These accessors were introduced by light client changes, but
the only method that is actually used is GetNumberU64. This
commit replaces all uses of .GetNumberU64 with .Number.Uint64.

* common/math, core/vm: implement fast EXP.

Courtesy @chfast & @karalabe

* common/math: fix go vet issues on exp calculation

* core: Add metrics collection for transaction events; replace/discard for pending and future queues, as well as invalid transactions

* core: change namespace for txpool metrics

* core: define more metrics (not yet used)

* core: implement more tx metrics for when transactions are dropped

* core: minor formatting tweeks (will squash later)

* core: remove superfluous meter, fix missing pending nofunds

* core, metrics: switch txpool meters to counters

This commit includes several API changes:

- The behavior of eth_sign is changed. It now accepts an arbitrary
  message, prepends the well-known string

        \x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n<length of message>

  hashes the result using keccak256 and calculates the signature of
  the hash. This breaks backwards compatability!
  
- personal_sign(hash, address [, password]) is added. It has the same
  semantics as eth_sign but also accepts a password. The private key
  used to sign the hash is temporarily unlocked in the scope of the
  request.
  
- personal_recover(message, signature) is added and returns the
  address for the account that created a signature.

This implements 1b & 1c of EIP150 by adding a new GasTable which must be
returned from the RuleSet config method. This table is used to determine
the gas prices for the current epoch.

Please note that when the CreateBySuicide gas price is set it is assumed
that we're in the new epoch phase.

In addition this PR will serve as temporary basis while refactorisation
in being done in the EVM64 PR, which will substentially overhaul the gas
price code.

* trie: store nodes as pointers

This avoids memory copies when unwrapping node interface values.

name      old time/op  new time/op  delta
Get        388ns ± 8%   215ns ± 2%  -44.56%  (p=0.000 n=15+15)
GetDB      363ns ± 3%   202ns ± 2%  -44.21%  (p=0.000 n=15+15)
UpdateBE  1.57µs ± 2%  1.29µs ± 3%  -17.80%  (p=0.000 n=13+15)
UpdateLE  1.92µs ± 2%  1.61µs ± 2%  -16.25%  (p=0.000 n=14+14)
HashBE    2.16µs ± 6%  2.18µs ± 6%     ~     (p=0.436 n=15+15)
HashLE    7.43µs ± 3%  7.21µs ± 3%   -2.96%  (p=0.000 n=15+13)

* trie: close temporary databases in GetDB benchmark

* trie: don't keep []byte from DB load around

Nodes decoded from a DB load kept hashes and values as sub-slices of
the DB value. This can be a problem because loading from leveldb often
returns []byte with a cap that's larger than necessary, increasing
memory usage.

* trie: unload old cached nodes

* trie, core/state: use cache unloading for account trie

* trie: use explicit private flags (fixes Go 1.5 reflection issue).

* trie: fixup cachegen overflow at request of nick

* core/state: rename journal size constant

If geth is busy importing 2048 heavy blocks it can take a while before
it prints anything. This change ensures that a message gets printed
every 8s.

Two new tests are skipped because they're buggy. Making some newer
random state tests work required implementing the 'compressed return
value encoding'.

There is no need to use the reflection-based decoder to decode []byte.

The delete/remove naming has caused endless confusion in the past.

This commit replaces the deep-copy based state revert mechanism with a
linear complexity journal. This commit also hides several internal
StateDB methods to limit the number of ways in which calling code can
use the journal incorrectly.

As usual consultation and bug fixes to the initial implementation were
provided by @karalabe, @obscuren and @Arachnid. Thank you!

that specifies the maximum number of elements in the `structLogs`
output.  This option is useful for debugging a transaction that
involves a large number of repetition.

For example,
```
debug.traceTransaction(tx, {disableStorage: true, limit: 2})
```
shows at most the first two steps in the `structLogs`.

This change introduces a global, per-state cache that keeps account data
in the canon state. Thanks to @karalabe for lots of fixes.