* .dockerignore, internal/build: Read git information directly from file

This commit changes the way of retrieving git commit and branch for build
environment from running git command to reading git files directly.

This commit also adds required git files into Docker build context.

fixes: #15346

* .dockerignore: workaround for including some files in .git

This fixes a recent bug where 'make geth' built everything instead of
just geth.

There is no need to depend on the old context package now that the
minimum Go version is 1.7. The move to "context" eliminates our weird
vendoring setup. Some vendored code still uses golang.org/x/net/context
and it is now vendored in the normal way.

This change triggered new vet checks around context.WithTimeout which
didn't fire with golang.org/x/net/context.

I didn't add this initially because the command I tried was too slow.
The 'git for-each-ref ...' invocation takes 40ms on my machine. That
ought to be acceptable.

This commit adds support for creating Windows installers to ci.go

This commit converts the dependency management from Godeps to the vendor
folder, also switching the tool from godep to trash. Since the upstream tool
lacks a few features proposed via a few PRs, until those PRs are merged in
(if), use github.com/karalabe/trash.

You can update dependencies via trash --update.

All dependencies have been updated to their latest version.

Parts of the build system are reworked to drop old notions of Godeps and
invocation of the go vet command so that it doesn't run against the vendor
folder, as that will just blow up during vetting.

The conversion drops OpenCL (and hence GPU mining support) from ethash and our
codebase. The short reasoning is that there's noone to maintain and having
opencl libs in our deps messes up builds as go install ./... tries to build
them, failing with unsatisfied link errors for the C OpenCL deps.

golang.org/x/net/context is not vendored in. We expect it to be fetched by the
user (i.e. using go get). To keep ci.go builds reproducible the package is
"vendored" in build/_vendor.

This commit tweaks the debian packaging tool:

* All build environment metadata can now be overriden on the command
  line. This allows testing the CI build behaviour locally.
* -unstable packages now actually contain the binaries (oops)
* packages use Go 1.7 to build
* archiving is skipped for PR builds

The new build script, ci.go, replaces some of the older shell scripts.
ci.go can compile go-ethereum, run the tests, create release archives
and debian source packages.