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refine cloud document 

1. delete rest and sql from data-in and data-out
2. add sql to programming
3. remove schemaless from programmint/connect/rest
4. update taos sql document
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docs/en/07-data-in/01-insert-data.md 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ cf3f6d2a
---
sidebar_label: SQL
title: Insert Data Using SQL
description: Insert data using TDengine SQL
---
# Insert Data
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
## SQL Examples
Here are some brief examples for `INSET` statement. You can execute these statements manually by TDengine CLI or TDengine Cloud Explorer or programmatically by TDengine connectors.
### Insert Single Row
The below SQL statement is used to insert one row into table "d1001".
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548685000, 10.3, 219, 0.31);
```
### Insert Multiple Rows
Multiple rows can be inserted in a single SQL statement. The example below inserts 2 rows into table "d1001".
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548684000, 10.2, 220, 0.23) (1538548696650, 10.3, 218, 0.25);
```
### Insert into Multiple Tables
Data can be inserted into multiple tables in the same SQL statement. The example below inserts 2 rows into table "d1001" and 1 row into table "d1002".
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548685000, 10.3, 219, 0.31) (1538548695000, 12.6, 218, 0.33) d1002 VALUES (1538548696800, 12.3, 221, 0.31);
```
For more details about `INSERT` please refer to [INSERT](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/insert).
## Connector Examples
:::note
Before executing the sample code in this section, you need to firstly establish connection to TDegnine cloud service, please refer to [Connect to TDengine Cloud Service](../../programming/connect/).
:::
<Tabs>
<TabItem value="python" label="Python">
In this example, we use `execute` method to execute SQL and get affected rows. The variable `conn` is an instance of class `taosrest.TaosRestConnection` we just created at [Connect Tutorial](../../programming/connect/python#connect).
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="java" label="Java">
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="go" label="Go">
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="rust" label="Rust">
In this example, we use `exec` method to execute SQL. `exec` is designed for some non-query SQL statements, all returned data would be ignored.
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="node" label="Node.js">
```javascript
{{#include docs/examples/node/insert.js}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="C#" label="C#">
``` XML
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/inout.csproj}}
```
```csharp
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/Program.cs:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
:::note
`Use` statement is not applicable for cloud service since REST API is stateless.
:::
\ No newline at end of file
docs/en/07-data-in/05-rest.md 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ cf3f6d2a
---
sidebar_label: REST
title: REST
description: Insert data using REST API
---
<!-- exclude -->
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
<!-- exclude-end -->
In this section we will explain how to write into TDengine cloud service using REST API.
## Config
Run this command in your terminal to save the TDengine cloud token and URL as variables:
<Tabs defaultValue="bash">
<TabItem value="bash" label="Bash">
```bash
export TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN="<token>"
export TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL="<url>"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="cmd" label="CMD">
```bash
set TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN="<token>"
set TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL="<url>"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="powershell" label="Powershell">
```powershell
$env:TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN="<token>"
$env:TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL="<url>"
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
## Insert
Following command below show how to insert data into the table `d1001` of the database `test` via the command line utility `curl`.
```bash
curl -L \
-d "INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548685000, 10.3, 219, 0.31)" \
$TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL/rest/sql/test?token=$TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN
```
Please refer to [REST-API](https://docs.tdengine.com/reference/rest-api/) for detailed documentation.
docs/en/09-data-out/01-query-data.md 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ cf3f6d2a
---
sidebar_label: SQL
title: Query Data Using SQL
description: Read data from TDengine using basic SQL.
---
# Query Data
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
## Query Using SQL
SQL is used by TDengine as its query language. Application programs can send SQL statements to TDengine through REST API or connectors. TDengine's CLI `taos` can also be used to execute ad hoc SQL queries. Here is the list of major query functionalities supported by TDengine：
- Query on single column or multiple columns
- Filter on tags or data columns：>, <, =, <\>, like
- Grouping of results: `Group By`
- Sorting of results: `Order By`
- Limit the number of results: `Limit/Offset`
- Arithmetic on columns of numeric types or aggregate results
- Join query with timestamp alignment
- Aggregate functions: count, max, min, avg, sum, twa, stddev, leastsquares, top, bottom, first, last, percentile, apercentile, last_row, spread, diff
For example, the SQL statement below can be executed in TDengine CLI `taos` to select records with voltage greater than 215 and limit the output to only 2 rows.
```sql
select * from d1001 where voltage > 215 order by ts desc limit 2;
```
```title=Output
taos> select * from d1001 where voltage > 215 order by ts desc limit 2;
ts | current | voltage | phase |
======================================================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 | 12.30000 | 221 | 0.31000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 | 12.60000 | 218 | 0.33000 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.001100s)
```
To meet the requirements of varied use cases, some special functions have been added in TDengine. Some examples are `twa` (Time Weighted Average), `spread` (The difference between the maximum and the minimum), and `last_row` (the last row). Furthermore, continuous query is also supported in TDengine.
For detailed query syntax please refer to [Select](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/select).
## Aggregation among Tables
In most use cases, there are always multiple kinds of data collection points. A new concept, called STable (abbreviation for super table), is used in TDengine to represent one type of data collection point, and a subtable is used to represent a specific data collection point of that type. Tags are used by TDengine to represent the static properties of data collection points. A specific data collection point has its own values for static properties. By specifying filter conditions on tags, aggregation can be performed efficiently among all the subtables created via the same STable, i.e. same type of data collection points. Aggregate functions applicable for tables can be used directly on STables; the syntax is exactly the same.
In summary, records across subtables can be aggregated by a simple query on their STable. It is like a join operation. However, tables belonging to different STables can not be aggregated.
### Example 1
In TDengine CLI `taos`, use the SQL below to get the average voltage of all the meters in California grouped by location.
```
taos> SELECT AVG(voltage) FROM meters GROUP BY location;
avg(voltage) | location |
=============================================================
222.000000000 | California.LosAngeles |
219.200000000 | California.SanFrancisco |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.002136s)
```
### Example 2
In TDengine CLI `taos`, use the SQL below to get the number of rows and the maximum current in the past 24 hours from meters whose groupId is 2.
```
taos> SELECT count(*), max(current) FROM meters where groupId = 2 and ts > now - 24h;
count(*) | max(current) |
==================================
5 | 13.4 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.002136s)
```
Join queries are only allowed between subtables of the same STable. In [Select](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/select), all query operations are marked as to whether they support STables or not.
## Down Sampling and Interpolation
In IoT use cases, down sampling is widely used to aggregate data by time range. The `INTERVAL` keyword in TDengine can be used to simplify the query by time window. For example, the SQL statement below can be used to get the sum of current every 10 seconds from meters table d1001.
```
taos> SELECT sum(current) FROM d1001 INTERVAL(10s);
ts | sum(current) |
======================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:00.000 | 10.300000191 |
2018-10-03 14:38:10.000 | 24.900000572 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.000883s)
```
Down sampling can also be used for STable. For example, the below SQL statement can be used to get the sum of current from all meters in California.
```
taos> SELECT SUM(current) FROM meters where location like "California%" INTERVAL(1s);
ts | sum(current) |
======================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:04.000 | 10.199999809 |
2018-10-03 14:38:05.000 | 32.900000572 |
2018-10-03 14:38:06.000 | 11.500000000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 | 12.600000381 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.000 | 36.000000000 |
Query OK, 5 row(s) in set (0.001538s)
```
Down sampling also supports time offset. For example, the below SQL statement can be used to get the sum of current from all meters but each time window must start at the boundary of 500 milliseconds.
```
taos> SELECT SUM(current) FROM meters INTERVAL(1s, 500a);
ts | sum(current) |
======================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:04.500 | 11.189999809 |
2018-10-03 14:38:05.500 | 31.900000572 |
2018-10-03 14:38:06.500 | 11.600000000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:15.500 | 12.300000381 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.500 | 35.000000000 |
Query OK, 5 row(s) in set (0.001521s)
```
In many use cases, it's hard to align the timestamp of the data collected by each collection point. However, a lot of algorithms like FFT require the data to be aligned with same time interval and application programs have to handle this by themselves. In TDengine, it's easy to achieve the alignment using down sampling.
Interpolation can be performed in TDengine if there is no data in a time range.
For more details please refer to [Aggregate by Window](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/interval).
## Connector Examples
:::note
Before executing the sample code in this section, you need to firstly establish connection to TDegnine cloud service, please refer to [Connect to TDengine Cloud Service](../../programming/connect/).
:::
<Tabs>
<TabItem value="python" label="Python">
In this example, we use `query` method to execute SQL and get a `result` object.
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:query:nrc}}
```
Get column metadata(column name, column type and column length) from `result`:
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:fields:nrc}}
```
Get total rows from `result`:
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:rows:nrc}}
```
Iterate over each rows:
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="java" label="Java">
In this example we use `executeQuery` method of `Statement` object and get a `ResultSet` object.
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:query:nrc}}
```
Get column meta from the result:
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:meta:nrc}}
```
Iterate over the result and print each row:
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="go" label="Go">
In this example we use `Query` method to execute SQL and get a `sql.Rows` object.
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:query:nrc}}
```
Get column names from rows:
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:meta:nrc}}
```
Iterate over rows and print each row:
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="rust" label="Rust">
In this example, we use query method to execute SQL and get a result object.
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:query:nrc}}
```
Get column meta from the result:
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:meta:nrc}}
```
Get all rows and print each row:
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="node" label="Node.js">
```javascript
{{#include docs/examples/node/query.js}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="C#" label="C#">
In this example, we use query method to execute SQL and get a result object.
``` XML
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/inout.csproj}}
```
```C#
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/Program.cs:query}}
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
docs/en/09-data-out/02-rest.md 已删除 100644 → 0
浏览文件 @ cf3f6d2a
---
sidebar_label: REST
title: REST
description: Insert data using REST API
---
<!-- exclude -->
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
<!-- exclude-end -->
In this section we will explain how to query data from TDengine cloud service using REST API.
## Config
Run this command in your terminal to save the TDengine cloud token and URL as variables:
<Tabs defaultValue="bash">
<TabItem value="bash" label="Bash">
```bash
export TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN="<token>"
export TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL="<url>"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="cmd" label="CMD">
```bash
set TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN="<token>"
set TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL="<url>"
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="powershell" label="Powershell">
```powershell
$env:TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN="<token>"
$env:TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL="<url>"
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
## Query
Following command below show how to query data into from table `ins_databases` of the database `information_schema` via the command line utility `curl`.
```bash
curl -L \
-d "select name, ntables, status from information_schema.ins_databases;" \
$TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL/rest/sql/test?token=$TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN
```
Please refer to [REST-API](https://docs.tdengine.com/reference/rest-api/) for detailed documentation.
docs/en/15-programming/01-connect/09-rest-api.md
浏览文件 @ d5c72555
---
sidebar_label: REST and Schemaless
title: REST and Schemaless
description: Connect to TDengine Cloud Service through RESTful API or Schemaless
sidebar_label: REST API
title: REST API
description: Connect to TDengine Cloud Service through RESTful API
---
<!-- exclude -->
......@@ -49,30 +49,3 @@ curl -L \
-d "select name, ntables, status from information_schema.ins_databases;" \
$TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL/rest/sql?token=$TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN
```
## Schemaless
### InfluxDB Line Protocol
You can use any client that supports the http protocol to access the RESTful interface address `${TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL}/influxdb/v1/write` to write data in InfluxDB compatible format to TDengine. The EndPoint is as follows:
```text
/influxdb/v1/write?db=<DB_NAME>&token=${TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN}
```
Support InfluxDB query parameters as follows.
- `db` Specifies the database name used by TDengine
- `precision` The time precision used by TDengine
Note: InfluxDB token authorization is not supported at present. Only Basic authorization and query parameter validation are supported.
### OpenTSDB Json and Telnet Protocol
You can use any client that supports the http protocol to access the RESTful interface address `${TDENGINE_CLOUD_URL}/opentsdb/v1/put` to write data in OpenTSDB compatible format to TDengine. The EndPoint is as follows:
```text
/opentsdb/v1/put/json/<db>?token=${TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN}
/opentsdb/v1/put/telnet/<db>?token=${TDENGINE_CLOUD_TOKEN}
```
docs/en/15-programming/03-insert.md
浏览文件 @ d5c72555
---
sidebar_label: Insert
title: Insert Data Into TDengine
description: Programming Guide for Inserting Data into TDengine
title: Insert Data Using SQL
description: Programming Guide for Inserting data using TDengine SQL
---
To quickly start your programming about writing data into TDengine, please refer to [Insert Data](../../data-in/insert-data).
\ No newline at end of file
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
## SQL Examples
Here are some brief examples for `INSET` statement. You can execute these statements manually by TDengine CLI or TDengine Cloud Explorer or programmatically by TDengine connectors.
### Insert Single Row
The below SQL statement is used to insert one row into table "d1001".
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548685000, 10.3, 219, 0.31);
```
### Insert Multiple Rows
Multiple rows can be inserted in a single SQL statement. The example below inserts 2 rows into table "d1001".
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548684000, 10.2, 220, 0.23) (1538548696650, 10.3, 218, 0.25);
```
### Insert into Multiple Tables
Data can be inserted into multiple tables in the same SQL statement. The example below inserts 2 rows into table "d1001" and 1 row into table "d1002".
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (1538548685000, 10.3, 219, 0.31) (1538548695000, 12.6, 218, 0.33) d1002 VALUES (1538548696800, 12.3, 221, 0.31);
```
For more details about `INSERT` please refer to [INSERT](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/insert).
## Connector Examples
:::note
Before executing the sample code in this section, you need to firstly establish connection to TDegnine cloud service, please refer to [Connect to TDengine Cloud Service](../../programming/connect/).
:::
<Tabs>
<TabItem value="python" label="Python">
In this example, we use `execute` method to execute SQL and get affected rows. The variable `conn` is an instance of class `taosrest.TaosRestConnection` we just created at [Connect Tutorial](../../programming/connect/python#connect).
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="java" label="Java">
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="go" label="Go">
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="rust" label="Rust">
In this example, we use `exec` method to execute SQL. `exec` is designed for some non-query SQL statements, all returned data would be ignored.
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="node" label="Node.js">
```javascript
{{#include docs/examples/node/insert.js}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="C#" label="C#">
``` XML
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/inout.csproj}}
```
```csharp
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/Program.cs:insert}}
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
:::note
`Use` statement is not applicable for cloud service since REST API is stateless.
:::
\ No newline at end of file
docs/en/15-programming/04-query.md
浏览文件 @ d5c72555
---
sidebar_label: Query
title: Query Data From TDengine
description: Programming Guide for Querying Data
title: Query Data Using SQL
description: Programming Guide for Querying Data using basic SQL.
---
To quickly start your programming about querying data from TDengine, please refer to [Query Data](../../data-out/query-data).
\ No newline at end of file
import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
## Query Using SQL
SQL is used by TDengine as its query language. Application programs can send SQL statements to TDengine through REST API or connectors. TDengine's CLI `taos` can also be used to execute ad hoc SQL queries. Here is the list of major query functionalities supported by TDengine：
- Query on single column or multiple columns
- Filter on tags or data columns：>, <, =, <\>, like
- Grouping of results: `Group By`
- Sorting of results: `Order By`
- Limit the number of results: `Limit/Offset`
- Arithmetic on columns of numeric types or aggregate results
- Join query with timestamp alignment
- Aggregate functions: count, max, min, avg, sum, twa, stddev, leastsquares, top, bottom, first, last, percentile, apercentile, last_row, spread, diff
For example, the SQL statement below can be executed in TDengine CLI `taos` to select records with voltage greater than 215 and limit the output to only 2 rows.
```sql
select * from d1001 where voltage > 215 order by ts desc limit 2;
```
```title=Output
taos> select * from d1001 where voltage > 215 order by ts desc limit 2;
ts | current | voltage | phase |
======================================================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:16.800 | 12.30000 | 221 | 0.31000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 | 12.60000 | 218 | 0.33000 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.001100s)
```
To meet the requirements of varied use cases, some special functions have been added in TDengine. Some examples are `twa` (Time Weighted Average), `spread` (The difference between the maximum and the minimum), and `last_row` (the last row). Furthermore, continuous query is also supported in TDengine.
For detailed query syntax please refer to [Select](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/select).
## Aggregation among Tables
In most use cases, there are always multiple kinds of data collection points. A new concept, called STable (abbreviation for super table), is used in TDengine to represent one type of data collection point, and a subtable is used to represent a specific data collection point of that type. Tags are used by TDengine to represent the static properties of data collection points. A specific data collection point has its own values for static properties. By specifying filter conditions on tags, aggregation can be performed efficiently among all the subtables created via the same STable, i.e. same type of data collection points. Aggregate functions applicable for tables can be used directly on STables; the syntax is exactly the same.
In summary, records across subtables can be aggregated by a simple query on their STable. It is like a join operation. However, tables belonging to different STables can not be aggregated.
### Example 1
In TDengine CLI `taos`, use the SQL below to get the average voltage of all the meters in California grouped by location.
```
taos> SELECT AVG(voltage) FROM meters GROUP BY location;
avg(voltage) | location |
=============================================================
222.000000000 | California.LosAngeles |
219.200000000 | California.SanFrancisco |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.002136s)
```
### Example 2
In TDengine CLI `taos`, use the SQL below to get the number of rows and the maximum current in the past 24 hours from meters whose groupId is 2.
```
taos> SELECT count(*), max(current) FROM meters where groupId = 2 and ts > now - 24h;
count(*) | max(current) |
==================================
5 | 13.4 |
Query OK, 1 row(s) in set (0.002136s)
```
Join queries are only allowed between subtables of the same STable. In [Select](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/select), all query operations are marked as to whether they support STables or not.
## Down Sampling and Interpolation
In IoT use cases, down sampling is widely used to aggregate data by time range. The `INTERVAL` keyword in TDengine can be used to simplify the query by time window. For example, the SQL statement below can be used to get the sum of current every 10 seconds from meters table d1001.
```
taos> SELECT sum(current) FROM d1001 INTERVAL(10s);
ts | sum(current) |
======================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:00.000 | 10.300000191 |
2018-10-03 14:38:10.000 | 24.900000572 |
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.000883s)
```
Down sampling can also be used for STable. For example, the below SQL statement can be used to get the sum of current from all meters in California.
```
taos> SELECT SUM(current) FROM meters where location like "California%" INTERVAL(1s);
ts | sum(current) |
======================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:04.000 | 10.199999809 |
2018-10-03 14:38:05.000 | 32.900000572 |
2018-10-03 14:38:06.000 | 11.500000000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:15.000 | 12.600000381 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.000 | 36.000000000 |
Query OK, 5 row(s) in set (0.001538s)
```
Down sampling also supports time offset. For example, the below SQL statement can be used to get the sum of current from all meters but each time window must start at the boundary of 500 milliseconds.
```
taos> SELECT SUM(current) FROM meters INTERVAL(1s, 500a);
ts | sum(current) |
======================================================
2018-10-03 14:38:04.500 | 11.189999809 |
2018-10-03 14:38:05.500 | 31.900000572 |
2018-10-03 14:38:06.500 | 11.600000000 |
2018-10-03 14:38:15.500 | 12.300000381 |
2018-10-03 14:38:16.500 | 35.000000000 |
Query OK, 5 row(s) in set (0.001521s)
```
In many use cases, it's hard to align the timestamp of the data collected by each collection point. However, a lot of algorithms like FFT require the data to be aligned with same time interval and application programs have to handle this by themselves. In TDengine, it's easy to achieve the alignment using down sampling.
Interpolation can be performed in TDengine if there is no data in a time range.
For more details please refer to [Aggregate by Window](https://docs.tdengine.com/cloud/taos-sql/interval).
## Connector Examples
:::note
Before executing the sample code in this section, you need to firstly establish connection to TDegnine cloud service, please refer to [Connect to TDengine Cloud Service](../../programming/connect/).
:::
<Tabs>
<TabItem value="python" label="Python">
In this example, we use `query` method to execute SQL and get a `result` object.
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:query:nrc}}
```
Get column metadata(column name, column type and column length) from `result`:
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:fields:nrc}}
```
Get total rows from `result`:
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:rows:nrc}}
```
Iterate over each rows:
```python
{{#include docs/examples/python/develop_tutorial.py:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="java" label="Java">
In this example we use `executeQuery` method of `Statement` object and get a `ResultSet` object.
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:query:nrc}}
```
Get column meta from the result:
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:meta:nrc}}
```
Iterate over the result and print each row:
```java
{{#include docs/examples/java/src/main/java/com/taos/example/CloudTutorial.java:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="go" label="Go">
In this example we use `Query` method to execute SQL and get a `sql.Rows` object.
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:query:nrc}}
```
Get column names from rows:
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:meta:nrc}}
```
Iterate over rows and print each row:
```go
{{#include docs/examples/go/tutorial/main.go:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="rust" label="Rust">
In this example, we use query method to execute SQL and get a result object.
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:query:nrc}}
```
Get column meta from the result:
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:meta:nrc}}
```
Get all rows and print each row:
```rust
{{#include docs/examples/rust/cloud-example/examples/tutorial.rs:iter}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="node" label="Node.js">
```javascript
{{#include docs/examples/node/query.js}}
```
</TabItem>
<TabItem value="C#" label="C#">
In this example, we use query method to execute SQL and get a result object.
``` XML
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/inout.csproj}}
```
```C#
{{#include docs/examples/csharp/cloud-example/inout/Program.cs:query}}
```
</TabItem>
</Tabs>
docs/en/15-programming/06-connector/index.md
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---
sidebar_label: Connector
sidebar_label: Connector Reference
title: Connector Reference
description: 'Reference guide for connectors'
---
......
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---
sidebar_label: Data Types
title: Data Types
description: "TDengine supports a variety of data types including timestamp, float, JSON and many others."
---
## Timestamp
When using TDengine to store and query data, the most important part of the data is timestamp. Timestamp must be specified when creating and inserting data rows. Timestamp must follow the rules below:
- The format must be `YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.MS`, the default time precision is millisecond (ms), for example `2017-08-12 18:25:58.128`
- Internal function `now` can be used to get the current timestamp on the client side
- The current timestamp of the client side is applied when `now` is used to insert data
- Epoch Time：timestamp can also be a long integer number, which means the number of seconds, milliseconds or nanoseconds, depending on the time precision, from 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000 (UTC/GMT)
- Add/subtract operations can be carried out on timestamps. For example `now-2h` means 2 hours prior to the time at which query is executed. The units of time in operations can be b(nanosecond), u(microsecond), a(millisecond), s(second), m(minute), h(hour), d(day), or w(week). So `select * from t1 where ts > now-2w and ts <= now-1w` means the data between two weeks ago and one week ago. The time unit can also be n (calendar month) or y (calendar year) when specifying the time window for down sampling operations.
Time precision in TDengine can be set by the `PRECISION` parameter when executing `CREATE DATABASE`. The default time precision is millisecond. In the statement below, the precision is set to nanonseconds.
```sql
CREATE DATABASE db_name PRECISION 'ns';
```
## Data Types
In TDengine, the data types below can be used when specifying a column or tag.
| # | **type** | **Bytes** | **Description** |
| --- | :-------: | --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | TIMESTAMP | 8 | Default precision is millisecond, microsecond and nanosecond are also supported |
| 2 | INT | 4 | Integer, the value range is [-2^31, 2^31-1] |
| 3 | INT UNSIGNED| 4| unsigned integer, the value range is [0, 2^32-1]
| 4 | BIGINT | 8 | Long integer, the value range is [-2^63, 2^63-1] |
| 5 | BIGINT UNSIGNED | 8 | unsigned long integer, the value range is [0, 2^64-1] |
| 6 | FLOAT | 4 | Floating point number, the effective number of digits is 6-7, the value range is [-3.4E38, 3.4E38] |
| 7 | DOUBLE | 8 | Double precision floating point number, the effective number of digits is 15-16, the value range is [-1.7E308, 1.7E308] |
| 8 | BINARY | User Defined | Single-byte string for ASCII visible characters. Length must be specified when defining a column or tag of binary type. |
| 9 | SMALLINT | 2 | Short integer, the value range is [-32768, 32767] |
| 10 | INT UNSIGNED| 2| unsigned integer, the value range is [0, 65535]|
| 11 | TINYINT | 1 | Single-byte integer, the value range is [-128, 127] |
| 12 | TINYINT UNSIGNED | 1 | unsigned single-byte integer, the value range is [0, 255] |
| 13 | BOOL | 1 | Bool, the value range is {true, false} |
| 14 | NCHAR | User Defined| Multi-Byte string that can include multi byte characters like Chinese characters. Each character of NCHAR type consumes 4 bytes storage. The string value should be quoted with single quotes. Literal single quote inside the string must be preceded with backslash, like `\’`. The length must be specified when defining a column or tag of NCHAR type, for example nchar(10) means it can store at most 10 characters of nchar type and will consume fixed storage of 40 bytes. An error will be reported if the string value exceeds the length defined. |
| 15 | JSON | | JSON type can only be used on tags. A tag of json type is excluded with any other tags of any other type |
| 16 | VARCHAR | User-defined | Alias of BINARY |
:::note
- TDengine is case insensitive and treats any characters in the sql command as lower case by default, case sensitive strings must be quoted with single quotes.
- Only ASCII visible characters are suggested to be used in a column or tag of BINARY type. Multi-byte characters must be stored in NCHAR type.
- The length of BINARY can be up to 16374 bytes. The string value must be quoted with single quotes. You must specify a length in bytes for a BINARY value, for example binary(20) for up to twenty single-byte characters. If the data exceeds the specified length, an error will occur. The literal single quote inside the string must be preceded with back slash like `\'`
- Numeric values in SQL statements will be determined as integer or float type according to whether there is decimal point or whether scientific notation is used, so attention must be paid to avoid overflow. For example, 9999999999999999999 will be considered as overflow because it exceeds the upper limit of long integer, but 9999999999999999999.0 will be considered as a legal float number.
:::
## Constants
TDengine supports a variety of constants:
| # | **Syntax** | **Type** | **Description** |
| --- | :-------: | --------- | -------------------------------------- |
| 1 | [{+ \| -}]123 | BIGINT | Integer literals are of type BIGINT. Data that exceeds the length of the BIGINT type is truncated. |
| 2 | 123.45 | DOUBLE | Floating-point literals are of type DOUBLE. Numeric values will be determined as integer or float type according to whether there is decimal point or whether scientific notation is used. |
| 3 | 1.2E3 | DOUBLE | Literals in scientific notation are of type DOUBLE. |
| 4 | 'abc' | BINARY | Content enclosed in single quotation marks is of type BINARY. The size of a BINARY is the size of the string in bytes. A literal single quote inside the string must be escaped with a backslash (\'). |
| 5 | 'abc' | BINARY | Content enclosed in double quotation marks is of type BINARY. The size of a BINARY is the size of the string in bytes. A literal double quote inside the string must be escaped with a backslash (\"). |
| 6 | TIMESTAMP {'literal' \| "literal"} | TIMESTAMP | The TIMESTAMP keyword indicates that the following string literal is interpreted as a timestamp. The string must be in YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.MS format. The precision is inherited from the database configuration. |
| 7 | {TRUE \| FALSE} | BOOL | Boolean literals are of type BOOL. |
| 8 | {'' \| "" \| '\t' \| "\t" \| ' ' \| " " \| NULL } | -- | The preceding characters indicate null literals. These can be used with any data type. |
:::note
Numeric values will be determined as integer or float type according to whether there is decimal point or whether scientific notation is used, so attention must be paid to avoid overflow. For example, 9999999999999999999 will be considered as overflow because it exceeds the upper limit of long integer, but 9999999999999999999.0 will be considered as a legal float number.
:::
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---
sidebar_label: Database
title: Database
description: "create and drop database, show or change database parameters"
---
## Create a Database
```sql
CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name [database_options]
database_options:
database_option ...
database_option: {
BUFFER value
| CACHEMODEL {'none' | 'last_row' | 'last_value' | 'both'}
| CACHESIZE value
| COMP {0 | 1 | 2}
| DURATION value
| WAL_FSYNC_PERIOD value
| MAXROWS value
| MINROWS value
| KEEP value
| PAGES value
| PAGESIZE value
| PRECISION {'ms' | 'us' | 'ns'}
| REPLICA value
| RETENTIONS ingestion_duration:keep_duration ...
| STRICT {'off' | 'on'}
| WAL_LEVEL {1 | 2}
| VGROUPS value
| SINGLE_STABLE {0 | 1}
| WAL_RETENTION_PERIOD value
| WAL_ROLL_PERIOD value
| WAL_RETENTION_SIZE value
| WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE value
}
```
## Parameters
- BUFFER: specifies the size (in MB) of the write buffer for each vnode. Enter a value between 3 and 16384. The default value is 96.
- CACHEMODEL: specifies how the latest data in subtables is stored in the cache. The default value is none.
- none: The latest data is not cached.
- last_row: The last row of each subtable is cached. This option significantly improves the performance of the LAST_ROW function.
- last_value: The last non-null value of each column in each subtable is cached. This option significantly improves the performance of the LAST function under normal circumstances, such as statements including the WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and INTERVAL keywords.
- both: The last row of each subtable and the last non-null value of each column in each subtable are cached.
- CACHESIZE: specifies the amount (in MB) of memory used for subtable caching on each vnode. Enter a value between 1 and 65536. The default value is 1.
- COMP: specifies how databases are compressed. The default value is 2.
- 0: Compression is disabled.
- 1: One-pass compression is enabled.
- 2: Two-pass compression is enabled.
- DURATION: specifies the time period contained in each data file. After the time specified by this parameter has elapsed, TDengine creates a new data file to store incoming data. You can use m (minutes), h (hours), and d (days) as the unit, for example DURATION 100h or DURATION 10d. If you do not include a unit, d is used by default.
- WAL_FSYNC_PERIOD: specifies the interval (in milliseconds) at which data is written from the WAL to disk. This parameter takes effect only when the WAL parameter is set to 2. The default value is 3000. Enter a value between 0 and 180000. The value 0 indicates that incoming data is immediately written to disk.
- MAXROWS: specifies the maximum number of rows recorded in a block. The default value is 4096.
- MINROWS: specifies the minimum number of rows recorded in a block. The default value is 100.
- KEEP: specifies the time for which data is retained. Enter a value between 1 and 365000. The default value is 3650. The value of the KEEP parameter must be greater than or equal to the value of the DURATION parameter. TDengine automatically deletes data that is older than the value of the KEEP parameter. You can use m (minutes), h (hours), and d (days) as the unit, for example KEEP 100h or KEEP 10d. If you do not include a unit, d is used by default.
- PAGES: specifies the number of pages in the metadata storage engine cache on each vnode. Enter a value greater than or equal to 64. The default value is 256. The space occupied by metadata storage on each vnode is equal to the product of the values of the PAGESIZE and PAGES parameters. The space occupied by default is 1 MB.
- PAGESIZE: specifies the size (in KB) of each page in the metadata storage engine cache on each vnode. The default value is 4. Enter a value between 1 and 16384.
- PRECISION: specifies the precision at which a database records timestamps. Enter ms for milliseconds, us for microseconds, or ns for nanoseconds. The default value is ms.
- REPLICA: specifies the number of replicas that are made of the database. Enter 1 or 3. The default value is 1. The value of the REPLICA parameter cannot exceed the number of dnodes in the cluster.
- RETENTIONS: specifies the retention period for data aggregated at various intervals. For example, RETENTIONS 15s:7d,1m:21d,15m:50d indicates that data aggregated every 15 seconds is retained for 7 days, data aggregated every 1 minute is retained for 21 days, and data aggregated every 15 minutes is retained for 50 days. You must enter three aggregation intervals and corresponding retention periods.
- STRICT: specifies whether strong data consistency is enabled. The default value is off.
- on: Strong consistency is enabled and implemented through the Raft consensus algorithm. In this mode, an operation is considered successful once it is confirmed by half of the nodes in the cluster.
- off: Strong consistency is disabled. In this mode, an operation is considered successful when it is initiated by the local node.
- WAL_LEVEL: specifies whether fsync is enabled. The default value is 1.
- 1: WAL is enabled but fsync is disabled.
- 2: WAL and fsync are both enabled.
- VGROUPS: specifies the initial number of vgroups when a database is created.
- SINGLE_STABLE: specifies whether the database can contain more than one supertable.
- 0: The database can contain multiple supertables.
- 1: The database can contain only one supertable.
- WAL_RETENTION_PERIOD: specifies the time after which WAL files are deleted. This parameter is used for data subscription. Enter a time in seconds. The default value is 0. A value of 0 indicates that each WAL file is deleted immediately after its contents are written to disk. -1: WAL files are never deleted.
- WAL_RETENTION_SIZE: specifies the size at which WAL files are deleted. This parameter is used for data subscription. Enter a size in KB. The default value is 0. A value of 0 indicates that each WAL file is deleted immediately after its contents are written to disk. -1: WAL files are never deleted.
- WAL_ROLL_PERIOD: specifies the time after which WAL files are rotated. After this period elapses, a new WAL file is created. The default value is 0. A value of 0 indicates that a new WAL file is created only after the previous WAL file was written to disk.
- WAL_SEGMENT_SIZE: specifies the maximum size of a WAL file. After the current WAL file reaches this size, a new WAL file is created. The default value is 0. A value of 0 indicates that a new WAL file is created only after the previous WAL file was written to disk.
### Example Statement
```sql
create database if not exists db vgroups 10 buffer 10
```
The preceding SQL statement creates a database named db that has 10 vgroups and whose vnodes have a 10 MB cache.
### Specify the Database in Use
```
USE db_name;
```
The preceding SQL statement switches to the specified database. (If you connect to TDengine over the REST API, this statement does not take effect.)
## Drop a Database
```
DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name
```
The preceding SQL statement deletes the specified database. This statement will delete all tables in the database and destroy all vgroups associated with it. Exercise caution when using this statement.
## Change Database Configuration
```sql
ALTER DATABASE db_name [alter_database_options]
alter_database_options:
alter_database_option ...
alter_database_option: {
CACHEMODEL {'none' | 'last_row' | 'last_value' | 'both'}
| CACHESIZE value
| WAL_LEVEL value
| WAL_FSYNC_PERIOD value
| KEEP value
}
```
:::note
Other parameters cannot be modified after the database has been created.
:::
## View Databases
### View All Databases
```
SHOW DATABASES;
```
### View the CREATE Statement for a Database
```
SHOW CREATE DATABASE db_name;
```
The preceding SQL statement can be used in migration scenarios. This command can be used to get the CREATE statement, which can be used in another TDengine instance to create the exact same database.
### View Database Configuration
```sql
SHOW DATABASES \G;
```
The preceding SQL statement shows the value of each parameter for the specified database. One value is displayed per line.
## Delete Expired Data
```sql
TRIM DATABASE db_name;
```
The preceding SQL statement deletes data that has expired and orders the remaining data in accordance with the storage configuration.
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---
title: Table
---
## Create Table
You create standard tables and subtables with the `CREATE TABLE` statement.
```sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]tb_name (create_definition [, create_definitionn] ...) [table_options]
CREATE TABLE create_subtable_clause
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]tb_name (create_definition [, create_definitionn] ...)
[TAGS (create_definition [, create_definitionn] ...)]
[table_options]
create_subtable_clause: {
create_subtable_clause [create_subtable_clause] ...
| [IF NOT EXISTS] [db_name.]tb_name USING [db_name.]stb_name [(tag_name [, tag_name] ...)] TAGS (tag_value [, tag_value] ...)
}
create_definition:
col_name column_definition
column_definition:
type_name [comment 'string_value']
table_options:
table_option ...
table_option: {
COMMENT 'string_value'
| WATERMARK duration[,duration]
| MAX_DELAY duration[,duration]
| ROLLUP(func_name [, func_name] ...)
| SMA(col_name [, col_name] ...)
| TTL value
}
```
**More explanations**
1. The first column of a table MUST be of type TIMESTAMP. It is automatically set as the primary key.
2. The maximum length of the table name is 192 bytes.
3. The maximum length of each row is 48k bytes, please note that the extra 2 bytes used by each BINARY/NCHAR column are also counted.
4. The name of the subtable can only consist of characters from the English alphabet, digits and underscore. Table names can't start with a digit. Table names are case insensitive.
5. The maximum length in bytes must be specified when using BINARY or NCHAR types.
6. Escape character "\`" can be used to avoid the conflict between table names and reserved keywords, above rules will be bypassed when using escape character on table names, but the upper limit for the name length is still valid. The table names specified using escape character are case sensitive.
For example \`aBc\` and \`abc\` are different table names but `abc` and `aBc` are same table names because they are both converted to `abc` internally.
Only ASCII visible characters can be used with escape character.
**Parameter description**
1. COMMENT: specifies comments for the table. This parameter can be used with supertables, standard tables, and subtables.
2. WATERMARK: specifies the time after which the window is closed. The default value is 5 seconds. Enter a value between 0 and 15 minutes in milliseconds, seconds, or minutes. You can enter multiple values separated by commas (,). This parameter applies only to supertables and takes effect only when the RETENTIONS parameter has been specified for the database.
3. MAX_DELAY: specifies the maximum latency for pushing computation results. The default value is 15 minutes or the value of the INTERVAL parameter, whichever is smaller. Enter a value between 0 and 15 minutes in milliseconds, seconds, or minutes. You can enter multiple values separated by commas (,). Note: Retain the default value if possible. Configuring a small MAX_DELAY may cause results to be frequently pushed, affecting storage and query performance. This parameter applies only to supertables and takes effect only when the RETENTIONS parameter has been specified for the database.
4. ROLLUP: specifies aggregate functions to roll up. Rolling up a function provides downsampled results based on multiple axes. This parameter applies only to supertables and takes effect only when the RETENTIONS parameter has been specified for the database. You can specify only one function to roll up. The rollup takes effect on all columns except TS. Enter one of the following values: avg, sum, min, max, last, or first.
5. SMA: specifies functions on which to enable small materialized aggregates (SMA). SMA is user-defined precomputation of aggregates based on data blocks. Enter one of the following values: max, min, or sum This parameter can be used with supertables and standard tables.
6. TTL: specifies the time to live (TTL) for the table. If the period specified by the TTL parameter elapses without any data being written to the table, TDengine will automatically delete the table. Note: The system may not delete the table at the exact moment that the TTL expires. Enter a value in days. The default value is 0. Note: The TTL parameter has a higher priority than the KEEP parameter. If a table is marked for deletion because the TTL has expired, it will be deleted even if the time specified by the KEEP parameter has not elapsed. This parameter can be used with standard tables and subtables.
## Create Subtables
### Create a Subtable
```sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tb_name USING stb_name TAGS (tag_value1, ...);
```
### Create a Subtable with Specified Tags
```sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tb_name USING stb_name (tag_name1, ...) TAGS (tag_value1, ...);
```
The preceding SQL statement creates a subtable based on a supertable but specifies a subset of tags to use. Tags that are not included in this subset are assigned a null value.
### Create Multiple Subtables
```sql
CREATE TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tb_name1 USING stb_name TAGS (tag_value1, ...) [IF NOT EXISTS] tb_name2 USING stb_name TAGS (tag_value2, ...) ...;
```
You can create multiple subtables in a single SQL statement provided that all subtables use the same supertable. For performance reasons, do not create more than 3000 tables per statement.
## Modify a Table
```sql
ALTER TABLE [db_name.]tb_name alter_table_clause
alter_table_clause: {
alter_table_options
| ADD COLUMN col_name column_type
| DROP COLUMN col_name
| MODIFY COLUMN col_name column_type
| RENAME COLUMN old_col_name new_col_name
}
alter_table_options:
alter_table_option ...
alter_table_option: {
TTL value
| COMMENT 'string_value'
}
```
**More explanations**
You can perform the following modifications on existing tables:
1. ADD COLUMN: adds a column to the supertable.
2. DROP COLUMN: deletes a column from the supertable.
3. MODIFY COLUMN: changes the length of the data type specified for the column. Note that you can only specify a length greater than the current length.
4. RENAME COLUMN: renames a specified column in the table.
### Add a Column
```sql
ALTER TABLE tb_name ADD COLUMN field_name data_type;
```
### Delete a Column
```sql
ALTER TABLE tb_name DROP COLUMN field_name;
```
### Modify the Data Length
```sql
ALTER TABLE tb_name MODIFY COLUMN field_name data_type(length);
```
### Rename a Column
```sql
ALTER TABLE tb_name RENAME COLUMN old_col_name new_col_name
```
## Modify a Subtable
```sql
ALTER TABLE [db_name.]tb_name alter_table_clause
alter_table_clause: {
alter_table_options
| SET TAG tag_name = new_tag_value
}
alter_table_options:
alter_table_option ...
alter_table_option: {
TTL value
| COMMENT 'string_value'
}
```
**More explanations**
1. Only the value of a tag can be modified directly. For all other modifications, you must modify the supertable from which the subtable was created.
### Change Tag Value Of Sub Table
```
ALTER TABLE tb_name SET TAG tag_name=new_tag_value;
```
## Delete a Table
The following SQL statement deletes one or more tables.
```sql
DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] [db_name.]tb_name [, [IF EXISTS] [db_name.]tb_name] ...
```
## View Tables
### View All Tables
The following SQL statement shows all tables in the current database.
```sql
SHOW TABLES [LIKE tb_name_wildchar];
```
### View the CREATE Statement for a Table
```
SHOW CREATE TABLE tb_name;
```
This command is useful in migrating data from one TDengine cluster to another because it can be used to create the exact same tables in the target database.
## View the Table Schema
```
DESCRIBE [db_name.]tb_name;
```
\ No newline at end of file
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---
sidebar_label: Supertable
title: Supertable
description: Operations about Super Tables.
---
## Create a Supertable
```sql
CREATE STABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] stb_name (create_definition [, create_definitionn] ...) TAGS (create_definition [, create_definition] ...) [table_options]
create_definition:
col_name column_definition
column_definition:
type_name [COMMENT 'string_value']
```
**More explanations**
- Each supertable can have a maximum of 4096 columns, including tags. The minimum number of columns is 3: a timestamp column used as the key, one tag column, and one data column.
- When you create a supertable, you can add comments to columns and tags.
- The TAGS keyword defines the tag columns for the supertable. The following restrictions apply to tag columns:
- A tag column can use the TIMESTAMP data type, but the values in the column must be fixed numbers. Timestamps including formulae, such as "now + 10s", cannot be stored in a tag column.
- The name of a tag column cannot be the same as the name of any other column.
- The name of a tag column cannot be a reserved keyword.
- Each supertable must contain between 1 and 128 tags. The total length of the TAGS keyword cannot exceed 16 KB.
- For more information about table parameters, see Create a Table.
## View a Supertable
### View All Supertables
```
SHOW STABLES [LIKE tb_name_wildcard];
```
The preceding SQL statement shows all supertables in the current TDengine database, including the name, creation time, number of columns, number of tags, and number of subtables for each supertable.
### View the CREATE Statement for a Supertable
```
SHOW CREATE STABLE stb_name;
```
The preceding SQL statement can be used in migration scenarios. It returns the CREATE statement that was used to create the specified supertable. You can then use the returned statement to create an identical supertable on another TDengine database.
## View the Supertable Schema
```
DESCRIBE [db_name.]stb_name;
```
## Drop STable
```
DROP STABLE [IF EXISTS] [db_name.]stb_name
```
Note: Deleting a supertable will delete all subtables created from the supertable, including all data within those subtables.
## Modify a Supertable
```sql
ALTER STABLE [db_name.]tb_name alter_table_clause
alter_table_clause: {
alter_table_options
| ADD COLUMN col_name column_type
| DROP COLUMN col_name
| MODIFY COLUMN col_name column_type
| ADD TAG tag_name tag_type
| DROP TAG tag_name
| MODIFY TAG tag_name tag_type
| RENAME TAG old_tag_name new_tag_name
}
alter_table_options:
alter_table_option ...
alter_table_option: {
COMMENT 'string_value'
}
```
**More explanations**
Modifications to the table schema of a supertable take effect on all subtables within the supertable. You cannot modify the table schema of subtables individually. When you modify the tag schema of a supertable, the modifications automatically take effect on all of its subtables.
- ADD COLUMN: adds a column to the supertable.
- DROP COLUMN: deletes a column from the supertable.
- MODIFY COLUMN: changes the length of a BINARY or NCHAR column. Note that you can only specify a length greater than the current length.
- ADD TAG: adds a tag to the supertable.
- DROP TAG: deletes a tag from the supertable. When you delete a tag from a supertable, it is automatically deleted from all subtables within the supertable.
- MODIFY TAG: modifies the definition of a tag in the supertable. You can use this keyword to change the length of a BINARY or NCHAR tag column. Note that you can only specify a length greater than the current length.
- RENAME TAG: renames a specified tag in the supertable. When you rename a tag in a supertable, it is automatically renamed in all subtables within the supertable.
### Add a Column
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name ADD COLUMN col_name column_type;
```
### Delete a Column
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name DROP COLUMN col_name;
```
### Modify the Data Length
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name MODIFY COLUMN col_name data_type(length);
```
The preceding SQL statement changes the length of a BINARY or NCHAR data column. Note that you can only specify a length greater than the current length.
### Add A Tag
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name ADD TAG tag_name tag_type;
```
The preceding SQL statement adds a tag of the specified type to the supertable. A supertable cannot contain more than 128 tags. The total length of all tags in a supertable cannot exceed 16 KB.
### Remove A Tag
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name DROP TAG tag_name;
```
The preceding SQL statement deletes a tag from the supertable. When you delete a tag from a supertable, it is automatically deleted from all subtables within the supertable.
### Change A Tag
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name RENAME TAG old_tag_name new_tag_name;
```
The preceding SQL statement renames a tag in the supertable. When you rename a tag in a supertable, it is automatically renamed in all subtables within the supertable.
### Change Tag Length
```
ALTER STABLE stb_name MODIFY TAG tag_name data_type(length);
```
The preceding SQL statement changes the length of a BINARY or NCHAR tag column. Note that you can only specify a length greater than the current length. (Available in 2.1.3.0 and later versions)
### View a Supertable
You can run projection and aggregate SELECT queries on supertables, and you can filter by tag or column by using the WHERE keyword.
If you do not include an ORDER BY clause, results are returned by subtable. These results are not ordered. You can include an ORDER BY clause in your query to strictly order the results.
:::note
All tag operations except for updating the value of a tag must be performed on the supertable and not on individual subtables. If you add a tag to an existing supertable, the tag is automatically added with a null value to all subtables within the supertable.
:::
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---
sidebar_label: Insert
title: Insert
description: Insert data into TDengine
---
## Syntax
```sql
INSERT INTO
tb_name
[USING stb_name [(tag1_name, ...)] TAGS (tag1_value, ...)]
[(field1_name, ...)]
VALUES (field1_value, ...) [(field1_value2, ...) ...] | FILE csv_file_path
[tb2_name
[USING stb_name [(tag1_name, ...)] TAGS (tag1_value, ...)]
[(field1_name, ...)]
VALUES (field1_value, ...) [(field1_value2, ...) ...] | FILE csv_file_path
...];
```
**Timestamps**
1. All data writes must include a timestamp. With regard to timestamps, note the following:
2. The precision of a timestamp depends on its format. The precision configured for the database affects only timestamps that are inserted as long integers (UNIX time). Timestamps inserted as date and time strings are not affected. As an example, the timestamp 2021-07-13 16:16:48 is equivalent to 1626164208 in UNIX time. This UNIX time is modified to 1626164208000 for databases with millisecond precision, 1626164208000000 for databases with microsecond precision, and 1626164208000000000 for databases with nanosecond precision.
3. If you want to insert multiple rows simultaneously, do not use the NOW function in the timestamp. Using the NOW function in this situation will cause multiple rows to have the same timestamp and prevent them from being stored correctly. This is because the NOW function obtains the current time on the client, and multiple instances of NOW in a single statement will return the same time.
The earliest timestamp that you can use when inserting data is equal to the current time on the server minus the value of the KEEP parameter. The latest timestamp that you can use when inserting data is equal to the current time on the server plus the value of the DURATION parameter. You can configure the KEEP and DURATION parameters when you create a database. The default values are 3650 days for the KEEP parameter and 10 days for the DURATION parameter.
**Syntax**
1. The USING clause automatically creates the specified subtable if it does not exist. If it's unknown whether the table already exists, the table can be created automatically while inserting using the SQL statement below. To use this functionality, a STable must be used as template and tag values must be provided. Any tags that you do not specify will be assigned a null value.
2. You can insert data into specified columns. Any columns in which you do not insert data will be assigned a null value.
3. The VALUES clause inserts one or more rows of data into a table.
4. The FILE clause inserts tags or data from a comma-separates values (CSV) file. Do not include headers in your CSV files.
5. A single INSERT statement can write data to multiple tables.
6. The INSERT statement is fully parsed before being executed, so that if any element of the statement fails, the entire statement will fail. For example, the following statement will not create a table because the latter part of the statement is invalid:
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 USING meters TAGS('Beijing.Chaoyang', 2) VALUES('a');
```
7. However, an INSERT statement that writes data to multiple subtables can succeed for some tables and fail for others. This situation is caused because vnodes perform write operations independently of each other. One vnode failing to write data does not affect the ability of other vnodes to write successfully.
## Insert a Record
Single row or multiple rows specified with VALUES can be inserted into a specific table. A single row is inserted using the below statement.
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES (NOW, 10.2, 219, 0.32);
```
## Insert Multiple Records
Double rows are inserted using the below statement.
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:32.272', 10.2, 219, 0.32) (1626164208000, 10.15, 217, 0.33);
```
## Write to a Specified Column
Data can be inserted into specific columns, either single row or multiple row, while other columns will be inserted as NULL value. The key (timestamp) cannot be null. For example:
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 (ts, current, phase) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:33.196', 10.27, 0.31);
```
## Insert Into Multiple Tables
One or multiple rows can be inserted into multiple tables in a single SQL statement, with or without specifying specific columns. For example:
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:34.630', 10.2, 219, 0.32) ('2021-07-13 14:06:35.779', 10.15, 217, 0.33)
d1002 (ts, current, phase) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:34.255', 10.27, 0.31）;
```
## Automatically Create Table When Inserting
If it's unknown whether the table already exists, the table can be created automatically while inserting using the SQL statement below. To use this functionality, a STable must be used as template and tag values must be provided. For example:
```sql
INSERT INTO d21001 USING meters TAGS ('California.SanFrancisco', 2) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:32.272', 10.2, 219, 0.32);
```
It's not necessary to provide values for all tags when creating tables automatically, the tags without values provided will be set to NULL. For example:
```sql
INSERT INTO d21001 USING meters (groupId) TAGS (2) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:33.196', 10.15, 217, 0.33);
```
Multiple rows can also be inserted into the same table in a single SQL statement. For example:
```sql
INSERT INTO d21001 USING meters TAGS ('California.SanFrancisco', 2) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:34.630', 10.2, 219, 0.32) ('2021-07-13 14:06:35.779', 10.15, 217, 0.33)
d21002 USING meters (groupId) TAGS (2) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:34.255', 10.15, 217, 0.33)
d21003 USING meters (groupId) TAGS (2) (ts, current, phase) VALUES ('2021-07-13 14:06:34.255', 10.27, 0.31);
```
## Insert Rows From A File
Besides using `VALUES` to insert one or multiple rows, the data to be inserted can also be prepared in a CSV file with comma as separator and each field value quoted by single quotes. Table definition is not required in the CSV file. For example, if file "/tmp/csvfile.csv" contains the below data:
```
'2021-07-13 14:07:34.630', '10.2', '219', '0.32'
'2021-07-13 14:07:35.779', '10.15', '217', '0.33'
```
Then data in this file can be inserted by the SQL statement below:
```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 FILE '/tmp/csvfile.csv';
```
## Create Tables Automatically and Insert Rows From File
```sql
INSERT INTO d21001 USING meters TAGS ('California.SanFrancisco', 2) FILE '/tmp/csvfile.csv';
```
When writing data from a file, you can automatically create the specified subtable if it does not exist. For example:
```sql
INSERT INTO d21001 USING meters TAGS ('California.SanFrancisco', 2) FILE '/tmp/csvfile_21001.csv'
d21002 USING meters (groupId) TAGS (2) FILE '/tmp/csvfile_21002.csv';
```
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---
sidebar_label: Select
title: Select
description: Query Data from TDengine.
---
## Syntax
```sql
SELECT {DATABASE() | CLIENT_VERSION() | SERVER_VERSION() | SERVER_STATUS() | NOW() | TODAY() | TIMEZONE()}
SELECT [DISTINCT] select_list
from_clause
[WHERE condition]
[PARTITION BY tag_list]
[window_clause]
[group_by_clause]
[order_by_clasue]
[SLIMIT limit_val [SOFFSET offset_val]]
[LIMIT limit_val [OFFSET offset_val]]
[>> export_file]
select_list:
select_expr [, select_expr] ...
select_expr: {
*
| query_name.*
| [schema_name.] {table_name | view_name} .*
| t_alias.*
| expr [[AS] c_alias]
}
from_clause: {
table_reference [, table_reference] ...
| join_clause [, join_clause] ...
}
table_reference:
table_expr t_alias
table_expr: {
table_name
| view_name
| ( subquery )
}
join_clause:
table_reference [INNER] JOIN table_reference ON condition
window_clause: {
SESSION(ts_col, tol_val)
| STATE_WINDOW(col)
| INTERVAL(interval_val [, interval_offset]) [SLIDING (sliding_val)] [WATERMARK(watermark_val)] [FILL(fill_mod_and_val)]
changes_option: {
DURATION duration_val
| ROWS rows_val
}
group_by_clause:
GROUP BY expr [, expr] ... HAVING condition
order_by_clasue:
ORDER BY order_expr [, order_expr] ...
order_expr:
{expr | position | c_alias} [DESC | ASC] [NULLS FIRST | NULLS LAST]
```
## Lists
A query can be performed on some or all columns. Data and tag columns can all be included in the SELECT list.
## Wildcards
You can use an asterisk (\*) as a wildcard character to indicate all columns. For standard tables, the asterisk indicates only data columns. For supertables and subtables, tag columns are also included.
```sql
SELECT * FROM d1001;
```
You can use a table name as a prefix before an asterisk. For example, the following SQL statements both return all columns from the d1001 table:
```sql
SELECT * FROM d1001;
SELECT d1001.* FROM d1001;
```
However, in a JOIN query, using a table name prefix with an asterisk returns different results. In this case, querying * returns all data in all columns in all tables (not including tags), whereas using a table name prefix returns all data in all columns in the specified table only.
```sql
SELECT * FROM d1001, d1003 WHERE d1001.ts=d1003.ts;
SELECT d1001.* FROM d1001,d1003 WHERE d1001.ts = d1003.ts;
```
The first of the preceding SQL statements returns all columns from the d1001 and d1003 tables, but the second of the preceding SQL statements returns all columns from the d1001 table only.
With regard to the other SQL functions that support wildcards, the differences are as follows:
`count(*)` only returns one column. `first`, `last`, and `last_row` return all columns.
### Tag Columns
You can query tag columns in supertables and subtables and receive results in the same way as querying data columns.
```sql
SELECT location, groupid, current FROM d1001 LIMIT 2;
```
### Distinct Values
The DISTINCT keyword returns only values that are different over one or more columns. You can use the DISTINCT keyword with tag columns and data columns.
The following SQL statement returns distinct values from a tag column:
```sql
SELECT DISTINCT tag_name [, tag_name ...] FROM stb_name;
```
The following SQL statement returns distinct values from a data column:
```sql
SELECT DISTINCT col_name [, col_name ...] FROM tb_name;
```
:::info
1. Configuration parameter `maxNumOfDistinctRes` in `taos.cfg` is used to control the number of rows to output. The minimum configurable value is 100,000, the maximum configurable value is 100,000,000, the default value is 1,000,000. If the actual number of rows exceeds the value of this parameter, only the number of rows specified by this parameter will be output.
2. It can't be guaranteed that the results selected by using `DISTINCT` on columns of `FLOAT` or `DOUBLE` are exactly unique because of the precision errors in floating point numbers.
3. `DISTINCT` can't be used in the sub-query of a nested query statement, and can't be used together with aggregate functions, `GROUP BY` or `JOIN` in the same SQL statement.
:::
### Column Names
When using `SELECT`, the column names in the result set will be the same as that in the select clause if `AS` is not used. `AS` can be used to rename the column names in the result set. For example:
```sql
taos> SELECT ts, ts AS primary_key_ts FROM d1001;
```
`AS` can't be used together with `first(*)`, `last(*)`, or `last_row(*)`.
### Pseudocolumns
**TBNAME**
The TBNAME pseudocolumn in a supertable contains the names of subtables within the supertable.
The following SQL statement returns all unique subtable names and locations within the meters supertable:
```mysql
SELECT DISTINCT TBNAME, location FROM meters;
```
Use the `INS_TAGS` system table in `INFORMATION_SCHEMA` to query the information for subtables in a supertable. For example, the following statement returns the name and tag values for each subtable in the `meters` supertable.
```mysql
SELECT table_name, tag_name, tag_type, tag_value FROM information_schema.ins_tags WHERE stable_name='meters';
```
The following SQL statement returns the number of subtables within the meters supertable.
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT TBNAME FROM meters);
```
In the preceding two statements, only tags can be used as filtering conditions in the WHERE clause. For example:
**\_QSTART and \_QEND**
The \_QSTART and \_QEND pseudocolumns contain the beginning and end of the time range of a query. If the WHERE clause in a statement does not contain valid timestamps, the time range is equal to [-2^63, 2^63 - 1].
The \_QSTART and \_QEND pseudocolumns cannot be used in a WHERE clause.
**\_WSTART, \_WEND, and \_WDURATION**
The \_WSTART, \_WEND, and \_WDURATION pseudocolumns indicate the beginning, end, and duration of a window.
These pseudocolumns can be used only in time window-based aggregations and must occur after the aggregation clause.
**\_c0 and \_ROWTS**
In TDengine, the first column of all tables must be a timestamp. This column is the primary key of the table. The \_c0 and \_ROWTS pseudocolumns both represent the values of this column. These pseudocolumns enable greater flexibility and standardization. For example, you can use functions such as MAX and MIN with these pseudocolumns.
```sql
select _rowts, max(current) from meters;
```
## Query Objects
`FROM` can be followed by a number of tables or super tables, or can be followed by a sub-query.
If no database is specified as current database in use, table names must be preceded with database name, for example, `power.d1001`.
You can perform INNER JOIN statements based on the primary key. The following conditions apply:
1. You can use FROM table list or an explicit JOIN clause.
2. For standard tables and subtables, you must specify an ON condition and the condition must be equivalent to the primary key.
3. For supertables, the ON condition must be equivalent to the primary key. In addition, the tag columns of the tables on which the INNER JOIN is performed must have a one-to-one relationship. You cannot specify an OR condition.
4. The tables that are included in a JOIN clause must be of the same type (supertable, standard table, or subtable).
5. You can include subqueries before and after the JOIN keyword.
6. You cannot include more than ten tables in a JOIN clause.
7. You cannot include a FILL clause and a JOIN clause in the same statement.
## GROUP BY
If you use a GROUP BY clause, the SELECT list can only include the following items:
1. Constants
2. Aggregate functions
3. Expressions that are consistent with the expression following the GROUP BY clause
4. Expressions that include the preceding expression
The GROUP BY clause groups each row of data by the value of the expression following the clause and returns a combined result for each group.
The expressions in a GROUP BY clause can include any column in any table or view. It is not necessary that the expressions appear in the SELECT list.
The GROUP BY clause does not guarantee that the results are ordered. If you want to ensure that grouped data is ordered, use the ORDER BY clause.
## PARTITION BY
The PARTITION BY clause is a TDengine-specific extension to standard SQL. This clause partitions data based on the part_list and performs computations per partition.
For more information, see TDengine Extensions.
## ORDER BY
The ORDER BY keyword orders query results. If you do not include an ORDER BY clause in a query, the order of the results can be inconsistent.
You can specify integers after ORDER BY to indicate the order in which you want the items in the SELECT list to be displayed. For example, 1 indicates the first item in the select list.
You can specify ASC for ascending order or DESC for descending order.
You can also use the NULLS keyword to specify the position of null values. Ascending order uses NULLS LAST by default. Descending order uses NULLS FIRST by default.
## LIMIT
The LIMIT keyword controls the number of results that are displayed. You can also use the OFFSET keyword to specify the result to display first. `LIMIT` and `OFFSET` are executed after `ORDER BY` in the query execution. You can include an offset in a LIMIT clause. For example, LIMIT 5 OFFSET 2 can also be written LIMIT 2, 5. Both of these clauses display the third through the seventh results.
In a statement that includes a PARTITION BY clause, the LIMIT keyword is performed on each partition, not on the entire set of results.
## SLIMIT
The SLIMIT keyword is used with a PARTITION BY clause to control the number of partitions that are displayed. You can include an offset in a SLIMIT clause. For example, SLIMIT 5 OFFSET 2 can also be written LIMIT 2, 5. Both of these clauses display the third through the seventh partitions.
Note: If you include an ORDER BY clause, only one partition can be displayed.
## Special Query
Some special query functions can be invoked without `FROM` sub-clause.
## Obtain Current Database
The following SQL statement returns the current database. If a database has not been specified on login or with the `USE` command, a null value is returned.
```sql
SELECT DATABASE();
```
### Obtain Current Version
```sql
SELECT CLIENT_VERSION();
SELECT SERVER_VERSION();
```
## Obtain Server Status
The following SQL statement returns the status of the TDengine server. An integer indicates that the server is running normally. An error code indicates that an error has occurred. This statement can also detect whether a connection pool or third-party tool is connected to TDengine properly. By using this statement, you can ensure that connections in a pool are not lost due to an incorrect heartbeat detection statement.
```sql
SELECT SERVER_STATUS();
```
### Obtain Current Time
```sql
SELECT NOW();
```
### Obtain Current Date
```sql
SELECT TODAY();
```
### Obtain Current Time Zone
```sql
SELECT TIMEZONE();
```
## Regular Expression
### Syntax
```txt
WHERE (column|tbname) **match/MATCH/nmatch/NMATCH** _regex_
```
### Specification
TDengine supports POSIX regular expression syntax. For more information, see [Regular Expressions](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap09.html).
### Restrictions
Regular expression filtering is supported only on table names (TBNAME), BINARY tags, and NCHAR tags. Regular expression filtering cannot be performed on data columns.
A regular expression string cannot exceed 128 bytes. You can configure this value by modifying the maxRegexStringLen parameter on the TDengine Client. The modified value takes effect when the client is restarted.
## JOIN
TDengine supports natural joins between supertables, between standard tables, and between subqueries. The difference between natural joins and inner joins is that natural joins require that the fields being joined in the supertables or standard tables must have the same name. Data or tag columns must be joined with the equivalent column in another table.
For standard tables, only the timestamp (primary key) can be used in join operations. For example:
```sql
SELECT *
FROM temp_tb_1 t1, pressure_tb_1 t2
WHERE t1.ts = t2.ts
```
For supertables, tags as well as timestamps can be used in join operations. For example:
```sql
SELECT *
FROM temp_stable t1, temp_stable t2
WHERE t1.ts = t2.ts AND t1.deviceid = t2.deviceid AND t1.status=0;
```
Similarly, join operations can be performed on the result sets of multiple subqueries.
:::note
The following restriction apply to JOIN statements:
- The number of tables or supertables in a single join operation cannot exceed 10.
- `FILL` cannot be used in a JOIN statement.
- Arithmetic operations cannot be performed on the result sets of join operation.
- `GROUP BY` is not allowed on a segment of the tables that participate in a join operation.
- `OR` cannot be used in the conditions for join operation
- Join operation can be performed only on tags or timestamps. You cannot perform a join operation on data columns.
:::
## Nested Query
Nested query is also called sub query. This means that in a single SQL statement the result of inner query can be used as the data source of the outer query.
From 2.2.0.0, unassociated sub query can be used in the `FROM` clause. Unassociated means the sub query doesn't use the parameters in the parent query. More specifically, in the `tb_name_list` of `SELECT` statement, an independent SELECT statement can be used. So a complete nested query looks like:
```
SELECT ... FROM (SELECT ... FROM ...) ...;
```
:::info
- Only one layer of nesting is allowed, that means no sub query is allowed within a sub query
- The result set returned by the inner query will be used as a "virtual table" by the outer query. The "virtual table" can be renamed using `AS` keyword for easy reference in the outer query.
- Sub query is not allowed in continuous query.
- JOIN operation is allowed between tables/STables inside both inner and outer queries. Join operation can be performed on the result set of the inner query.
- UNION operation is not allowed in either inner query or outer query.
- The functions that can be used in the inner query are the same as those that can be used in a non-nested query.
- `ORDER BY` inside the inner query is unnecessary and will slow down the query performance significantly. It is best to avoid the use of `ORDER BY` inside the inner query.
- Compared to the non-nested query, the functionality that can be used in the outer query has the following restrictions:
- Functions
- If the result set returned by the inner query doesn't contain timestamp column, then functions relying on timestamp can't be used in the outer query, like `TOP`, `BOTTOM`, `FIRST`, `LAST`, `DIFF`.
- Functions that need to scan the data twice can't be used in the outer query, like `STDDEV`, `PERCENTILE`.
- `IN` operator is not allowed in the outer query but can be used in the inner query.
- `GROUP BY` is not supported in the outer query.
:::
## UNION ALL
```txt title=Syntax
SELECT ...
UNION ALL SELECT ...
[UNION ALL SELECT ...]
```
TDengine supports the `UNION ALL` operation. `UNION ALL` operator can be used to combine the result set from multiple select statements as long as the result set of these select statements have exactly the same columns. `UNION ALL` doesn't remove redundant rows from multiple result sets. In a single SQL statement, at most 100 `UNION ALL` can be supported.
### Examples
table `tb1` is created using below SQL statement:
```
CREATE TABLE tb1 (ts TIMESTAMP, col1 INT, col2 FLOAT, col3 BINARY(50));
```
The rows in the past one hour in `tb1` can be selected using below SQL statement:
```
SELECT * FROM tb1 WHERE ts >= NOW - 1h;
```
The rows between 2018-06-01 08:00:00.000 and 2018-06-02 08:00:00.000 and col3 ends with 'nny' can be selected in the descending order of timestamp using below SQL statement:
```
SELECT * FROM tb1 WHERE ts > '2018-06-01 08:00:00.000' AND ts <= '2018-06-02 08:00:00.000' AND col3 LIKE '%nny' ORDER BY ts DESC;
```
The sum of col1 and col2 for rows later than 2018-06-01 08:00:00.000 and whose col2 is bigger than 1.2 can be selected and renamed as "complex", while only 10 rows are output from the 5th row, by below SQL statement:
```
SELECT (col1 + col2) AS 'complex' FROM tb1 WHERE ts > '2018-06-01 08:00:00.000' AND col2 > 1.2 LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5;
```
The rows in the past 10 minutes and whose col2 is bigger than 3.14 are selected and output to the result file `/home/testoutput.csv` with below SQL statement:
```
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tb1 WHERE ts >= NOW - 10m AND col2 > 3.14 >> /home/testoutput.csv;
```
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---
sidebar_label: Delete Data
description: "Delete data from table or Stable"
title: Delete Data
---
TDengine provides the functionality of deleting data from a table or STable according to specified time range, it can be used to cleanup abnormal data generated due to device failure.
**Syntax:**
```sql
DELETE FROM [ db_name. ] tb_name [WHERE condition];
```
**Description:** Delete data from a table or STable
**Parameters:**
- `db_name`: Optional parameter, specifies the database in which the table exists; if not specified, the current database will be used.
- `tb_name`: Mandatory parameter, specifies the table name from which data will be deleted, it can be normal table, subtable or STable.
- `condition`: Optional parameter, specifies the data filter condition. If no condition is specified all data will be deleted, so please be cautions to delete data without any condition. The condition used here is only applicable to the first column, i.e. the timestamp column.
**More Explanations:**
The data can't be recovered once deleted, so please be cautious to use the functionality of deleting data. It's better to firstly make sure the data to be deleted using `select` then execute `delete`.
**Example:**
`meters` is a STable, in which `groupid` is a tag column of int type. Now we want to delete the data older than 2021-10-01 10:40:00.100. You can perform this action by running the following SQL statement:
```sql
delete from meters where ts < '2021-10-01 10:40:00.100' ;
```
The output is:
```
Deleted 102000 row(s) from 1020 table(s) (0.421950s)
```
It means totally 102,000 rows of data have been deleted from 1,020 sub tables.
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此差异已折叠。
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---
sidebar_label: Time-Series Extensions
title: Time-Series Extensions
description: TimeSeries Data Specific Queries.
---
As a purpose-built database for storing and processing time-series data, TDengine provides time-series-specific extensions to standard SQL.
These extensions include tag-partitioned queries and windowed queries.
## Tag-Partitioned Queries
When you query a supertable, you may need to partition the supertable by tag and perform additional operations on a specific partition. In this case, you can use the following SQL clause:
```sql
PARTITION BY part_list
```
part_list can be any scalar expression, such as a column, constant, scalar function, or a combination of the preceding items.
A PARTITION BY clause with a tag is processed as follows:
- The PARTITION BY clause must occur after the WHERE clause and cannot be used with a JOIN clause.
- The PARTITION BY clause partitions the super table by the specified tag group, and the specified calculation is performed on each partition. The calculation performed is determined by the rest of the statement - a window clause, GROUP BY clause, or SELECT clause.
- You can use PARTITION BY together with a window clause or GROUP BY clause. In this case, the window or GROUP BY clause takes effect on every partition. For example, the following statement partitions the table by the location tag, performs downsampling over a 10 minute window, and returns the maximum value:
```sql
select max(current) from meters partition by location interval(10m)
```
## Windowed Queries
Aggregation by time window is supported in TDengine. For example, in the case where temperature sensors report the temperature every seconds, the average temperature for every 10 minutes can be retrieved by performing a query with a time window. Window related clauses are used to divide the data set to be queried into subsets and then aggregation is performed across the subsets. There are three kinds of windows: time window, status window, and session window. There are two kinds of time windows: sliding window and flip time/tumbling window. The query syntax is as follows:
```sql
SELECT function_list FROM tb_name
[WHERE where_condition]
[SESSION(ts_col, tol_val)]
[STATE_WINDOW(col)]
[INTERVAL(interval [, offset]) [SLIDING sliding]]
[FILL({NONE | VALUE | PREV | NULL | LINEAR | NEXT})]
```
The following restrictions apply:
### Restricted Functions
- Aggregate functions and select functions can be used in `function_list`, with each function having only one output. For example COUNT, AVG, SUM, STDDEV, LEASTSQUARES, PERCENTILE, MIN, MAX, FIRST, LAST. Functions having multiple outputs, such as DIFF or arithmetic operations can't be used.
- `LAST_ROW` can't be used together with window aggregate.
- Scalar functions, like CEIL/FLOOR, can't be used with window aggregate.
### Other Rules
- The window clause must occur after the PARTITION BY clause and before the GROUP BY clause. It cannot be used with a GROUP BY clause.
- SELECT clauses on windows can contain only the following expressions:
- Constants
- Aggregate functions
- Expressions that include the preceding expressions.
- The window clause cannot be used with a GROUP BY clause.
- `WHERE` clause can be used to specify the starting and ending time and other filter conditions
### Window Pseudocolumns
**\_WSTART, \_WEND, and \_WDURATION**
The \_WSTART, \_WEND, and \_WDURATION pseudocolumns indicate the beginning, end, and duration of a window.
These pseudocolumns occur after the aggregation clause.
### FILL Clause
`FILL` clause is used to specify how to fill when there is data missing in any window, including:
1. NONE: No fill (the default fill mode)
2. VALUE：Fill with a fixed value, which should be specified together, for example `FILL(VALUE, 1.23)` Note: The value filled depends on the data type. For example, if you run FILL(VALUE 1.23) on an integer column, the value 1 is filled.
3. PREV：Fill with the previous non-NULL value, `FILL(PREV)`
4. NULL：Fill with NULL, `FILL(NULL)`
5. LINEAR：Fill with the closest non-NULL value, `FILL(LINEAR)`
6. NEXT：Fill with the next non-NULL value, `FILL(NEXT)`
:::info
1. A huge volume of interpolation output may be returned using `FILL`, so it's recommended to specify the time range when using `FILL`. The maximum number of interpolation values that can be returned in a single query is 10,000,000.
2. The result set is in ascending order of timestamp when you aggregate by time window.
3. If aggregate by window is used on STable, the aggregate function is performed on all the rows matching the filter conditions. If `GROUP BY` is not used in the query, the result set will be returned in ascending order of timestamp; otherwise the result set is not exactly in the order of ascending timestamp in each group.
:::
### Time Window
There are two kinds of time windows: sliding window and flip time/tumbling window.
The `INTERVAL` clause is used to generate time windows of the same time interval. The `SLIDING` parameter is used to specify the time step for which the time window moves forward. The query is performed on one time window each time, and the time window moves forward with time. When defining a continuous query, both the size of the time window and the step of forward sliding time need to be specified. As shown in the figure blow, [t0s, t0e] ，[t1s , t1e]， [t2s, t2e] are respectively the time ranges of three time windows on which continuous queries are executed. The time step for which time window moves forward is marked by `sliding time`. Query, filter and aggregate operations are executed on each time window respectively. When the time step specified by `SLIDING` is same as the time interval specified by `INTERVAL`, the sliding time window is actually a flip time/tumbling window.
![TDengine Database Time Window](./timewindow-1.webp)
`INTERVAL` and `SLIDING` should be used with aggregate functions and select functions. The SQL statement below is illegal because no aggregate or selection function is used with `INTERVAL`.
```
SELECT * FROM temp_tb_1 INTERVAL(1m);
```
The time step specified by `SLIDING` cannot exceed the time interval specified by `INTERVAL`. The SQL statement below is illegal because the time length specified by `SLIDING` exceeds that specified by `INTERVAL`.
```
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM temp_tb_1 INTERVAL(1m) SLIDING(2m);
```
When using time windows, note the following:
- The window length for aggregation depends on the value of INTERVAL. The minimum interval is 10 ms. You can configure a window as an offset from UTC 0:00. The offset cannot be smaller than the interval. You can use SLIDING to specify the length of time that the window moves forward.
Please note that the `timezone` parameter should be configured to be the same value in the `taos.cfg` configuration file on client side and server side.
- The result set is in ascending order of timestamp when you aggregate by time window.
### Status Window
In case of using integer, bool, or string to represent the status of a device at any given moment, continuous rows with the same status belong to a status window. Once the status changes, the status window closes. As shown in the following figure, there are two status windows according to status, [2019-04-28 14:22:07，2019-04-28 14:22:10] and [2019-04-28 14:22:11，2019-04-28 14:22:12]. Status window is not applicable to STable for now.
![TDengine Database Status Window](./timewindow-3.webp)
`STATE_WINDOW` is used to specify the column on which the status window will be based. For example:
```
SELECT COUNT(*), FIRST(ts), status FROM temp_tb_1 STATE_WINDOW(status);
```
### Session Window
The primary key, i.e. timestamp, is used to determine which session window a row belongs to. As shown in the figure below, if the limit of time interval for the session window is specified as 12 seconds, then the 6 rows in the figure constitutes 2 time windows, [2019-04-28 14:22:10，2019-04-28 14:22:30] and [2019-04-28 14:23:10，2019-04-28 14:23:30] because the time difference between 2019-04-28 14:22:30 and 2019-04-28 14:23:10 is 40 seconds, which exceeds the time interval limit of 12 seconds.
![TDengine Database Session Window](./timewindow-2.webp)
If the time interval between two continuous rows are within the time interval specified by `tol_value` they belong to the same session window; otherwise a new session window is started automatically. Session window is not supported on STable for now.
```
SELECT COUNT(*), FIRST(ts) FROM temp_tb_1 SESSION(ts, tol_val);
```
### Examples
A table of intelligent meters can be created by the SQL statement below：
```
CREATE TABLE meters (ts TIMESTAMP, current FLOAT, voltage INT, phase FLOAT) TAGS (location BINARY(64), groupId INT);
```
The average current, maximum current and median of current in every 10 minutes for the past 24 hours can be calculated using the SQL statement below, with missing values filled with the previous non-NULL values. The query statement is as follows:
```
SELECT AVG(current), MAX(current), APERCENTILE(current, 50) FROM meters
WHERE ts>=NOW-1d and ts<=now
INTERVAL(10m)
FILL(PREV);
```
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---
sidebar_label: Data Subscription
title: Data Subscription
description: Subscribe Data from TDengine.
---
The information in this document is related to the TDengine data subscription feature.
## Create a Topic
```sql
CREATE TOPIC [IF NOT EXISTS] topic_name AS subquery;
```
You can use filtering, scalar functions, and user-defined scalar functions with a topic. JOIN, GROUP BY, windows, aggregate functions, and user-defined aggregate functions are not supported. The following rules apply to subscribing to a column:
1. The returned field is determined when the topic is created.
2. Columns to which a consumer is subscribed or that are involved in calculations cannot be deleted or modified.
3. If you add a column, the new column will not appear in the results for the subscription.
4. If you run `SELECT \*`, all columns in the subscription at the time of its creation are displayed. This includes columns in supertables, standard tables, and subtables. Supertables are shown as data columns plus tag columns.
## Delete a Topic
```sql
DROP TOPIC [IF EXISTS] topic_name;
```
If a consumer is subscribed to the topic that you delete, the consumer will receive an error.
## View Topics
## SHOW TOPICS
```sql
SHOW TOPICS;
```
The preceding command displays all topics in the current database.
## Create Consumer Group
You can create consumer groups only through the TDengine Client driver or the API provided by a connector.
## Delete Consumer Group
```sql
DROP CONSUMER GROUP [IF EXISTS] cgroup_name ON topic_name;
```
This deletes the cgroup_name in the topic_name.
## View Consumer Groups
```sql
SHOW CONSUMERS;
```
The preceding command displays all consumer groups in the current database.
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---
sidebar_label: Stream Processing
title: Stream Processing
description: Built-in Stream Processing.
---
Raw time-series data is often cleaned and preprocessed before being permanently stored in a database. Stream processing components like Kafka, Flink, and Spark are often deployed alongside a time-series database to handle these operations, increasing system complexity and maintenance costs.
Because stream processing is built in to TDengine, you are no longer reliant on middleware. TDengine offers a unified platform for writing, preprocessing, permanent storage, complex analysis, and real-time computation and alerting. Additionally, you can use SQL to perform all these tasks.
## Create a Stream
```sql
CREATE STREAM [IF NOT EXISTS] stream_name [stream_options] INTO stb_name AS subquery
stream_options: {
TRIGGER [AT_ONCE | WINDOW_CLOSE | MAX_DELAY time]
WATERMARK time
}
```
The subquery is a subset of standard SELECT query syntax:
```sql
subquery: SELECT [DISTINCT] select_list
from_clause
[WHERE condition]
[PARTITION BY tag_list]
[window_clause]
```
Session windows, state windows, and sliding windows are supported. When you configure a session or state window for a supertable, you must use PARTITION BY TBNAME.
```sql
window_clause: {
SESSION(ts_col, tol_val)
| STATE_WINDOW(col)
| INTERVAL(interval_val [, interval_offset]) [SLIDING (sliding_val)]
}
```
`SESSION` indicates a session window, and `tol_val` indicates the maximum range of the time interval. If the time interval between two continuous rows are within the time interval specified by `tol_val` they belong to the same session window; otherwise a new session window is started automatically.
For example, the following SQL statement creates a stream and automatically creates a supertable named `avg_vol`. The stream has a 1 minute time window that slides forward in 30 second intervals to calculate the average voltage of the meters supertable.
```sql
CREATE STREAM avg_vol_s INTO avg_vol AS
SELECT _wstartts, count(*), avg(voltage) FROM meters PARTITION BY tbname INTERVAL(1m) SLIDING(30s);
```
## Delete a Stream
```sql
DROP STREAM [IF NOT EXISTS] stream_name
```
This statement deletes the stream processing service only. The data generated by the stream is retained.
## View Streams
```sql
SHOW STREAMS;
```
## Trigger Stream Processing
When you create a stream, you can use the TRIGGER parameter to specify triggering conditions for it.
For non-windowed processing, triggering occurs in real time. For windowed processing, there are three methods of triggering:
1. AT_ONCE: triggers on write
2. WINDOW_CLOSE: triggers when the window closes. This is determined by the event time. You can use WINDOW_CLOSE together with `watermark`. For more information, see Stream Processing Strategy for Out-of-Order Data.
3. MAX_DELAY: triggers when the window closes. If the window has not closed but the time elapsed exceeds MAX_DELAY, stream processing is also triggered.
Because the window closing is determined by the event time, a delay or termination of an event stream will prevent the event time from being updated. This may result in an inability to obtain the latest results.
For this reason, MAX_DELAY is provided as a way to ensure that processing occurs even if the window does not close.
MAX_DELAY also triggers when the window closes. Additionally, if a write occurs but the processing is not triggered before MAX_DELAY expires, processing is also triggered.
## Stream Processing Strategy for Out-of-Order Data
When you create a stream, you can specify a watermark in the `stream_option` parameter.
The watermark is used to specify the tolerance for out-of-order data. The default value is 0.
T = latest event time - watermark
The window closing time for each batch of data that arrives at the system is updated using the preceding formula, and all windows are closed whose closing time is less than T. If the triggering method is WINDOW_CLOSE or MAX_DELAY, the aggregate result for the window is pushed.
Stream processing strategy for expired data
The data in expired windows is tagged as expired. TDengine stream processing provides two methods for handling such data:
1. Drop the data. This is the default and often only handling method for most stream processing engines.
2. Recalculate the data. In this method, all data in the window is reobtained from the database and recalculated. The latest results are then returned.
In both of these methods, configuring the watermark is essential for obtaining accurate results (if expired data is dropped) and avoiding repeated triggers that affect system performance (if expired data is recalculated).
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---
sidebar_label: Operators
title: Operators
description: TDengine Supported Operators
---
## Arithmetic Operators
| # | **Operator** | **Supported Data Types** | **Description** |
| --- | :--------: | -------------- | -------------------------- |
| 1 | +, - | Numeric | Expresses sign. Unary operators. |
| 2 | +, - | Numeric | Expresses addition and subtraction. Binary operators. |
| 3 | \*, / | Numeric | Expresses multiplication and division. Binary operators. |
| 4 | % | Numeric | Expresses modulo. Binary operator. |
## Bitwise Operators
| # | **Operator** | **Supported Data Types** | **Description** |
| --- | :--------: | -------------- | ------------------ |
| 1 | & | Numeric | Bitwise AND. Binary operator. |
| 2 | \| | Numeric | Bitwise OR. Binary operator. |
## JSON Operators
The `->` operator returns the value for a key in JSON column. Specify the column indicator on the left of the operator and the key name on the right of the operator. For example, `col->name` returns the value of the name key.
## Set Operators
Set operators combine the results of two queries. Queries that include set operators are known as compound queries. The expressions corresponding to each query in the select list in a compound query must match in number. The results returned take the data type of the first query, and the data type returned by subsequent queries must be convertible into the data type of the first query. The conditions of the `CAST` function apply to this conversion.
TDengine supports the `UNION` and `UNION ALL` operations. UNION ALL collects all query results and returns them as a composite result without deduplication. UNION collects all query results and returns them as a deduplicated composite result. In a single SQL statement, at most 100 set operators can be supported.
## Comparison Operators
| # | **Operator** | **Supported Data Types** | **Description** |
| --- | :---------------: | -------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- |
| 1 | = | All types except BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and JSON | Equal to |
| 2 | <\>, != | All types except BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and JSON; the primary key (timestamp) is also not supported | Not equal to |
| 3 | \>, < | All types except BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and JSON | Greater than and less than |
| 4 | \>=, <= | All types except BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and JSON | Greater than or equal to and less than or equal to |
| 5 | IS [NOT] NULL | All types | Indicates whether the value is null |
| 6 | [NOT] BETWEEN AND | All types except BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and JSON | Closed interval comparison |
| 7 | IN | All types except BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, and JSON; the primary key (timestamp) is also not supported | Equal to any value in the list |
| 8 | LIKE | BINARY, NCHAR, and VARCHAR | Wildcard match |
| 9 | MATCH, NMATCH | BINARY, NCHAR, and VARCHAR | Regular expression match |
| 10 | CONTAINS | JSON | Indicates whether the key exists |
LIKE is used together with wildcards to match strings. Its usage is described as follows:
- '%' matches 0 or any number of characters, '\_' matches any single ASCII character.
- `\_` is used to match the \_ in the string.
- The maximum length of wildcard string is 100 bytes. A very long wildcard string may slowdown the execution performance of `LIKE` operator.
MATCH and NMATCH are used together with regular expressions to match strings. Their usage is described as follows:
- Use POSIX regular expression syntax. For more information, see Regular Expressions.
- Regular expression can be used against only table names, i.e. `tbname`, and tags of binary/nchar types, but can't be used against data columns.
- The maximum length of regular expression string is 128 bytes. Configuration parameter `maxRegexStringLen` can be used to set the maximum allowed regular expression. It's a configuration parameter on the client side, and will take effect after restarting the client.
## Logical Operators
| # | **Operator** | **Supported Data Types** | **Description** |
| --- | :--------: | -------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1 | AND | BOOL | Logical AND; if both conditions are true, TRUE is returned; If either condition is false, FALSE is returned.
| 2 | OR | BOOL | Logical OR; if either condition is true, TRUE is returned; If both conditions are false, FALSE is returned.
TDengine performs short-path optimization when calculating logical conditions. If the first condition for AND is false, FALSE is returned without calculating the second condition. If the first condition for OR is true, TRUE is returned without calculating the second condition
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---
sidebar_label: JSON Type
title: JSON Type
description: JSON Data Type
---
## Syntax
1. Tag of type JSON
```
create stable s1 (ts timestamp, v1 int) tags (info json)
create table s1_1 using s1 tags ('{"k1": "v1"}')
```
2. "->" Operator of JSON
```
select * from s1 where info->'k1' = 'v1'
select info->'k1' from s1
```
3. "contains" Operator of JSON
```
select * from s1 where info contains 'k2'
select * from s1 where info contains 'k1'
```
## Applicable Operations
1. When a JSON data type is used in `where`, `match/nmatch/between and/like/and/or/is null/is no null` can be used but `in` can't be used.
```
select * from s1 where info->'k1' match 'v*';
select * from s1 where info->'k1' like 'v%' and info contains 'k2';
select * from s1 where info is null;
select * from s1 where info->'k1' is not null
```
2. A tag of JSON type can be used in `group by`, `order by`, `join`, `union all` and sub query; for example `group by json->'key'`
3. `Distinct` can be used with a tag of type JSON
```
select distinct info->'k1' from s1
```
4. Tag Operations
The value of a JSON tag can be altered. Please note that the full JSON will be overridden when doing this.
The name of a JSON tag can be altered.
A tag of JSON type can't be added or removed. The column length of a JSON tag can't be changed.
## Other Restrictions
- JSON type can only be used for a tag. There can be only one tag of JSON type, and it's exclusive to any other types of tags.
- The maximum length of keys in JSON is 256 bytes, and key must be printable ASCII characters. The maximum total length of a JSON is 4,096 bytes.
- JSON format：
- The input string for JSON can be empty, i.e. "", "\t", or NULL, but it can't be non-NULL string, bool or array.
- object can be {}, and the entire JSON is empty if so. Key can be "", and it's ignored if so.
- value can be int, double, string, bool or NULL, and it can't be an array. Nesting is not allowed which means that the value of a key can't be JSON.
- If one key occurs twice in JSON, only the first one is valid.
- Escape characters are not allowed in JSON.
- NULL is returned when querying a key that doesn't exist in JSON.
- If a tag of JSON is the result of inner query, it can't be parsed and queried in the outer query.
For example, the SQL statements below are not supported.
```
select jtag->'key' from (select jtag from stable)
```
and
```
select jtag->'key' from (select jtag from stable) where jtag->'key'>0
```
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---
title: Escape Characters
description: How to use Escape
---
## Escape Characters
| Escape Character | **Actual Meaning** |
| :--------------: | ------------------------ |
| `\'` | Single quote ' |
| `\"` | Double quote " |
| \n | Line Break |
| \r | Carriage Return |
| \t | tab |
| `\\` | Back Slash \ |
| `\%` | % see below for details |
| `\_` | \_ see below for details |
## Restrictions
1. If there are escape characters in identifiers (database name, table name, column name)
- Identifier without ``: Error will be returned because identifier must be constituted of digits, ASCII characters or underscore and can't be started with digits
- Identifier quoted with ``： Original content is kept, no escaping
2. If there are escape characters in values
- The escape characters will be escaped as the above table. If the escape character doesn't match any supported one, the escape character "\" will be ignored.
- "%" and "\_" are used as wildcards in `like`. `\%` and `\_` should be used to represent literal "%" and "\_" in `like`,. If `\%` and `\_` are used out of `like` context, the evaluation result is "`\%`"and "`\_`", instead of "%" and "\_".
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---
sidebar_label: Limits
title: Limits
description: Naming Limits
---
## Naming Rules
1. Names can include letters, digits, and underscores (_).
2. Names can begin with letters or underscores (_) but not with digits.
3. Names are not case-sensitive.
4. Rules for names with escape characters are as follows:
You can escape a name by enclosing it in backticks (`). In this way, you can reuse keyword names for table names. However, the first three naming rules no longer apply.
Table and column names that are enclosed in escape characters are still subject to length limits. When the length of such a name is calculated, the escape characters are not included. Names specified using escape character are case-sensitive.
For example, \`aBc\` and \`abc\` are different table or column names, but "abc" and "aBc" are same names because internally they are all "abc".
Only ASCII visible characters can be used with escape character.
## Password Rules
`[a-zA-Z0-9!?$%^&*()_–+={[}]:;@~#|<,>.?/]`
The following characters cannot occur in a password: single quotation marks ('), double quotation marks ("), backticks (`), backslashes (\\), and spaces.
## General Limits
- Maximum length of database name is 32 bytes
- Maximum length of table name is 192 bytes, excluding the database name prefix and the separator.
- Maximum length of each data row is 48K bytes. Note that the upper limit includes the extra 2 bytes consumed by each column of BINARY/NCHAR type.
- The maximum length of a column name is 64 bytes.
- Maximum number of columns is 4096. There must be at least 2 columns, and the first column must be timestamp.
- The maximum length of a tag name is 64 bytes
- Maximum number of tags is 128. There must be at least 1 tag. The total length of tag values cannot exceed 16 KB.
- Maximum length of single SQL statement is 1 MB (1048576 bytes). It can be configured in the parameter `maxSQLLength` in the client side, the applicable range is [65480, 1048576].
- At most 4096 columns can be returned by `SELECT`. Functions in the query statement constitute columns. An error is returned if the limit is exceeded.
- Maximum numbers of databases, STables, tables are dependent only on the system resources.
- The number of replicas can only be 1 or 3.
- The maximum length of a username is 23 bytes.
- The maximum length of a password is 15 bytes.
- The maximum number of rows depends on system resources.
- The maximum number of vnodes in a database is 1024.
## Restrictions of Table/Column Names
### Name Restrictions of Table/Column
The name of a table or column can only be composed of ASCII characters, digits and underscore and it cannot start with a digit. The maximum length is 192 bytes. Names are case insensitive. The name mentioned in this rule doesn't include the database name prefix and the separator.
### Name Restrictions After Escaping
To support more flexible table or column names, new escape character "\`" is introduced in TDengine to avoid the conflict between table name and keywords and break the above restrictions for table names. The escape character is not counted in the length of table name.
With escaping, the string inside escape characters are case sensitive, i.e. will not be converted to lower case internally. The table names specified using escape character are case sensitive.
For example:
\`aBc\` and \`abc\` are different table or column names, but "abc" and "aBc" are same names because internally they are all "abc".
:::note
The characters inside escape characters must be printable characters.
:::
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---
sidebar_label: Keywords
title: Reserved Keywords
description: Reserved Keywords in TDengine SQL
---
## Keyword List
There are about 200 keywords reserved by TDengine, they can't be used as the name of database, STable or table with either upper case, lower case or mixed case. The following list shows all reserved keywords:
### A
- ABORT
- ACCOUNT
- ACCOUNTS
- ADD
- AFTER
- ALL
- ALTER
- AND
- AS
- ASC
- ATTACH
### B
- BEFORE
- BEGIN
- BETWEEN
- BIGINT
- BINARY
- BITAND
- BITNOT
- BITOR
- BLOCKS
- BOOL
- BY
### C
- CACHE
- CACHELAST
- CASCADE
- CHANGE
- CLUSTER
- COLON
- COLUMN
- COMMA
- COMP
- COMPACT
- CONCAT
- CONFLICT
- CONNECTION
- CONNECTIONS
- CONNS
- COPY
- CREATE
- CTIME
### D
- DATABASE
- DATABASES
- DAYS
- DBS
- DEFERRED
- DELETE
- DELIMITERS
- DESC
- DESCRIBE
- DETACH
- DISTINCT
- DIVIDE
- DNODE
- DNODES
- DOT
- DOUBLE
- DROP
### E
- END
- EQ
- EXISTS
- EXPLAIN
### F
- FAIL
- FILE
- FILL
- FLOAT
- FOR
- FROM
- FSYNC
### G
- GE
- GLOB
- GRANTS
- GROUP
- GT
### H
- HAVING
### I
- ID
- IF
- IGNORE
- IMMEDIA
- IMPORT
- IN
- INITIAL
- INSERT
- INSTEAD
- INT
- INTEGER
- INTERVA
- INTO
- IS
- ISNULL
### J
- JOIN
### K
- KEEP
- KEY
- KILL
### L
- LE
- LIKE
- LIMIT
- LINEAR
- LOCAL
- LP
- LSHIFT
- LT
### M
- MATCH
- MAXROWS
- MINROWS
- MINUS
- MNODES
- MODIFY
- MODULES
### N
- NE
- NONE
- NOT
- NOTNULL
- NOW
- NULL
### O
- OF
- OFFSET
- OR
- ORDER
### P
- PARTITION
- PASS
- PLUS
- PPS
- PRECISION
- PREV
- PRIVILEGE
### Q
- QTIME
- QUERIE
- QUERY
- QUORUM
### R
- RAISE
- REM
- REPLACE
- REPLICA
- RESET
- RESTRIC
- ROW
- RP
- RSHIFT
### S
- SCORES
- SELECT
- SEMI
- SESSION
- SET
- SHOW
- SLASH
- SLIDING
- SLIMIT
- SMALLIN
- SOFFSET
- STable
- STableS
- STAR
- STATE
- STATEMENT
- STATE_WI
- STORAGE
- STREAM
- STREAMS
- STRING
- SYNCDB
### T
- TABLE
- TABLES
- TAG
- TAGS
- TBNAME
- TIMES
- TIMESTAMP
- TINYINT
- TOPIC
- TOPICS
- TRIGGER
- TSERIES
### U
- UMINUS
- UNION
- UNSIGNED
- UPDATE
- UPLUS
- USE
- USER
- USERS
- USING
### V
- VALUES
- VARIABLE
- VARIABLES
- VGROUPS
- VIEW
- VNODES
### W
- WAL
- WHERE
### \_
- \_C0
- \_QSTART
- \_QSTOP
- \_QDURATION
- \_WSTART
- \_WSTOP
- \_WDURATION
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---
sidebar_label: UDF
title: User-Defined Functions (UDF)
description: User Defined Functions
---
You can create user-defined functions and import them into TDengine.
## Create UDF
SQL command can be executed on the host where the generated UDF DLL resides to load the UDF DLL into TDengine. This operation cannot be done through REST interface or web console. Once created, any client of the current TDengine can use these UDF functions in their SQL commands. UDF are stored in the management node of TDengine. The UDFs loaded in TDengine would be still available after TDengine is restarted.
When creating UDF, the type of UDF, i.e. a scalar function or aggregate function must be specified. If the specified type is wrong, the SQL statements using the function would fail with errors. The input data type and output data type must be consistent with the UDF definition.
- Create Scalar Function
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION function_name AS library_path OUTPUTTYPE output_type;
```
- function_name: The scalar function name to be used in SQL statement which must be consistent with the UDF name and is also the name of the compiled DLL (.so file).
- library_path: The absolute path of the DLL file including the name of the shared object file (.so). The path must be quoted with single or double quotes.
- output_type: The data type of the results of the UDF.
For example, the following SQL statement can be used to create a UDF from `libbitand.so`.
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION bit_and AS "/home/taos/udf_example/libbitand.so" OUTPUTTYPE INT;
```
- Create Aggregate Function
```sql
CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION function_name AS library_path OUTPUTTYPE output_type [ BUFSIZE buffer_size ];
```
- function_name: The aggregate function name to be used in SQL statement which must be consistent with the udfNormalFunc name and is also the name of the compiled DLL (.so file).
- library_path: The absolute path of the DLL file including the name of the shared object file (.so). The path must be quoted with single or double quotes.
- output_type: The output data type, the value is the literal string of the supported TDengine data type.
- buffer_size: The size of the intermediate buffer in bytes. This parameter is optional.
For example, the following SQL statement can be used to create a UDF from `libl2norm.so`.
```sql
CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION l2norm AS "/home/taos/udf_example/libl2norm.so" OUTPUTTYPE DOUBLE bufsize 8;
```
## Manage UDF
- The following statement deleted the specified user-defined function.
```
DROP FUNCTION function_name;
```
- function_name: The value of function_name in the CREATE statement used to import the UDF for example `bit_and` or `l2norm`.
```sql
DROP FUNCTION bit_and;
```
- Show Available UDF
```sql
SHOW FUNCTIONS;
```
## Call UDF
The function name specified when creating UDF can be used directly in SQL statements, just like builtin functions. For example:
```sql
SELECT X(c1,c2) FROM table/stable;
```
The above SQL statement invokes function X for column c1 and c2. You can use query keywords like WHERE with user-defined functions.
docs/en/17-taos-sql/27-index.md 已删除 100644 → 0
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---
sidebar_label: Index
title: Using Indices
description: Use Index to Accelerate Query.
---
TDengine supports SMA and FULLTEXT indexing.
## Create an Index
```sql
CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX index_name ON tb_name (col_name [, col_name] ...)
CREATE SMA INDEX index_name ON tb_name index_option
index_option:
FUNCTION(functions) INTERVAL(interval_val [, interval_offset]) [SLIDING(sliding_val)] [WATERMARK(watermark_val)] [MAX_DELAY(max_delay_val)]
functions:
function [, function] ...
```
### SMA Indexing
Performs pre-aggregation on the specified column over the time window defined by the INTERVAL clause. The type is specified in functions_string. SMA indexing improves aggregate query performance for the specified time period. One supertable can only contain one SMA index.
- The max, min, and sum functions are supported.
- WATERMARK: Enter a value between 0ms and 900000ms. The most precise unit supported is milliseconds. The default value is 5 seconds. This option can be used only on supertables.
- MAX_DELAY: Enter a value between 1ms and 900000ms. The most precise unit supported is milliseconds. The default value is the value of interval provided that it does not exceed 900000ms. This option can be used only on supertables. Note: Retain the default value if possible. Configuring a small MAX_DELAY may cause results to be frequently pushed, affecting storage and query performance.
### FULLTEXT Indexing
Creates a text index for the specified column. FULLTEXT indexing improves performance for queries with text filtering. The index_option syntax is not supported for FULLTEXT indexing. FULLTEXT indexing is supported for JSON tag columns only. Multiple columns cannot be indexed together. However, separate indices can be created for each column.
## Delete an Index
```sql
DROP INDEX index_name;
```
## View Indices
````sql
```sql
SHOW INDEXES FROM tbl_name [FROM db_name];
````
Shows indices that have been created for the specified database or table.
docs/en/17-taos-sql/index.md 已删除 100644 → 0
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---
sidebar_label: SQL Reference
title: TDengine SQL Reference
description: Full reference manual of TDengine SQL.
---
This section explains the syntax of SQL to perform operations on databases, tables and STables, insert data, select data and use functions. We also provide some tips that can be used in TDengine SQL. If you have previous experience with SQL this section will be fairly easy to understand. If you do not have previous experience with SQL, you'll come to appreciate the simplicity and power of SQL. TDengine SQL has been enhanced in version 3.0, and the query engine has been rearchitected.
TDengine SQL is the major interface for users to write data into or query from TDengine. It uses standard SQL syntax and includes extensions and optimizations for time-series data and services. The maximum length of a TDengine SQL statement is 1 MB. Note that keyword abbreviations are not supported. For example, DELETE cannot be entered as DEL.
Syntax Specifications used in this chapter:
- Keywords are given in uppercase, although SQL is not case-sensitive.
- Information that you input is given in lowercase.
- \[ \] means optional input, excluding [] itself.
- | means one of a few options, excluding | itself.
- … means the item prior to it can be repeated multiple times.
To better demonstrate the syntax, usage and rules of TAOS SQL, hereinafter it's assumed that there is a data set of data from electric meters. Each meter collects 3 data measurements: current, voltage, phase. The data model is shown below:
```
taos> DESCRIBE meters;
Field | Type | Length | Note |
=================================================================================
ts | TIMESTAMP | 8 | |
current | FLOAT | 4 | |
voltage | INT | 4 | |
phase | FLOAT | 4 | |
location | BINARY | 64 | TAG |
groupid | INT | 4 | TAG |
```
The data set includes the data collected by 4 meters, the corresponding table name is d1001, d1002, d1003 and d1004 based on the data model of TDengine.
```mdx-code-block
import DocCardList from '@theme/DocCardList';
import {useCurrentSidebarCategory} from '@docusaurus/theme-common';
<DocCardList items={useCurrentSidebarCategory().items}/>
```
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