print_bad_pte() is so far being called only when zap_pte_range() finds
negative page_mapcount, or there's a fault on a pte_file where it does not
belong.  That's weak coverage when we suspect pagetable corruption.

Originally, it was called when vm_normal_page() found an invalid pfn: but
pfn_valid is expensive on some architectures and configurations, so 2.6.24
put that under CONFIG_DEBUG_VM (which doesn't help in the field), then
2.6.26 replaced it by a VM_BUG_ON (likewise).

Reinstate the print_bad_pte() in vm_normal_page(), but use a cheaper test
than pfn_valid(): memmap_init_zone() (used in bootup and hotplug) keep a
__read_mostly note of the highest_memmap_pfn, vm_normal_page() then check
pfn against that.  We could call this pfn_plausible() or pfn_sane(), but I
doubt we'll need it elsewhere: of course it's not reliable, but gives much
stronger pagetable validation on many boxes.

Also use print_bad_pte() when the pte_special bit is found outside a
VM_PFNMAP or VM_MIXEDMAP area, instead of VM_BUG_ON.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Now that bad pages are kept out of circulation, there is no need for the
infamous page_remove_rmap() BUG() - once that page is freed, its negative
mapcount will issue a "Bad page state" message and the page won't be
freed.  Removing the BUG() allows more info, on subsequent pages, to be
gathered.

We do have more info about the page at this point than bad_page() can know
- notably, what the pmd is, which might pinpoint something like low 64kB
corruption - but page_remove_rmap() isn't given the address to find that.

In practice, there is only one call to page_remove_rmap() which has ever
reported anything, that from zap_pte_range() (usually on exit, sometimes
on munmap).  It has all the info, so remove page_remove_rmap()'s "Eeek"
message and leave it all to zap_pte_range().

mm/memory.c already has a hardly used print_bad_pte() function, showing
some of the appropriate info: extend it to show what we want for the rmap
case: pte info, page info (when there is a page) and vma info to compare.
zap_pte_range() already knows the pmd, but print_bad_pte() is easier to
use if it works that out for itself.

Some of this info is also shown in bad_page()'s "Bad page state" message.
Keep them separate, but adjust them to match each other as far as
possible.  Say "Bad page map" in print_bad_pte(), and add a TAINT_BAD_PAGE
there too.

print_bad_pte() show current->comm unconditionally (though it should get
repeated in the usually irrelevant stack trace): sorry, I misled Nick
Piggin to make it conditional on vm_mm == current->mm, but current->mm is
already NULL in the exit case.  Usually current->comm is good, though
exceptionally it may not be that of the mm (when "swapoff" for example).
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Until now the bad_page() checkers have special-cased PageReserved, keeping
those pages out of circulation thereafter.  Now extend the special case to
all: we want to keep ANY page with bad state out of circulation - the
"free" page may well be in use by something.

Leave the bad state of those pages untouched, for examination by
debuggers; except for PageBuddy - leaving that set would risk bringing the
page back.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Simplify the PAGE_FLAGS checking and clearing when freeing and allocating
a page: check the same flags as before when freeing, clear ALL the flags
(unless PageReserved) when freeing, check ALL flags off when allocating.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In case of error extending write may have instantiated a few blocks
outside i_size.  We need to trim these blocks.  We have to do it
*regardless* to blocksize.  At least ext2, ext3 and reiserfs interpret
(i_size < biggest block) condition as error.  Fsck will complain about
wrong i_size.  Then fsck will fix the error by changing i_size according
to the biggest block.  This is bad because this blocks contain garbage
from previous write attempt.  And result in data corruption.

####TESTCASE_BEGIN
$touch /mnt/test/BIG_FILE
## at this moment /mnt/test/BIG_FILE size and blocks equal to zero
open("/mnt/test/BIG_FILE", O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_DIRECT, 0666) = 3
write(3, "aaaaaaaaaaaa"..., 104857600) = -1 ENOSPC (No space left on device)
## size and block sould't be changed because write op failed.
$stat /mnt/test/BIG_FILE
File: `/mnt/test/BIG_FILE'
Size: 0 Blocks: 110896 IO Block: 1024 regular empty file
<<<<<<<<^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^file size is less than biggest block idx
Device: fe07h/65031d Inode: 14 Links: 1
Access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2007-01-24 20:03:38.000000000 +0300
Modify: 2007-01-24 20:03:38.000000000 +0300
Change: 2007-01-24 20:03:39.000000000 +0300

#fsck.ext3 -f /dev/VG/test
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Inode 14, i_size is 0, should be 56556544. Fix<y>? yes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
....
#####TESTCASE_ENDdiff --git a/fs/direct-io.c b/fs/direct-io.c
index af0558d..4e88bea 100644

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use i_size_read()]
Signed-off-by: NDmitri Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Cc: Zach Brown <zach.brown@oracle.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Badari Pulavarty <pbadari@us.ibm.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

zone_is_near_oom() is unused.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The vmscan bail out patch move nr_reclaimed variable to struct
scan_control.  Unfortunately, indirect access can easily happen cache
miss.

if heavy memory pressure happend, that's ok.
cache miss already plenty. it is not observable.

but, if memory pressure is lite, performance degression is obserbable.

I compared following three pattern (it was mesured 10 times each)

hackbench 125 process 3000
hackbench 130 process 3000
hackbench 135 process 3000

            2.6.28-rc6                       bail-out

	125	130	135		125	130	135
      ==============================================================
	71.866	75.86	81.274		93.414	73.254	193.382
	74.145	78.295	77.27		74.897	75.021	80.17
	70.305	77.643	75.855		70.134	77.571	79.896
	74.288	73.986	75.955		77.222	78.48	80.619
	72.029	79.947	78.312		75.128	82.172	79.708
	71.499	77.615	77.042		74.177	76.532	77.306
	76.188	74.471	83.562		73.839	72.43	79.833
	73.236	75.606	78.743		76.001	76.557	82.726
	69.427	77.271	76.691		76.236	79.371	103.189
	72.473	76.978	80.643		69.128	78.932	75.736

avg	72.545	76.767	78.534		76.017	77.03	93.256
std	1.89	1.71	2.41		6.29	2.79	34.16
min	69.427	73.986	75.855		69.128	72.43	75.736
max	76.188	79.947	83.562		93.414	82.172	193.382

about 4-5% degression.

Then, this patch introduces a temporary local variable.

result:

            2.6.28-rc6                       this patch

num	125	130	135		125	130	135
      ==============================================================
	71.866	75.86	81.274		67.302	68.269	77.161
	74.145	78.295	77.27   	72.616	72.712	79.06
	70.305	77.643	75.855  	72.475	75.712	77.735
	74.288	73.986	75.955  	69.229	73.062	78.814
	72.029	79.947	78.312  	71.551	74.392	78.564
	71.499	77.615	77.042  	69.227	74.31	78.837
	76.188	74.471	83.562  	70.759	75.256	76.6
	73.236	75.606	78.743  	69.966	76.001	78.464
	69.427	77.271	76.691  	69.068	75.218	80.321
	72.473	76.978	80.643  	72.057	77.151	79.068

avg	72.545	76.767	78.534 		70.425	74.2083	78.462
std 	1.89	1.71	2.41    	1.66	2.34	1.00
min 	69.427	73.986	75.855  	67.302	68.269	76.6
max 	76.188	79.947	83.562  	72.616	77.151	80.321

OK. the degression is disappeared.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When the VM is under pressure, it can happen that several direct reclaim
processes are in the pageout code simultaneously.  It also happens that
the reclaiming processes run into mostly referenced, mapped and dirty
pages in the first round.

This results in multiple direct reclaim processes having a lower
pageout priority, which corresponds to a higher target of pages to
scan.

This in turn can result in each direct reclaim process freeing
many pages.  Together, they can end up freeing way too many pages.

This kicks useful data out of memory (in some cases more than half
of all memory is swapped out).  It also impacts performance by
keeping tasks stuck in the pageout code for too long.

A 30% improvement in hackbench has been observed with this patch.

The fix is relatively simple: in shrink_zone() we can check how many
pages we have already freed, direct reclaim tasks break out of the
scanning loop if they have already freed enough pages and have reached
a lower priority level.

We do not break out of shrink_zone() when priority == DEF_PRIORITY,
to ensure that equal pressure is applied to every zone in the common
case.

However, in order to do this we do need to know how many pages we already
freed, so move nr_reclaimed into scan_control.

akpm: a historical interlude...

We tried this in 2004:

:commit e468e46a9bea3297011d5918663ce6d19094cf87
:Author: akpm <akpm>
:Date:   Thu Jun 24 15:53:52 2004 +0000
:
:[PATCH] vmscan.c: dont reclaim too many pages
:
:    The shrink_zone() logic can, under some circumstances, cause far too many
:    pages to be reclaimed.  Say, we're scanning at high priority and suddenly hit
:    a large number of reclaimable pages on the LRU.
:    Change things so we bale out when SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages have been reclaimed.

And we reverted it in 2006:

:commit 210fe530
:Author: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
:Date:   Fri Jan 6 00:11:14 2006 -0800
:
:    [PATCH] vmscan: balancing fix
:
:    Revert a patch which went into 2.6.8-rc1.  The changelog for that patch was:
:
:      The shrink_zone() logic can, under some circumstances, cause far too many
:      pages to be reclaimed.  Say, we're scanning at high priority and suddenly
:      hit a large number of reclaimable pages on the LRU.
:
:      Change things so we bale out when SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX pages have been
:      reclaimed.
:
:    Problem is, this change caused significant imbalance in inter-zone scan
:    balancing by truncating scans of larger zones.
:
:    Suppose, for example, ZONE_HIGHMEM is 10x the size of ZONE_NORMAL.  The zone
:    balancing algorithm would require that if we're scanning 100 pages of
:    ZONE_HIGHMEM, we should scan 10 pages of ZONE_NORMAL.  But this logic will
:    cause the scanning of ZONE_HIGHMEM to bale out after only 32 pages are
:    reclaimed.  Thus effectively causing smaller zones to be scanned relatively
:    harder than large ones.
:
:    Now I need to remember what the workload was which caused me to write this
:    patch originally, then fix it up in a different way...

And we haven't demonstrated that whatever problem caused that reversion is
not being reintroduced by this change in 2008.
Signed-off-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix the following sparse warnings:

  mm/hugetlb.c:375:3: warning: returning void-valued expression
  mm/hugetlb.c:408:3: warning: returning void-valued expression
Signed-off-by: NHannes Eder <hannes@hanneseder.net>
Acked-by: NNishanth Aravamudan <nacc@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove the srandom32((u32)get_seconds()) from non-rotational swapon:
there's been a coincidental discussion of earlier randomization, assume
that goes ahead, let swapon be a client rather than stirring for itself.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Change pgoff_t nr_blocks in discard_swap() and discard_swap_cluster() to
sector_t: given the constraints on swap offsets (in particular, the 5 bits
of swap type accommodated in the same unsigned long), pgoff_t was actually
safe as is, but it certainly looked worrying when shifted left.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix shift overflow]
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Though attempting to find free clusters (Andrea), swap allocation has
always restarted its searches from the beginning of the swap area (sct),
to reduce seek times between swap pages, by not scattering them all over
the partition.

But on a solidstate swap device, seeks are cheap, and block remapping to
level the wear may be limited by zones: in that case it's better to cycle
around the whole partition.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Swap allocation has always started from the beginning of the swap area;
but if we're dealing with a solidstate swap device which can only remap
blocks within limited zones, that would sooner wear out the first zone.

Therefore sys_swapon() test whether blk_queue is non-rotational, and if so
randomize the cluster_next starting position for allocation.

If blk_queue is nonrot, note SWP_SOLIDSTATE for later use, and report it
with an "SS" at the right end of the kernel's "Adding ...  swap" message
(so that if it's both nonrot and discardable, "SSD" will be shown there).
Perhaps something should be shown in /proc/swaps (swapon -s), but we have
to be more cautious before making any addition to that format.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When scan_swap_map() finds a free cluster of swap pages to allocate,
discard the old contents of the cluster if the device supports discard.
But don't bother when swap is so fragmented that we allocate single pages.

Be careful about racing allocations made while we're scanning for a
cluster; and hold up allocations made while we're discarding.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When adding swap, all the old data on swap can be forgotten: sys_swapon()
discard all but the header page of the swap partition (or every extent but
the header of the swap file), to give a solidstate swap device the
opportunity to optimize its wear-levelling.

If that succeeds, note SWP_DISCARDABLE for later use, and report it with a
"D" at the right end of the kernel's "Adding ...  swap" message.  Perhaps
something should be shown in /proc/swaps (swapon -s), but we have to be
more cautious before making any addition to that format.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@wil.cx>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com>
Cc: Donjun Shin <djshin90@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <teheo@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Before making functional changes, rearrange scan_swap_map() to simplify
subsequent diffs.  Actually, there is one functional change in there:
leave cluster_nr negative while scanning for a new cluster - resetting it
early increased the likelihood that when we have difficulty finding a free
cluster, another task may come in and try doing exactly the same - just a
waste of cpu.

Before making functional changes, rearrange struct swap_info_struct
slightly: flags will be needed as an unsigned long (for wait_on_bit), next
is a good int to pair with prio, old_block_size is uninteresting so shift
it to the end.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The kernel has not supported v0 SWAP-SPACE since 2.5.22: I think we can
now safely drop its "version 0 swap is no longer supported" message - just
say "Unable to find swap-space signature" as usual.  This removes one
level of indentation from a stretch of sys_swapon().

I'd have liked to be specific, saying "Unable to find SWAPSPACE2
signature", but it's just too confusing that the version 1 signature shows
the number 2.

Irrelevant nearby cleanup: kmap(page) already gives page_address(page).
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove trailing whitespace from swapfile.c, and odd swap_show() alignment.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove the SWP_ACTIVE mask: it just obscures the SWP_WRITEOK flag.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sys_swapon()'s swapfilesize (better renamed swapfilepages) is declared as
an int, but should be an unsigned long like the maxpages it's compared
against: on 64-bit (with 4kB pages) a swapfile of 2^44 bytes was rejected
with "Swap area shorter than signature indicates".
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Sparse output following warnings.

mm/vmalloc.c:1436:6: warning: symbol 'vread' was not declared. Should it be static?
mm/vmalloc.c:1474:6: warning: symbol 'vwrite' was not declared. Should it be static?

However, it is used by /dev/kmem. fixed here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Sparse output following warning.

mm/page_alloc.c:4301:6: warning: symbol 'setup_per_zone_inactive_ratio' was not declared. Should it be static?

cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sparse output following warning

	mm/vmscan.c:2507:6: warning: symbol 'scan_zone_unevictable_pages' was not declared. Should it be static?

cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sparse output following warning.

	mm/vmscan.c:2549:6: warning: symbol 'scan_all_zones_unevictable_pages' was not declared. Should it be static?

cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Sparse output following warnings.

mm/memcontrol.c:782:5: warning: symbol 'mem_cgroup_resize_limit' was not
declared.  Should it be static?

cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

sparse output following warnings.

mm/memory.c:2936:8: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different address spaces)
mm/memory.c:2936:8:    expected void *maddr
mm/memory.c:2936:8:    got void [noderef] <asn:2>

cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Sparse output following warning.

mm/page_cgroup.c:100:15: warning: symbol 'init_section_page_cgroup' was
not declared.  Should it be static?

cleanup here.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

memcg reclaim shouldn't change zone->recent_rotated statistics.  If
memcgroup reclaim changes zone statistics, global reclaim can get a bit
confused.
Signed-off-by: NKOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Balbir Singh <balbir@in.ibm.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Rik suggests a simplified get_scan_ratio() for !CONFIG_SWAP.  Yes, the gcc
optimizer gives us that, when nr_swap_pages is #defined as 0L.  Move usual
declaration to swapfile.c: it never belonged in page_alloc.c.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

If we add a failing stub for add_to_swap(), then we can remove the #ifdef
CONFIG_SWAP from mm/vmscan.c.

This was intended as a source cleanup, but looking more closely, it turns
out that the !CONFIG_SWAP case was going to keep_locked for an anonymous
page, whereas now it goes to the more suitable activate_locked, like the
CONFIG_SWAP nr_swap_pages 0 case.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Remove gfp_mask argument from add_to_swap(): it's misleading because its
only caller, shrink_page_list(), is not atomic at that point; and in due
course (implementing discard) we'll sometimes want to allocate some memory
with GFP_NOIO (as is used in swap_writepage) when allocating swap.

No change to the gfp_mask passed down to add_to_swap_cache(): still use
__GFP_HIGH without __GFP_WAIT (with nomemalloc and nowarn as before):
though it's not obvious if that's the best combination to ask for here.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

An unfortunate feature of the Unevictable LRU work was that reclaiming an
anonymous page involved an extra scan through the anon_vma: to check that
the page is evictable before allocating swap, because the swap could not
be freed reliably soon afterwards.

Now try_to_free_swap() has replaced remove_exclusive_swap_page(), that's
not an issue any more: remove try_to_munlock() call from
shrink_page_list(), leaving it to try_to_munmap() to discover if the page
is one to be culled to the unevictable list - in which case then
try_to_free_swap().

Update unevictable-lru.txt to remove comments on the try_to_munlock() in
shrink_page_list(), and shorten some lines over 80 columns.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There's a possible race in try_to_unuse() which Nick Piggin led me to two
years ago.  Where it does lock_page() after read_swap_cache_async(), what
if another task removed that page from swapcache just before we locked it?

It would sail though the (*swap_map > 1) tests doing nothing (because it
could not have been removed from swapcache before its swap references were
gone), until it reaches the delete_from_swap_cache(page) near the bottom.

Now imagine that this page has been allocated to swap on a different swap
area while we dropped page lock (perhaps at the top, perhaps in unuse_mm):
we could wrongly remove from swap cache before the page has been written
to swap, so a subsequent do_swap_page() would read in stale data from
swap.

I think this case could not happen before: remove_exclusive_swap_page()
refused while page count was raised.  But now with reuse_swap_page() and
try_to_free_swap() removing from swap cache without minding page count, I
think it could happen - the previous patch argued that it was safe because
try_to_unuse() already ignored page count, but overlooked that it might be
breaking the assumptions in try_to_unuse() itself.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

remove_exclusive_swap_page(): its problem is in living up to its name.

It doesn't matter if someone else has a reference to the page (raised
page_count); it doesn't matter if the page is mapped into userspace
(raised page_mapcount - though that hints it may be worth keeping the
swap): all that matters is that there be no more references to the swap
(and no writeback in progress).

swapoff (try_to_unuse) has been removing pages from swapcache for years,
with no concern for page count or page mapcount, and we used to have a
comment in lookup_swap_cache() recognizing that: if you go for a page of
swapcache, you'll get the right page, but it could have been removed from
swapcache by the time you get page lock.

So, give up asking for exclusivity: get rid of
remove_exclusive_swap_page(), and remove_exclusive_swap_page_ref() and
remove_exclusive_swap_page_count() which were spawned for the recent LRU
work: replace them by the simpler try_to_free_swap() which just checks
page_swapcount().

Similarly, remove the page_count limitation from free_swap_and_count(),
but assume that it's worth holding on to the swap if page is mapped and
swap nowhere near full.  Add a vm_swap_full() test in free_swap_cache()?
It would be consistent, but I think we probably have enough for now.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

A good place to free up old swap is where do_wp_page(), or do_swap_page(),
is about to redirty the page: the data on disk is then stale and won't be
read again; and if we do decide to write the page out later, using the
previous swap location makes an unnecessary disk seek very likely.

So give can_share_swap_page() the side-effect of delete_from_swap_cache()
when it safely can.  And can_share_swap_page() was always a misleading
name, the more so if it has a side-effect: rename it reuse_swap_page().

Irrelevant cleanup nearby: remove swap_token_default_timeout definition
from swap.h: it's used nowhere.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Acked-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

An application may rely on get_user_pages() to give it pages writable from
userspace and shared with a driver, GUP breaking COW if necessary.  It may
mprotect() the pages' writability, off and on, from time to time.

Normally this works fine (so long as the app does not fork); but just
occasionally, under memory pressure, a readonly pte in a newly writable
area is COWed unnecessarily, breaking the link with the driver: because
do_wp_page() does trylock_page, and falls back to COW whenever that fails.

For reliable behaviour in the unshared case, when the trylock_page fails,
now unlock pagetable, lock page and relock pagetable, before deciding
whether Copy-On-Write is really necessary.

Reported-by: Zhou Yingchao
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

do_wp_page()'s VM_FAULT_WRITE return value tells __get_user_pages() that
COW has been done if necessary, though it may be leaving the pte without
write permission - for the odd case of forced writing to a readonly vma
for ptrace.  At present GUP then retries the follow_page() without asking
for write permission, to escape an endless loop when forced.

But an application may be relying on GUP to guarantee a writable page
which won't be COWed again when written from userspace, whereas a race
here might leave a readonly pte in place?  Change the VM_FAULT_WRITE
handling to ask follow_page() for write permission again, except in that
odd case of forced writing to a readonly vma.
Signed-off-by: NHugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This change introduces two new sysctls to /proc/sys/vm:
dirty_background_bytes and dirty_bytes.

dirty_background_bytes is the counterpart to dirty_background_ratio and
dirty_bytes is the counterpart to dirty_ratio.

With growing memory capacities of individual machines, it's no longer
sufficient to specify dirty thresholds as a percentage of the amount of
dirtyable memory over the entire system.

dirty_background_bytes and dirty_bytes specify quantities of memory, in
bytes, that represent the dirty limits for the entire system.  If either
of these values is set, its value represents the amount of dirty memory
that is needed to commence either background or direct writeback.

When a `bytes' or `ratio' file is written, its counterpart becomes a
function of the written value.  For example, if dirty_bytes is written to
be 8096, 8K of memory is required to commence direct writeback.
dirty_ratio is then functionally equivalent to 8K / the amount of
dirtyable memory:

	dirtyable_memory = free pages + mapped pages + file cache

	dirty_background_bytes = dirty_background_ratio * dirtyable_memory
		-or-
	dirty_background_ratio = dirty_background_bytes / dirtyable_memory

		AND

	dirty_bytes = dirty_ratio * dirtyable_memory
		-or-
	dirty_ratio = dirty_bytes / dirtyable_memory

Only one of dirty_background_bytes and dirty_background_ratio may be
specified at a time, and only one of dirty_bytes and dirty_ratio may be
specified.  When one sysctl is written, the other appears as 0 when read.

The `bytes' files operate on a page size granularity since dirty limits
are compared with ZVC values, which are in page units.

Prior to this change, the minimum dirty_ratio was 5 as implemented by
get_dirty_limits() although /proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio would show any user
written value between 0 and 100.  This restriction is maintained, but
dirty_bytes has a lower limit of only one page.

Also prior to this change, the dirty_background_ratio could not equal or
exceed dirty_ratio.  This restriction is maintained in addition to
restricting dirty_background_bytes.  If either background threshold equals
or exceeds that of the dirty threshold, it is implicitly set to half the
dirty threshold.
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Righi <righi.andrea@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The background dirty and dirty limits are better defined with type
specifiers of unsigned long since negative writeback thresholds are not
possible.

These values, as returned by get_dirty_limits(), are normally compared
with ZVC values to determine whether writeback shall commence or be
throttled.  Such page counts cannot be negative, so declaring the page
limits as signed is unnecessary.
Acked-by: NPeter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Andrea Righi <righi.andrea@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

As noted by Akinobu Mita in patch b1fceac2,
alloc_bootmem and related functions never return NULL and always return a
zeroed region of memory.  Thus a NULL test or memset after calls to these
functions is unnecessary.

This was fixed using the following semantic patch.
(http://www.emn.fr/x-info/coccinelle/)

// <smpl>
@@
expression E;
statement S;
@@

E = \(alloc_bootmem\|alloc_bootmem_low\|alloc_bootmem_pages\|alloc_bootmem_low_pages\|alloc_bootmem_node\|alloc_bootmem_low_pages_node\|alloc_bootmem_pages_node\)(...)
... when != E
(
- BUG_ON (E == NULL);
|
- if (E == NULL) S
)

@@
expression E,E1;
@@

E = \(alloc_bootmem\|alloc_bootmem_low\|alloc_bootmem_pages\|alloc_bootmem_low_pages\|alloc_bootmem_node\|alloc_bootmem_low_pages_node\|alloc_bootmem_pages_node\)(...)
... when != E
- memset(E,0,E1);
// </smpl>
Signed-off-by: NJulia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>