index.mdx

---
title: Data Model
---

The data model employed by TDengine is similar to a relational database, you need to create databases and tables. Design the data model based on your own application scenarios and you should design the STable (abbreviation for super table) schema to fit your data. This chapter will explain the big picture without getting into syntax details.

## Create Database

The characteristics of data from different data collection points may be different, such as collection frequency, days to keep, number of replicas, data block size, whether it's allowed to update data, etc. For TDengine to operate with the best performance, it's strongly suggested to put the data with different characteristics into different databases because different storage policies can be set for each database. When creating a database, there are a lot of parameters that can be configured, such as the days to keep data, the number of replicas, the number of memory blocks, time precision, the minimum and maximum number of rows in each data block, compress or not, the time range of the data in single data file, etc. Below is an example of the SQL statement for creating a database.

```sql
CREATE DATABASE power KEEP 365 DAYS 10 BLOCKS 6 UPDATE 1;
```

In the above SQL statement, a database named "power" will be created, the data in it will be kept for 365 days, which means the data older than 365 days will be deleted automatically, a new data file will be created every 10 days, the number of memory blocks is 6, data is allowed to be updated. For more details please refer to [Database](/taos-sql/database).

After creating a database, the current database in use can be switched using SQL command `USE`, for example below SQL statement switches the current database to `power`. Without the current database specified, table name must be preceded with the corresponding database name.

```sql
USE power;
```

:::note

- Any table or STable must belong to a database. To create a table or STable, the database it belongs to must be ready.
- JOIN operations can't be performed on tables from two different databases.
- Timestamp needs to be specified when inserting rows or querying historical rows.

:::

## Create STable

In a time-series application, there may be multiple kinds of data collection points. For example, in the electrical power system there are meters, transformers, bus bars, switches, etc. For easy and efficient aggregation of multiple tables, one STable needs to be created for each kind of data collection point. For example, for the meters in [table 1](/tdinternal/arch#model_table1), the below SQL statement can be used to create the super table.

```sql
CREATE STable meters (ts timestamp, current float, voltage int, phase float) TAGS (location binary(64), groupId int);
```

:::note
If you are using versions prior to 2.0.15, the `STable` keyword needs to be replaced with `TABLE`.

:::

Similar to creating a regular table, when creating a STable, the name and schema need to be provided. In the STable schema, the first column must be timestamp (like ts in the example), and the other columns (like current, voltage and phase in the example) are the data collected. The column type can be integer, float, double, string ,etc. Besides, the schema for tags need to be provided, like location and groupId in the example. The tag type can be integer, float, string, etc. The static properties of a data collection point can be defined as tags, like the location, device type, device group ID, manager ID, etc. Tags in the schema can be added, removed or updated. Please refer to [STable](/taos-sql/stable) for more details.

For each kind of data collection point, a corresponding STable must be created. There may be many STables in an application. For electrical power system, we need to create a STable respectively for meters, transformers, busbars, switches. There may be multiple kinds of data collection points on a single device, for example there may be one data collection point for electrical data like current and voltage and another point for environmental data like temperature, humidity and wind direction, multiple STables are required for such kind of device.

At most 4096 (or 1024 prior to version 2.1.7.0) columns are allowed in a STable. If there are more than 4096 of metrics to be collected for a data collection point, multiple STables are required. There can be multiple databases in a system, while one or more STables can exist in a database.

## Create Table

A specific table needs to be created for each data collection point. Similar to RDBMS, table name and schema are required to create a table. Beside, one or more tags can be created for each table. To create a table, a STable needs to be used as template and the values need to be specified for the tags. For example, for the meters in [Table 1](/tdinternal/arch#model_table1), the table can be created using below SQL statement.

```sql
CREATE TABLE d1001 USING meters TAGS ("California.SanFrancisco", 2);
```

In the above SQL statement, "d1001" is the table name, "meters" is the STable name, followed by the value of tag "Location" and the value of tag "groupId", which are "California.SanFrancisco" and "2" respectively in the example. The tag values can be updated after the table is created. Please refer to [Tables](/taos-sql/table) for details.

In TDengine system, it's recommended to create a table for a data collection point via STable. A table created via STable is called subtable in some parts of the TDengine documentation. All SQL commands applied on regular tables can be applied on subtables.

:::warning
It's not recommended to create a table in a database while using a STable from another database as template.

:::tip
It's suggested to use the global unique ID of a data collection point as the table name, for example the device serial number. If there isn't such a unique ID, multiple IDs that are not global unique can be combined to form a global unique ID. It's not recommended to use a global unique ID as tag value.

## Create Table Automatically

In some circumstances, it's unknown whether the table already exists when inserting rows. The table can be created automatically using the SQL statement below, and nothing will happen if the table already exist.

```sql
INSERT INTO d1001 USING meters TAGS ("California.SanFrancisco", 2) VALUES (now, 10.2, 219, 0.32);
```

In the above SQL statement, a row with value `(now, 10.2, 219, 0.32)` will be inserted into table "d1001". If table "d1001" doesn't exist, it will be created automatically using STable "meters" as template with tag value `"California.SanFrancisco", 2`.

For more details please refer to [Create Table Automatically](/taos-sql/insert#automatically-create-table-when-inserting).

## Single Column vs Multiple Column

A multiple columns data model is supported in TDengine. As long as multiple metrics are collected by the same data collection point at the same time, i.e. the timestamp are identical, these metrics can be put in a single STable as columns. However, there is another kind of design, i.e. single column data model, a table is created for each metric, which means a STable is required for each kind of metric. For example, 3 STables are required for current, voltage and phase.

It's recommended to use a multiple column data model as much as possible because it's better in the performance of inserting or querying rows. In some cases, however, the metrics to be collected vary frequently and correspondingly the STable schema needs to be changed frequently too. In such case, it's more convenient to use single column data model.