added Field context variant to TypeConverter interface in beans module; @Value injection works in combination with formatting rules such as @DateTimeFormat

Issue: SPR-9637

Issue: SPR-9627

Issue: SPR-9607

CGLIB 3 has been released in order to depend on ASM 4, which Spring now
depends on internally (see previous commit).

This commit eliminates spring-beans' optional dependency on cglib-nodep
v2.2 and instead repackages net.sf.cglib => org.springframework.cglib
much in the same way we have historically done with ASM.

This change is beneficial to users in several ways:

 - Eliminates the need to manually add CGLIB to the application
   classpath; especially important for the growing number of
   @Configuration class users. Java-based configuration functionality,
   along with proxy-target-class and method injection features now
   work 'out of the box' in Spring 3.2.

 - Eliminates the possibility of conflicts with other libraries that
   may dependend on differing versions of CGLIB, e.g. Hibernate
   3.3.1.ga and its dependency on CGLIB 2.1.3 would easily cause a
   conflict if the application were depending on CGLIB 3 for
   Spring-related purposes.

 - Picks up CGLIB 3's changes to support ASM 4, meaning that CGLIB is
   that much less likely to work well in a Java 7 environment due to
   ASM 4's support for transforming classes with invokedynamic
   bytecode instructions.

On CGLIB and ASM:

  CGLIB's own dependency on ASM is also transformed along the way to
  depend on Spring's repackaged org.springframework.asm, primarily to
  eliminate unnecessary duplication of ASM classfiles in spring-core and
  in the process save around 100K in the final spring-core JAR file size.

  It is coincidental that spring-core and CGLIB currently depend on the
  exact same version of ASM (4.0), but it is also unlikely to change any
  time soon. If this change does occur and versions of ASM drift, then
  the size optimization mentioned above will have to be abandoned. This
  would have no compatibility impact, however, so this is a reasonable
  solution now and for the forseeable future.

On a mysterious NoClassDefFoundError:

  During the upgrade to CGLIB 3.0, Spring test cases began failing due to
  NoClassDefFoundErrors being thrown from CGLIB's DebuggingClassWriter
  regarding its use of asm-util's TraceClassVisitor type. previous
  versions of cglib-nodep, particularly 2.2, did not cause this behavior,
  even though cglib-nodep has never actually repackaged and bundled
  asm-util classes. The reason for these NoClassDefFoundErrors occurring
  now is still not fully understood, but appears to be due to subtle JVM
  bytecode preverification rules. The hypothesis is that due to minor
  changes in DebuggingClassWriter such as additional casts, access to
  instance variables declared in the superclass, and indeed a change in
  the superclass hierarchy, preverification may be kicking in on the
  toByteArray method body, at which point the reference to the missing
  TraceClassVisitor type is noticed and the NCDFE is thrown. For this
  reason, a dummy implementation of TraceClassVisitor has been added to
  spring-core in the org.springframework.asm.util package. This class
  simply ensures that Spring's own tests never result in the NCDFE
  described above, and more importantly that Spring's users never
  encounter the same.

Other changes include:

 - rename package-private Cglib2AopProxy => CglibAopProxy
 - eliminate all 'cglibAvailable' checks, warnings and errors
 - eliminate all 'CGLIB2' language in favor of 'CGLIB'
 - eliminate all mention in reference and java docs of needing to add
   cglib(-nodep) to one's application classpath

Issue: SPR-9669

For legacy reasons, a MockEnvironment implementation already exists in multiple places within Spring's test suite; however, it is not available to the general public.

This commit promotes MockEnvironment to a first-class citizen in the spring-test module, alongside the existing MockPropertySource.

In addition, the following house cleaning has been performed.

 - deleted MockPropertySource from the spring-expression module
 - deleted MockEnvironment from the "spring" integration testing module
 - updated test copies of MockPropertySource and MockEnvironment
 - documented MockEnvironment and MockPropertySource in the testing
   chapter of the reference manual

Issue: SPR-9492

Issue: SPR-9443, SPR-6847, SPR-9446, SPR-9444, SPR-9439, SPR-9302,
       SPR-9507, SPR-9238, SPR-9397, SPR-9406, SPR-9502

@Async executor qualification has been backported to 3.1.2. This commit
updates all @since tags appropriately, as well as carrying over the
changes backported to the spring-task-3.1 schema.

Issue: SPR-6847, SPR-9443

EhCacheFactoryBean now applies listeners and enabled/disabled flags to
existing cache regions as well.

Issue: SPR-9392

Issue: SPR-8774

 - Improve wording & grammar in SmartValidator Javadoc
 - Suppress 'rawtypes' warnings in SpringValidatorAdapter

The following syntax is now supported

  <beans profile="p1,!p2">

  @Profile("p1", "!p2")

indicating that the <beans> element or annotated component should
be processed only if profile 'p1' is active or profile 'p2' is not
active.

Issue: SPR-8728

Prior to this change, AbstractApplicationContext#setParent replaced the
child context's Environment with the parent's Environment if available.
This has the negative effect of potentially changing the type of the
child context's Environment, and in any case causes property sources
added directly against the child environment to be ignored. This
situation could easily occur if a WebApplicationContext child had a
non-web ApplicationContext set as its parent. In this case the parent
Environment type would (likely) be StandardEnvironment, while the child
Environment type would (likely) be StandardServletEnvironment. By
directly inheriting the parent environment, critical property sources
such as ServletContextPropertySource are lost entirely.

This commit introduces the concept of merging an environment through
the new ConfigurableEnvironment#merge method. Instead of replacing the
child's environment with the parent's,
AbstractApplicationContext#setParent now merges property sources as
well as active and default profile names from the parent into the
child. In this way, distinct environment objects are maintained with
specific types and property sources preserved. See #merge Javadoc for
additional details.

Issue: SPR-9444, SPR-9439

java.util.concurrent's ScheduledExecutorService and its #schedule*
methods allow for an 'initialDelay' parameter in milliseconds.
Similarly, Spring's TaskExecutor abstraction allows for a concrete
'startTime' expressed as a Date. However, Spring's <task:scheduled> XML
element and @Scheduled annotation have, to date, not allowed for an
initial delay parameter that can be propagated down to the underlying
TaskScheduler/ScheduledExecutorService.

This commit introduces initial-delay and #initialDelay attributes to
task:scheduled and @Scheduled respectively, both indicating the number
of milliseconds to wait before the first invocation of the method in
question. Specifying a delay in this fashion is only valid in
conjunction with fixed-rate and fixed-delay tasks (i.e. not with cron
or trigger tasks).

The principal changes required to support these new attributes lie in
ScheduledTaskRegistrar, which previously supported registration of
tasks in the form of a Runnable and a Long parameter indicating (in the
case of fixed-rate and fixed-delay tasks), the interval with which the
task should be executed. In order to accommodate a third (and optional)
'initialDelay' parameter, the IntervalTask class has been added as a
holder for the Runnable to be executed, the interval in which to run
it, and the optional initial delay. For symmetry, a TriggerTask and
CronTask have also been added, the latter subclassing the former. And a
'Task' class has been added as a common ancestor for all the above.

One oddity of the implementation is in the naming of the new
setters in ScheduledTaskRegistrar. Prior to this commit, the setters
were named #setFixedDelayTasks, #setFixedRateTasks, etc, each accepting
a Map<Runnable, long>. In adding new setters for each task type, each
accepting a List<IntervalTask>, List<CronTask> etc, naturally the
approach would be to use method overloading and to introduce methods
of the same name but with differing parameter types. Unfortunately
however, Spring does not support injection against overloaded methods
(due to fundamental limitations of the underlying JDK Introspector).
This is not a problem when working with the ScheduledTaskRegistrar
directly, e.g. from within a @Configuration class that implements
SchedulingConfigurer, but is a problem from the point of view of the
ScheduledTasksBeanDefinitionParser which parses the <task:scheduled>
element - here the ScheduledTaskRegistrar is treated as a Spring bean
and is thus subject to these limitations. The solution to this problem
was simply to avoid overloading altogether, thus the naming of the new
methods ending in "List", e.g. #setFixedDelayTasksList, etc. These
methods exist primarily for use by the BeanDefinitionParser and are
not really intended for use by application developers. The Javadoc for
each of the new methods makes note of this.

Issue: SPR-7022

In anticipation of substantive changes required to implement "initial
delay" support in the <task:scheduled> element and @Scheduled
annotation, the following updates have been made to the components and
infrastructure supporting scheduled task execution:

 - Fix code style violations
 - Fix compiler warnings
 - Add Javadoc where missing, update to use {@code} tags, etc.
 - Organize imports to follow conventions

Prove that Async#value is respected even when using @Async as a meta
annotation.

Issue: SPR-6847

Prior to this change, Spring's @Async annotation support was tied to a
single AsyncTaskExecutor bean, meaning that all methods marked with
@Async were forced to use the same executor. This is an undesirable
limitation, given that certain methods may have different priorities,
etc. This leads to the need to (optionally) qualify which executor
should handle each method.

This is similar to the way that Spring's @Transactional annotation was
originally tied to a single PlatformTransactionManager, but in Spring
3.0 was enhanced to allow for a qualifier via the #value attribute, e.g.

  @Transactional("ptm1")
  public void m() { ... }

where "ptm1" is either the name of a PlatformTransactionManager bean or
a qualifier value associated with a PlatformTransactionManager bean,
e.g. via the <qualifier> element in XML or the @Qualifier annotation.

This commit introduces the same approach to @Async and its relationship
to underlying executor beans. As always, the following syntax remains
supported

  @Async
  public void m() { ... }

indicating that calls to #m will be delegated to the "default" executor,
i.e. the executor provided to

  <task:annotation-driven executor="..."/>

or the executor specified when authoring a @Configuration class that
implements AsyncConfigurer and its #getAsyncExecutor method.

However, it now also possible to qualify which executor should be used
on a method-by-method basis, e.g.

  @Async("e1")
  public void m() { ... }

indicating that calls to #m will be delegated to the executor bean
named or otherwise qualified as "e1". Unlike the default executor
which is specified up front at configuration time as described above,
the "e1" executor bean is looked up within the container on the first
execution of #m and then cached in association with that method for the
lifetime of the container.

Class-level use of Async#value behaves as expected, indicating that all
methods within the annotated class should be executed with the named
executor. In the case of both method- and class-level annotations, any
method-level #value overrides any class level #value.

This commit introduces the following major changes:

 - Add @Async#value attribute for executor qualification

 - Introduce AsyncExecutionAspectSupport as a common base class for
   both MethodInterceptor- and AspectJ-based async aspects. This base
   class provides common structure for specifying the default executor
   (#setExecutor) as well as logic for determining (and caching) which
   executor should execute a given method (#determineAsyncExecutor) and
   an abstract method to allow subclasses to provide specific strategies
   for executor qualification (#getExecutorQualifier).

 - Introduce AnnotationAsyncExecutionInterceptor as a specialization of
   the existing AsyncExecutionInterceptor to allow for introspection of
   the @Async annotation and its #value attribute for a given method.
   Note that this new subclass was necessary for packaging reasons -
   the original AsyncExecutionInterceptor lives in
   org.springframework.aop and therefore does not have visibility to
   the @Async annotation in org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.
   This new subclass replaces usage of AsyncExecutionInterceptor
   throughout the framework, though the latter remains usable and
   undeprecated for compatibility with any existing third-party
   extensions.

 - Add documentation to spring-task-3.2.xsd and reference manual
   explaining @Async executor qualification

 - Add tests covering all new functionality

Note that the public API of all affected components remains backward-
compatible.

Issue: SPR-6847

In anticipation of substantive changes required to implement @Async
executor qualification, the following updates have been made to the
components and infrastructure supporting @Async functionality:

 - Fix trailing whitespace and indentation errors
 - Fix generics warnings
 - Add Javadoc where missing, update to use {@code} tags, etc.
 - Avoid NPE in AopUtils#canApply
 - Organize imports to follow conventions
 - Remove System.out.println statements from tests
 - Correct various punctuation and grammar problems

Updated the "@Bean Lite Mode" section in order to properly document 
scoping and lifecycle semantics.

Also fleshed out the discussion of the non-applicability of 'inter-bean 
references' in lite mode.

Issue: SPR-9425

Commit 180c5b2e introduced 3.2 versions
of all spring-* schemas; this commit updates spring.schemas mapping
files to include these new versions.

This patch fixes several compiler warnings that do not point to code
problems. Two kinds of warnings are fixed. First in a lot of cases
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") is used although there are no unchecked
casts happening. This seems to be a leftover from when the code base
was on Java 1.4, now that the code base was moved to Java 1.5 these are
no longer necessary. Secondly there some places where the raw types of
List and Class are used where there wildcard types (List<?> and
Class<?>) would work just as well without causing any raw type warnings.

These changes are beneficial particularly when working in Eclipse or
other IDEs because it reduces 'noise', helping to isolate actual
potential problems in the code.

The following changes have been made:

 - remove @SuppressWarnings where no longer needed

 - use wildcard types instead of raw types where possible

Removed misleading mention of "configuration classes" in the
"@Bean Lite Mode" section.

Issue: SPR-9401

Updated the class-level JavaDoc for @Bean to better explain the
semantics of 'lite' mode.

Renamed "Configuration Class Lite Mode" to "@Bean Lite Mode".

Added discussion of @DependsOn to the class-level JavaDoc.

Issue: SPR-9401

Overhauled the class-level JavaDoc in @Bean:

 - added h3 headers for greater clarity and readability
 - mentioned 'prototype' semantics for lite mode

Issue: SPR-9401

It is now advised that destroyMethod="shutdown" should be used
on @Bean methods returning an ExecutorService.

Issue: SPR-9280

Prior to this change, request-scoped components having
@Resource-injected dependencies caused a memory leak in
DefaultListableBeanFactory#dependenciesForBeanMap.

Consider the following example:

    @Component
    @Scope(value="request", proxyMode=ScopedProxyMode.TARGET_CLASS)
    public class MyComponent {

        @resource
        private HttpServletRequest request;

        // ...
    }

The bean name for "MyComponent" will end up being
'scopedTarget.myComponent', which will become a key in
the #dependenciesForBeanMap structure.

On the first request, the injected HttpServletRequest bean will be a
proxy and will internally have a bean name of the form
"$Proxy10@1a3a2a52". This name will be added to the Set value associated
with the 'scopedTarget.myComponent' entry in #dependenciesForBeanMap.

On the second request, the process will repeat, but the injected
HttpServletRequest will be a different proxy instance, thus having a
different identity hex string, e.g. "$Proxy10@5eba06ff". This name will
also be added to the Set value associated with the
'scopedTarget.myComponent' entry in #dependenciesForBeanMap, and this
is the source of the leak: a new entry is added to the set on each
request but should be added only once.

This commit fixes the leak by introducing caching to
CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor#ResourceElement similar to that already
present in AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor#AutowiredFieldElement
and #AutowiredMethodElement. Essentially, each ResourceElement instance
now tracks whether it has been created, caches the ultimate value to be
injected and returns it eagerly if necessary. Besides solving the memory
leak, this has the side effect of avoiding unnecessary proxy creation.

This fix also explains clearly why injection into request-scoped
components using @Autowired never suffered this memory leak: because the
correct caching was already in place. Because @resource is considerably
less-frequently used than @Autowired, and given that this particular
injection arrangement is relatively infrequent, it becomes
understandable how this bug has been present without being reported
since the introduction of @resource support in Spring 2.5: developers
were unlikely to encounter it in the first place; and if they did, the
leak was minor enough (adding strings to a Set), that it could
potentially go unnoticed indefinitely depending on request volumes and
available memory.

Issue: SPR-9176

Before this change there were numerous javadoc warnings being reported
while building Spring framework API.

This commit resolves most of the javadoc warnings, reducing the total
number from 265 to 103.

Issue: SPR-9113

Copy spring-*-3.1.xsd => spring-*-3.2.xsd; this commit introduces no
substantive changes, but rather prepares for them by creating a clean
baseline. All internal references to 3.1 schemas (e.g. spring-tool) have
also been updated.

With thanks to @abdull for pull request #55

Prior to this change, before a bean is created by EhCacheFactoryBean,
its #getObjectType would return only an Ehcache interface. This caused
unwanted wiring issues as described in the related JIRA issue.

This fix makes use of EhCacheFactoryBean's configuration to determine
the specific Ehcache object type even before it's created, such that
the container is provided with as much information as possible when
resolving dependencies. Nevertheless, users are advised to code to
the Ehcache interface.

Issue: SPR-7843

Changes in commit 41ade68b introduced
a regression causing all but the first location in the
@PropertySource#value array to be ignored during ${...} placeholder
resolution. This change ensures that all locations are processed and
replaced as expected.

Issue: SPR-9133, SPR-9127

This renaming more intuitively expresses the relationship between
subprojects and the JAR artifacts they produce.

Tracking history across these renames is possible, but it requires
use of the --follow flag to `git log`, for example

    $ git log spring-aop/src/main/java/org/springframework/aop/Advisor.java

will show history up until the renaming event, where

    $ git log --follow spring-aop/src/main/java/org/springframework/aop/Advisor.java

will show history for all changes to the file, before and after the
renaming.

See http://chrisbeams.com/git-diff-across-renamed-directories