">dims</span><span class="p">);</span>

  <span class="cm">/*! Return the dimensions of the memory block. */</span>
  <span class="kr">inline</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">DDim</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">dims</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">const</span><span class="p">;</span>

 <span class="k">private</span><span class="o">:</span>
  <span class="cm">/*! holds the memory block if allocated. */</span>
  <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">Placeholder</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">holder_</span><span class="p">;</span>

  <span class="cm">/*! points to dimensions of memory block. */</span>
  <span class="n">DDim</span> <span class="n">dim_</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Placeholder</span></code> is used to delay memory allocation; that is, we can first define a tensor, using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Resize</span></code> to configure its shape, and then call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mutuable_data</span></code> to allocate the actual memory.</p>
<div class="highlight-cpp"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">framework</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">CPUPlace</span> <span class="n">place</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// set size first</span>
<span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">Resize</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">});</span>
<span class="c1">// allocate memory on CPU later</span>
<span class="n">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">mutable_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">place</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="math-functor-and-opkernel">
<span id="math-functor-and-opkernel"></span><h3>Math Functor and OpKernel<a class="headerlink" href="#math-functor-and-opkernel" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h3>
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<p>Fluid implements computing units based on different DeviceContexts. Some computing units are shared between operators. This common part will be put in operators/math directory as basic Functors.</p>
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371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 
<p>Let&#8217;s take <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/paddle/operators/math/maxouting.h#L27">MaxOutFunctor</a> as an example:</p>
<p>The interface is defined in header file.</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">DeviceContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MaxOutFunctor</span> <span class="p">{</span>
 <span class="n">public</span><span class="p">:</span>
  <span class="n">void</span> <span class="n">operator</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">DeviceContext</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">framework</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="n">framework</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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<p>CPU implemention is in .cc file</p>
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382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MaxOutFunctor</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CPUDeviceContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
  <span class="n">public</span><span class="p">:</span>
  <span class="n">void</span> <span class="n">operator</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">platform</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CPUDeviceContext</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">framework</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">framework</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
                  <span class="o">...</span>
                  <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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<p>CUDA implemention is in .cu file</p>
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394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">template</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">typename</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">MaxOutFunctor</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CUDADeviceContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">T</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="p">{</span>
 <span class="n">public</span><span class="p">:</span>
  <span class="n">void</span> <span class="n">operator</span><span class="p">()(</span><span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">platform</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CUDADeviceContext</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="n">const</span> <span class="n">framework</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">framework</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">Tensor</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">output</span><span class="p">,</span>
                  <span class="nb">int</span> <span class="n">groups</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
                  <span class="o">...</span>
                  <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">};</span>                  
</pre></div>
</div>
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405 406 407 
<p>We get computing handle from a concrete DeviceContext, and make compution on tensors.</p>
<p>The implemention of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">OpKernel</span></code> is similar to math functors, the extra thing we need to do is to register the OpKernel in a global map.</p>
<p>Fluid provides different register interfaces in op_registry.h</p>
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408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 
<p>Let&#8217;s take <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/paddle/operators/crop_op.cc#L134">Crop</a> operator as an example:</p>
<p>In .cc file:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">REGISTER_OP_CPU_KERNEL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ops</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CropKernel</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">REGISTER_OP_CPU_KERNEL</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">crop_grad</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ops</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CropGradKernel</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CPUDeviceContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In .cu file:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">REGISTER_OP_CUDA_KERNEL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">crop</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ops</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CropKernel</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">REGISTER_OP_CUDA_KERNEL</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">crop_grad</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ops</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CropGradKernel</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">platform</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">CUDADeviceContext</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="advanced-topics-how-to-switch-between-different-device-library">
<span id="advanced-topics-how-to-switch-between-different-device-library"></span><h2>Advanced topics: How to switch between different Device/Library<a class="headerlink" href="#advanced-topics-how-to-switch-between-different-device-library" title="永久链接至标题"></a></h2>
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<p>Generally, we will impelement OpKernel for all Device/Library of an Operator. We can easily train a Convolutional Neural Network in GPU. However, some OpKernel is not sutibale on a specific Device. For example, crf operator can only run on CPU, whereas most other operators can run at GPU. To achieve high performance in such circumstance, we have to switch between different Device/Library.</p>
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426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 
<p>We will discuss how to implement an efficient OpKernel switch policy.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>TBD</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>


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