This reverts commit 6c2381da and applies iOS fixes.

This reverts commit e53d10c3.

The contents rendered into the backing stores are already correctly scaled.
The initial implementation assumed this also held true for the metrics obtained
via embedded view parameters.

Fixes b/142699417

Embedders may use this to specify a thread whose event loop is managed by them
instead of the engine. In addition, specifying the same task runner for both
the platform and render task runners allows embedders to effectively perform
GPU rendering operations on the platform thread.

To affect this change, the following non breaking changes to the API have been
made:

* The `FlutterCustomTaskRunners` struct now has a new field `render_task_runner`
  for the specification of a custom render task runner.
* The `FlutterTaskRunnerDescription` has a new field `identifier`. Embedders
  must supply a unique identifier for each task runner they specify. In
  addition, when describing multiple task runners that run their tasks on the
  same thread, their identifiers must match.
* The embedder may need to process tasks during `FlutterEngineRun` and
  `FlutterEngineShutdown`. However, the embedder doesn't have the Flutter engine
  handle before `FlutterEngineRun` and is supposed to relinquish handle right
  before `FlutterEngineShutdown`. Since the embedder needs the Flutter engine
  handle to service tasks on other threads while these calls are underway,
  there exist opportunities for deadlock. To work around this scenario, three
  new calls have been added that allow more deliberate management of the Flutter
  engine instance.
  * `FlutterEngineRun` can be replaced with `FlutterEngineInitialize` and
    `FlutterEngineRunInitialized`. The embedder can obtain a handle to the
    engine after the first call but the engine will not post any tasks to custom
    task runners specified by the embedder till the
    `FlutterEngineRunInitialized` call. Embedders can guard the Flutter engine
    handle behind a mutex for safe task runner interop.
  * `FlutterEngineShutdown` can be preceded by the `FlutterEngineDeinitialize`
    call. After this call the Flutter engine will no longer post tasks onto
    embedder managed task runners. It is still embedder responsibility to
    collect the Flutter engine handle via `FlutterEngineShutdown`.
* To maintain backwards compatibility with the old APIs, `FlutterEngineRun` is
  now just a convenience for `FlutterEngineInitialize` and
  `FlutterEngineRunInitilaized`. `FlutterEngineShutdown` now implicitly calls
  `FlutterEngineDeinitialize` as well. This allows existing users who don't care
  are custom task runner interop to keep using the old APIs.
* Adds complete test coverage for both old and new paths.

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/42460
Prerequisite for https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/17579

Add a unit-test to verify that root surface transformation affect platform view coordinates. (#12783)

See b/141980393 for details.

In the issue, the embedder (assumed to render Flutter contents of size 800 x 600 [1]) is meant to be displayed on its side. To achieve this, it specifies a root surface transformation that translates the surface by its width (or height when it held in the correct viewing position) and then rotates it counter-clockwise by 90 degrees. This test verifies that the Flutter Engine accounts for those transformations in the custom compositor platform view coodinates.

[1] The actual size is something different. 800x600 is for illustrative purposes.

Re-enabling this is tracked in https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/41999

This reverts commit fcc4ab32.

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/41394 and other
related correctness issues.

TBR: @arbreng @jason-simmons @mehmetf 

On Fuchsia, add a build flag for compositing OpacityLayers using the system
compositor vs Skia, which exposes a fastpath for opacity via Scenic.
This will only work under certain circumstances, in particular nested
OpacityLayers will not render correctly!

On Fuchsia, add a build flag for compositing PhysicalShapeLayers using
the system compositor vs Skia. Set to off by default, which restores
performant shadows on Fuchsia.

Remove the opacity exposed from ChildView, as that was added mistakenly.

Finally, we centralize the logic for switching between the
system-composited and in-process-composited paths inside of
ContainerLayer. We also centralize the logic for computing elevation
there. This allows the removal of many OS_FUCHSIA-specific code-paths.

Test: Ran workstation on Fuchsia; benchmarked before and after
Bug: 23711
Bug: 24163

* Fix broken tests

* Add windows font change logic

* update

* fix comment

Account for root surface transformation on the surfaces managed by the external view embedder. (#11384)

The earlier design speculated that embedders could affect the same
transformations on the layers post engine compositor presentation but before
final composition.

However, the linked issue points out that this design is not suitable for use
with hardware overlay planes. When rendering to the same, to affect the
transformation before composition, embedders would have to render to an
off-screen render target and then apply the transformation before presentation.
This patch negates the need for that off-screen render pass.

To be clear, the previous architecture is still fully viable. Embedders still
have full control over layer transformations before composition. This is an
optimization for the hardware overlay planes use-case.

Fixes b/139758641

The tests we write must be resilient to the order in which they are run in the
harness. That is, they must not rely on global state set by other tests that
have already run in the process. Also, these tests must themselves be
repeatable. That is, they must correctly clean up after themselves and be able
to run successfully again in the same process.

This patch adds some safeguards against (but does NOT guarantee) the addition of
tests that violate the dictum.

Additionally, test failures must be easily reproducible for folks investigating
the test failure. Also, tests that assert correctness of unrelated code must not
stop progress on the authors patch.

This changes does not hinder reproducibility of test failures because the random
seed is printed in the logs before running each test. Developers attempting to
reproduce the failure locally can do the same via the following invocation
`--gtest_shuffle --gtest_repeat=<the count> --gtest_random_seed=<seed from failing run>`.

This change does introduce potential burden on patch authors that may see
failures in unrelated code as a newly failing shuffle seed is used on their
runs. To ameliorate this, we will formulate guidance for them to aggressively
mark such tests as disabled and file bugs to enable the same.

The test seed is intentionally kept low because it’s purpose is to test that
individual tests are repeatable. It must not be used as a replacement for
fuzzing.

This change sets up a "spying canvas" to try and detect empty canvases.
When using platform views with a custom embedder, if a platform view
overlay canvas is known to be empty we skip creating a compositor layer
for that overlay.

Uses the same technique used during OpenGL composition to elide root surface access. The refactoring of this approach is tracked in https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/38466

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/39009.

We will end up creating fewer threads in tests.

No functional change. Just makes testing with fixture images easier. Adding a
whole lot more tests that use this path for the embedder surface rotation
patches. Want to land stuff in smaller chunks.

The root canvas is managed by the external view embedder when using a custom
compositor. Due to this, frame submission on the surface will not end up
flushing the same (because the surface doesn’t have it to begin with). Fixed
with tests.

This test queues tasks to a custom task runner that runs the tasks on the
platform thread.  After shutting down the engine, the test must wait until
these tasks are drained before the test exits.

This issue would only manifest when a custom task runner was being used with
a custom compositor. Both were tested separately but not together. A new
test has been added for this. We still create the GPU thread merger
unnecessarily but I can patch that later. I also cleaned up the existing
custom task runner test to not submit tasks on a dead engine as they just
log errors unnecessarily.

Filed new: https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/38844

This patch allows embedders to split the Flutter layer tree into multiple
chunks. These chunks are meant to be composed one on top of another. This gives
embedders a chance to interleave their own contents between these chunks.

The Flutter embedder API already provides hooks for the specification of
textures for the Flutter engine to compose within its own hierarchy (for camera
feeds, video, etc..). However, not all embedders can render the contents of such
sources into textures the Flutter engine can accept. Moreover, this composition
model may have overheads that are non-trivial for certain use cases. In such
cases, the embedder may choose to specify multiple render target for Flutter to
render into instead of just one.

The use of this API allows embedders to perform composition very similar to the
iOS embedder. This composition model is used on that platform for the embedding
of UIKit view such and web view and map views within the Flutter hierarchy.
However, do note that iOS also has threading configurations that are currently
not available to custom embedders.

The embedder API updates in this patch are ABI stable and existing embedders
will continue to work are normal. For embedders that want to enable this
composition mode, the API is designed to make it easy to opt into the same in an
incremental manner.

Rendering of contents into the “root” rendering surface remains unchanged.
However, now the application can push “platform views” via a scene builder.
These platform views need to handled by a FlutterCompositor specified in a new
field at the end of the FlutterProjectArgs struct.

When a new platform view in introduced within the layer tree, the compositor
will ask the embedder to create a new render target for that platform view.
Render targets can currently be OpenGL framebuffers, OpenGL textures or software
buffers. The type of the render target returned by the embedder must be
compatible with the root render surface. That is, if the root render surface is
an OpenGL framebuffer, the render target for each platform view must either be a
texture or a framebuffer in the same OpenGL context. New render target types as
well as root renderers for newer APIs like Metal & Vulkan can and will be added
in the future. The addition of these APIs will be done in an ABI & API stable
manner.

As Flutter renders frames, it gives the embedder a callback with information
about the position of the various platform views in the effective hierarchy.
The embedder is then meant to put the contents of the render targets that it
setup and had previously given to the engine onto the screen (of course
interleaving the contents of the platform views).

Unit-tests have been added that test not only the structure and properties of
layer hierarchy given to the compositor, but also the contents of the texels
rendered by a test compositor using both the OpenGL and software rendering
backends.

Fixes b/132812775
Fixes flutter/flutter#35410

This exposes the `Settings::leak_vm` flag to custom embedders. All embedder
unit-tests now shut down the VM on the shutdown of the last engine in the
process. The mechanics of VM shutdown are already tested in the Shell unit-tests
harness in the DartLifecycleUnittests set of of assertions. This just exposes
that functionality to custom embedders. Since it is part of the public stable
API, I also switched the name of the field to be something less snarky than the
field in private shell settings.

Fixes https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/18852

Applications can use an embedder API to obtain the isolate ID and then use it
in calls to the Dart service protocol.

Currently, all our host unit-tests that have rendering concerns use the software backend because of OpenGL ES availability and stability issues on the various platforms where we run host tests. Unfortunately, entire subsystems are disabled (and not tested) when rendering with the software backend. This patch pulls in SwiftShader and via pending patches in the buildroot, configures the host unit-tests to optionally use OpenGL ES in a stable manner without relying on the OpenGL drivers being present (and functional).

I have wired up the embedder test fixture in this patch to use the SwiftShader based OpenGL ES driver. I will update the shell and runtime unittests in a subsequent patch as well. The on and offscreen surfaces are configured as 1x1 pbuffer surface because we should be able to write pixel tests using OpenGL directly wihout having to deal with surfaces.

Corects a bnuch of typeos throughout teh engien codebsae. Also makes
a couple minor Commonwealth -> US spelling adjustments for consistency
with the rest of Flutter's codebase.

Made use of `misspell` tool:
https://github.com/client9/misspell

Currently, all Flutter threads are managed by the engine itself. This works for
all threads except the platform thread. On this thread, the engine cannot see
the underlying event multiplexing mechanism. Using the new task runner
interfaces, the engine can relinquish the task of setting up the event
multiplexing mechanism and instead have the embedder provide one for it during
setup.

This scheme is only wired up for the platform thread. But, the eventual goal
is to expose this message loop interoperability for all threads.

This reverts commit 7e77d5c4 after fixing Windows issues.

Revert "Allow specification of std::functions as native entrypoints from Dart code. (#8309)" (#8312)

This reverts commit 400a86a6.

This allows for the specification of std::functions (using EmbedderContext::NativeEntry) with their captures as native entrypoints. Earlier, only C functions we allowed which meant that there were no captures and assertions had to use globals which could introduce bugs when used with gtest_repeat.

Also allows tests to specify their own embedder contexts.

All embedder unit-tests have to setup the Flutter project arguments from scratch
before launching the engine. The boilerplate and having to deal with the low
level C API during each engine launch is a hinderance to writing tests.

This patch introduces an EmbedderTest fixture that sets up all the embedder side snapshots before allowing the unit test to create a FlutterConfigBuilder` that
the test can use to incrementally build and edit the Flutter project
configuration. From the given state state of a configuration, multiple engines
can be launched with their lifecylces managed by appropriate RAII wrappers.

This allows the a fully configured Flutter engine to be launched using 4 lines
of code in a fixture.

```
EmbedderConfigBuilder builder;
builder.SetSoftwareRendererConfig();
builder.SetAssetsPathFromFixture(this);
builder.SetSnapshotsFromFixture(this);
auto engine = builder.LaunchEngine();
```

Also extend the embedder unit tests to cover AOT execution

Allows embedders to specify a callback to be invoked in isolate scope
once root isolate has been created and marked runnable.

As an example of where this is useful, embedder unit test fixtures may
want to include Dart functions backed by a native implementation. On
isolate creation, this patch allows the unit test author to call
Dart_SetNativeResolver in root isolate scope.

FlutterResult is also the name of a class in the Objective-C API
surface, which is problematic when building a framework that contains
both (such as a macOS implementation of the Flutter framework).