This series does not fix all the current known problems with reclaim but
it addresses one important swapping bug when there is background IO.

Changelog since V3
 - Drop the slab shrink changes in light of Glaubers series and
   discussions highlighted that there were a number of potential
   problems with the patch.					(mel)
 - Rebased to 3.10-rc1

Changelog since V2
 - Preserve ratio properly for proportional scanning		(kamezawa)

Changelog since V1
 - Rename ZONE_DIRTY to ZONE_TAIL_LRU_DIRTY			(andi)
 - Reformat comment in shrink_page_list				(andi)
 - Clarify some comments					(dhillf)
 - Rework how the proportional scanning is preserved
 - Add PageReclaim check before kswapd starts writeback
 - Reset sc.nr_reclaimed on every full zone scan

Kswapd and page reclaim behaviour has been screwy in one way or the
other for a long time.  Very broadly speaking it worked in the far past
because machines were limited in memory so it did not have that many
pages to scan and it stalled congestion_wait() frequently to prevent it
going completely nuts.  In recent times it has behaved very
unsatisfactorily with some of the problems compounded by the removal of
stall logic and the introduction of transparent hugepage support with
high-order reclaims.

There are many variations of bugs that are rooted in this area.  One
example is reports of a large copy operations or backup causing the
machine to grind to a halt or applications pushed to swap.  Sometimes in
low memory situations a large percentage of memory suddenly gets
reclaimed.  In other cases an application starts and kswapd hits 100%
CPU usage for prolonged periods of time and so on.  There is now talk of
introducing features like an extra free kbytes tunable to work around
aspects of the problem instead of trying to deal with it.  It's
compounded by the problem that it can be very workload and machine
specific.

This series aims at addressing some of the worst of these problems
without attempting to fundmentally alter how page reclaim works.

Patches 1-2 limits the number of pages kswapd reclaims while still obeying
	the anon/file proportion of the LRUs it should be scanning.

Patches 3-4 control how and when kswapd raises its scanning priority and
	deletes the scanning restart logic which is tricky to follow.

Patch 5 notes that it is too easy for kswapd to reach priority 0 when
	scanning and then reclaim the world. Down with that sort of thing.

Patch 6 notes that kswapd starts writeback based on scanning priority which
	is not necessarily related to dirty pages. It will have kswapd
	writeback pages if a number of unqueued dirty pages have been
	recently encountered at the tail of the LRU.

Patch 7 notes that sometimes kswapd should stall waiting on IO to complete
	to reduce LRU churn and the likelihood that it'll reclaim young
	clean pages or push applications to swap. It will cause kswapd
	to block on IO if it detects that pages being reclaimed under
	writeback are recycling through the LRU before the IO completes.

Patchies 8-9 are cosmetic but balance_pgdat() is easier to follow after they
	are applied.

This was tested using memcached+memcachetest while some background IO
was in progress as implemented by the parallel IO tests implement in MM
Tests.

memcachetest benchmarks how many operations/second memcached can service
and it is run multiple times.  It starts with no background IO and then
re-runs the test with larger amounts of IO in the background to roughly
simulate a large copy in progress.  The expectation is that the IO
should have little or no impact on memcachetest which is running
entirely in memory.

                                        3.10.0-rc1                  3.10.0-rc1
                                           vanilla            lessdisrupt-v4
Ops memcachetest-0M             22155.00 (  0.00%)          22180.00 (  0.11%)
Ops memcachetest-715M           22720.00 (  0.00%)          22355.00 ( -1.61%)
Ops memcachetest-2385M           3939.00 (  0.00%)          23450.00 (495.33%)
Ops memcachetest-4055M           3628.00 (  0.00%)          24341.00 (570.92%)
Ops io-duration-0M                  0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops io-duration-715M               12.00 (  0.00%)              7.00 ( 41.67%)
Ops io-duration-2385M             118.00 (  0.00%)             21.00 ( 82.20%)
Ops io-duration-4055M             162.00 (  0.00%)             36.00 ( 77.78%)
Ops swaptotal-0M                    0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-715M             140134.00 (  0.00%)             18.00 ( 99.99%)
Ops swaptotal-2385M            392438.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swaptotal-4055M            449037.00 (  0.00%)          27864.00 ( 93.79%)
Ops swapin-0M                       0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-715M                     0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-2385M               148031.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops swapin-4055M               135109.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops minorfaults-0M            1529984.00 (  0.00%)        1530235.00 ( -0.02%)
Ops minorfaults-715M          1794168.00 (  0.00%)        1613750.00 ( 10.06%)
Ops minorfaults-2385M         1739813.00 (  0.00%)        1609396.00 (  7.50%)
Ops minorfaults-4055M         1754460.00 (  0.00%)        1614810.00 (  7.96%)
Ops majorfaults-0M                  0.00 (  0.00%)              0.00 (  0.00%)
Ops majorfaults-715M              185.00 (  0.00%)            180.00 (  2.70%)
Ops majorfaults-2385M           24472.00 (  0.00%)            101.00 ( 99.59%)
Ops majorfaults-4055M           22302.00 (  0.00%)            229.00 ( 98.97%)

Note how the vanilla kernels performance collapses when there is enough
IO taking place in the background.  This drop in performance is part of
what users complain of when they start backups.  Note how the swapin and
major fault figures indicate that processes were being pushed to swap
prematurely.  With the series applied, there is no noticable performance
drop and while there is still some swap activity, it's tiny.

20 iterations of this test were run in total and averaged.  Every 5
iterations, additional IO was generated in the background using dd to
measure how the workload was impacted.  The 0M, 715M, 2385M and 4055M
subblock refer to the amount of IO going on in the background at each
iteration.  So memcachetest-2385M is reporting how many
transactions/second memcachetest recorded on average over 5 iterations
while there was 2385M of IO going on in the ground.  There are six
blocks of information reported here

memcachetest is the transactions/second reported by memcachetest. In
	the vanilla kernel note that performance drops from around
	22K/sec to just under 4K/second when there is 2385M of IO going
	on in the background. This is one type of performance collapse
	users complain about if a large cp or backup starts in the
	background

io-duration refers to how long it takes for the background IO to
	complete. It's showing that with the patched kernel that the IO
	completes faster while not interfering with the memcache
	workload

swaptotal is the total amount of swap traffic. With the patched kernel,
	the total amount of swapping is much reduced although it is
	still not zero.

swapin in this case is an indication as to whether we are swap trashing.
	The closer the swapin/swapout ratio is to 1, the worse the
	trashing is.  Note with the patched kernel that there is no swapin
	activity indicating that all the pages swapped were really inactive
	unused pages.

minorfaults are just minor faults. An increased number of minor faults
	can indicate that page reclaim is unmapping the pages but not
	swapping them out before they are faulted back in. With the
	patched kernel, there is only a small change in minor faults

majorfaults are just major faults in the target workload and a high
	number can indicate that a workload is being prematurely
	swapped. With the patched kernel, major faults are much reduced. As
	there are no swapin's recorded so it's not being swapped. The likely
	explanation is that that libraries or configuration files used by
	the workload during startup get paged out by the background IO.

Overall with the series applied, there is no noticable performance drop
due to background IO and while there is still some swap activity, it's
tiny and the lack of swapins imply that the swapped pages were inactive
and unused.

                            3.10.0-rc1  3.10.0-rc1
                               vanilla lessdisrupt-v4
Page Ins                       1234608      101892
Page Outs                     12446272    11810468
Swap Ins                        283406           0
Swap Outs                       698469       27882
Direct pages scanned                 0      136480
Kswapd pages scanned           6266537     5369364
Kswapd pages reclaimed         1088989      930832
Direct pages reclaimed               0      120901
Kswapd efficiency                  17%         17%
Kswapd velocity               5398.371    4635.115
Direct efficiency                 100%         88%
Direct velocity                  0.000     117.817
Percentage direct scans             0%          2%
Page writes by reclaim         1655843     4009929
Page writes file                957374     3982047
Page writes anon                698469       27882
Page reclaim immediate            5245        1745
Page rescued immediate               0           0
Slabs scanned                    33664       25216
Direct inode steals                  0           0
Kswapd inode steals              19409         778
Kswapd skipped wait                  0           0
THP fault alloc                     35          30
THP collapse alloc                 472         401
THP splits                          27          22
THP fault fallback                   0           0
THP collapse fail                    0           1
Compaction stalls                    0           4
Compaction success                   0           0
Compaction failures                  0           4
Page migrate success                 0           0
Page migrate failure                 0           0
Compaction pages isolated            0           0
Compaction migrate scanned           0           0
Compaction free scanned              0           0
Compaction cost                      0           0
NUMA PTE updates                     0           0
NUMA hint faults                     0           0
NUMA hint local faults               0           0
NUMA pages migrated                  0           0
AutoNUMA cost                        0           0

Unfortunately, note that there is a small amount of direct reclaim due to
kswapd no longer reclaiming the world.  ftrace indicates that the direct
reclaim stalls are mostly harmless with the vast bulk of the stalls
incurred by dd

     23 tclsh-3367
     38 memcachetest-13733
     49 memcachetest-12443
     57 tee-3368
   1541 dd-13826
   1981 dd-12539

A consequence of the direct reclaim for dd is that the processes for the
IO workload may show a higher system CPU usage.  There is also a risk that
kswapd not reclaiming the world may mean that it stays awake balancing
zones, does not stall on the appropriate events and continually scans
pages it cannot reclaim consuming CPU.  This will be visible as continued
high CPU usage but in my own tests I only saw a single spike lasting less
than a second and I did not observe any problems related to reclaim while
running the series on my desktop.

This patch:

The number of pages kswapd can reclaim is bound by the number of pages it
scans which is related to the size of the zone and the scanning priority.
In many cases the priority remains low because it's reset every
SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX reclaimed pages but in the event kswapd scans a large
number of pages it cannot reclaim, it will raise the priority and
potentially discard a large percentage of the zone as sc->nr_to_reclaim is
ULONG_MAX.  The user-visible effect is a reclaim "spike" where a large
percentage of memory is suddenly freed.  It would be bad enough if this
was just unused memory but because of how anon/file pages are balanced it
is possible that applications get pushed to swap unnecessarily.

This patch limits the number of pages kswapd will reclaim to the high
watermark.  Reclaim will still overshoot due to it not being a hard limit
as shrink_lruvec() will ignore the sc.nr_to_reclaim at DEF_PRIORITY but it
prevents kswapd reclaiming the world at higher priorities.  The number of
pages it reclaims is not adjusted for high-order allocations as kswapd
will reclaim excessively if it is to balance zones for high-order
allocations.
Signed-off-by: NMel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: NRik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: NJohannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NKAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: NZlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

When memory hotplug is triggered, we call pageset_init() on
per-cpu-pagesets which both contain pages and are in use, causing both the
leakage of those pages and (potentially) bad behaviour if a page is
allocated from a pageset while it is being cleared.

Avoid this by factoring out pageset_set_high_and_batch() (which contains
all needed logic too set a pageset's ->high and ->batch inrespective of
system state) from zone_pageset_init() and using the new
pageset_set_high_and_batch() instead of zone_pageset_init() in
zone_pcp_update().
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Previously, zone_pcp_update() called pageset_set_batch() directly,
essentially assuming that percpu_pagelist_fraction == 0.

Correct this by calling zone_pageset_init(), which chooses the
appropriate ->batch and ->high calculations.
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Simply moves calculation of the new 'high' value outside the
for_each_possible_cpu() loop, as it does not depend on the cpu.
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

zone_pcp_update()'s goal is to adjust the ->high and ->mark members of a
percpu pageset based on a zone's ->managed_pages.  We don't need to drain
the entire percpu pageset just to modify these fields.

This lets us avoid calling setup_pageset() (and the draining required to
call it) and instead allows simply setting the fields' values (with some
attention paid to memory barriers to prevent the relationship between
->batch and ->high from being thrown off).

This does change the behavior of zone_pcp_update() as the percpu pagesets
will not be drained when zone_pcp_update() is called (they will end up
being shrunk, not completely drained, later when a 0-order page is freed
in free_hot_cold_page()).
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

pcp->batch could change at any point, avoid relying on it being a stable
value.
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Introduce pageset_update() to perform a safe transision from one set of
pcp->{batch,high} to a new set using memory barriers.

This ensures that batch is always set to a safe value (1) prior to
updating high, and ensure that high is fully updated before setting the
real value of batch.  It avoids ->batch ever rising above ->high.

Suggested by Gilad Ben-Yossef in these threads:

	https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/4/9/23
	https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/4/10/49

Also reproduces his proposed comment.
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: NGilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Because we are going to rely upon a careful transision between old and new
->high and ->batch values using memory barriers and will remove
stop_machine(), we need to prevent multiple updaters from interweaving
their memory writes.

Add a simple mutex to protect both update loops.
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

"Problems" with the current code:

1: there is a lack of synchronization in setting ->high and ->batch in
   percpu_pagelist_fraction_sysctl_handler()

2: stop_machine() in zone_pcp_update() is unnecissary.

3: zone_pcp_update() does not consider the case where
   percpu_pagelist_fraction is non-zero

To fix:

1: add memory barriers, a safe ->batch value, an update side mutex when
   updating ->high and ->batch, and use ACCESS_ONCE() for ->batch users
   that expect a stable value.

2: avoid draining pages in zone_pcp_update(), rely upon the memory
   barriers added to fix #1

3: factor out quite a few functions, and then call the appropriate one.

Note that it results in a change to the behavior of zone_pcp_update(),
which is used by memory_hotplug.  I'm rather certain that I've diserned
(and preserved) the essential behavior (changing ->high and ->batch), and
only eliminated unneeded actions (draining the per cpu pages), but this
may not be the case.

Further note that the draining of pages that previously took place in
zone_pcp_update() occured after repeated draining when attempting to
offline a page, and after the offline has "succeeded".  It appears that
the draining was added to zone_pcp_update() to avoid refactoring
setup_pageset() into 2 funtions.

This patch:

Creates pageset_set_batch() for use in setup_pageset().
pageset_set_batch() imitates the functionality of
setup_pagelist_highmark(), but uses the boot time
(percpu_pagelist_fraction == 0) calculations for determining ->high based
on ->batch.
Signed-off-by: NCody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Gilad Ben-Yossef <gilad@benyossef.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

(*->vm_end - *->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT operation is implemented
as a inline funcion vma_pages() in linux/mm.h, so using it.
Signed-off-by: NLibin <huawei.libin@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

(*->vm_end - *->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT operation is implemented
as a inline funcion vma_pages() in linux/mm.h, so using it.
Signed-off-by: NLibin <huawei.libin@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

(*->vm_end - *->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT operation is implemented
as a inline funcion vma_pages() in linux/mm.h, so using it.
Signed-off-by: NLibin <huawei.libin@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Swap subsystem does lazy swap slot free with expecting the page would be
swapped out again so we can avoid unnecessary write.

But the problem in in-memory swap(ex, zram) is that it consumes memory
space until vm_swap_full(ie, used half of all of swap device) condition
meet.  It could be bad if we use multiple swap device, small in-memory
swap and big storage swap or in-memory swap alone.

This patch makes swap subsystem free swap slot as soon as swap-read is
completed and make the swapcache page dirty so the page should be
written out the swap device to reclaim it.  It means we never lose it.

I tested this patch with kernel compile workload.

1. before

   compile time : 9882.42
   zram max wasted space by fragmentation: 13471881 byte
   memory space consumed by zram: 174227456 byte
   the number of slot free notify: 206684

2. after

   compile time : 9653.90
   zram max wasted space by fragmentation: 11805932 byte
   memory space consumed by zram: 154001408 byte
   the number of slot free notify: 426972

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment text]
[artem.savkov@gmail.com: fix BUG due to non-swapcache pages in end_swap_bio_read()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: invert unlikely() test, augment comment, 80-col cleanup]
Signed-off-by: NDan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NMinchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NArtem Savkov <artem.savkov@gmail.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Seth Jennings <sjenning@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@vflare.org>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad@darnok.org>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

For processes that have detached their mm's, task_in_mem_cgroup()
unnecessarily takes task_lock() when rcu_read_lock() is all that is
necessary to call mem_cgroup_from_task().

While we're here, switch task_in_mem_cgroup() to return bool.
Signed-off-by: NDavid Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: NMichal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In order to reuse bits from pagemap entries gracefully, we leave the
entries as is but on pagemap open emit a warning in dmesg, that bits
55-60 are about to change in a couple of releases.  Next, if a user
issues soft-dirty clear command via the clear_refs file (it was disabled
before v3.9) we assume that he's aware of the new pagemap format, note
that fact and report the bits in pagemap in the new manner.

The "migration strategy" looks like this then:

1. existing users are not affected -- they don't touch soft-dirty feature, thus
   see old bits in pagemap, but are warned and have time to fix themselves
2. those who use soft-dirty know about new pagemap format
3. some time soon we get rid of any signs of page-shift in pagemap as well as
   this trick with clear-soft-dirty affecting pagemap format.
Signed-off-by: NPavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The soft-dirty is a bit on a PTE which helps to track which pages a task
writes to.  In order to do this tracking one should

  1. Clear soft-dirty bits from PTEs ("echo 4 > /proc/PID/clear_refs)
  2. Wait some time.
  3. Read soft-dirty bits (55'th in /proc/PID/pagemap2 entries)

To do this tracking, the writable bit is cleared from PTEs when the
soft-dirty bit is.  Thus, after this, when the task tries to modify a
page at some virtual address the #PF occurs and the kernel sets the
soft-dirty bit on the respective PTE.

Note, that although all the task's address space is marked as r/o after
the soft-dirty bits clear, the #PF-s that occur after that are processed
fast.  This is so, since the pages are still mapped to physical memory,
and thus all the kernel does is finds this fact out and puts back
writable, dirty and soft-dirty bits on the PTE.

Another thing to note, is that when mremap moves PTEs they are marked
with soft-dirty as well, since from the user perspective mremap modifies
the virtual memory at mremap's new address.
Signed-off-by: NPavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

These bits are always constant (== PAGE_SHIFT) and just occupy space in
the entry.  Moreover, in next patch we will need to report one more bit
in the pagemap, but all bits are already busy on it.

That said, describe the pagemap entry that has 6 more free zero bits.
Signed-off-by: NPavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In the next patch the clear-refs-type will be required in
clear_refs_pte_range funciton, so prepare the walk->private to carry
this info.
Signed-off-by: NPavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

This is the implementation of the soft-dirty bit concept that should
help keep track of changes in user memory, which in turn is very-very
required by the checkpoint-restore project (http://criu.org).

To create a dump of an application(s) we save all the information about
it to files, and the biggest part of such dump is the contents of tasks'
memory.  However, there are usage scenarios where it's not required to
get _all_ the task memory while creating a dump.  For example, when
doing periodical dumps, it's only required to take full memory dump only
at the first step and then take incremental changes of memory.  Another
example is live migration.  We copy all the memory to the destination
node without stopping all tasks, then stop them, check for what pages
has changed, dump it and the rest of the state, then copy it to the
destination node.  This decreases freeze time significantly.

That said, some help from kernel to watch how processes modify the
contents of their memory is required.

The proposal is to track changes with the help of new soft-dirty bit
this way:

1. First do "echo 4 > /proc/$pid/clear_refs".
   At that point kernel clears the soft dirty _and_ the writable bits from all
   ptes of process $pid. From now on every write to any page will result in #pf
   and the subsequent call to pte_mkdirty/pmd_mkdirty, which in turn will set
   the soft dirty flag.

2. Then read the /proc/$pid/pagemap2 and check the soft-dirty bit reported there
   (the 55'th one). If set, the respective pte was written to since last call
   to clear refs.

The soft-dirty bit is the _PAGE_BIT_HIDDEN one.  Although it's used by
kmemcheck, the latter one marks kernel pages with it, while the former
bit is put on user pages so they do not conflict to each other.

This patch:

A new clear-refs type will be added in the next patch, so prepare
code for that.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't assume that sizeof(enum clear_refs_types) == sizeof(int)]
Signed-off-by: NPavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com>
Cc: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Marcelo Tosatti <mtosatti@redhat.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

The template lookup interface does not provide a way to use format
strings, so make sure that the interface cannot be abused accidentally.
Signed-off-by: NKees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Disk names may contain arbitrary strings, so they must not be
interpreted as format strings.  It seems that only md allows arbitrary
strings to be used for disk names, but this could allow for a local
memory corruption from uid 0 into ring 0.

CVE-2013-2851
Signed-off-by: NKees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In drivers/cdrom/cdrom.c mmc_ioctl_cdrom_read_data() allocates a memory
area with kmalloc in line 2885.

  2885         cgc->buffer = kmalloc(blocksize, GFP_KERNEL);
  2886         if (cgc->buffer == NULL)
  2887                 return -ENOMEM;

In line 2908 we can find the copy_to_user function:

  2908         if (!ret && copy_to_user(arg, cgc->buffer, blocksize))

The cgc->buffer is never cleaned and initialized before this function.
If ret = 0 with the previous basic block, it's possible to display some
memory bytes in kernel space from userspace.

When we read a block from the disk it normally fills the ->buffer but if
the drive is malfunctioning there is a chance that it would only be
partially filled.  The result is an leak information to userspace.
Signed-off-by: NDan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There is a hole in struct hd_geometry, so we have to zero the struct on
stack before copying it to user-space.
Signed-off-by: NCong Wang <amwang@redhat.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Without this patch, gdrom_major will leak when gd.cd_info alloc fails.
Signed-off-by: NLibo Chen <libo.chen@huawei.com>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Acked-by: NTejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

There may exist NULL pointer dereference in config_item_name() when one
volume (say Volume A) unmounts while another (say Volume B) mounting.

     Volume A                          Volume B

  already Mounted.
  Unmounting, call
  o2hb_heartbeat_group_drop_item()
    -> config_item_put(item)
    set reg(A)->item.ci_name to NULL
    in function config_item_cleanup().

                                    begin mounting, call
                                    o2hb_region_pin() and tranverse all
                                    regions. When reading
                                    reg(A)->item.ci_name, it causes
                                    NULL pointer dereference.

  call o2hb_region_release() and
  del reg(A) from list.

So we should skip accessing regions that is going to release when
tranverse o2hb_all_regions.
Signed-off-by: NYiwen Jiang <jiangyiwen@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Njoyce <xuejiufei@huawei.com>
Acked-by: NJoel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Jie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Adjust switch..case syntax at o2net_state_change to meet the kernel coding
standard.

s/printk/pr_info/.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: revert pr_foo() change]
Signed-off-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NJoel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Gurudas Pai <gurudas.pai@oracle.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Noboru Iwamatsu <n_iwamatsu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Srinivas Eeeda <srinivas.eeda@oracle.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Tao Ma <tm@tao.ma>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Fix a comment typo in o2quo_hb_still_up()
Signed-off-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Gurudas Pai <gurudas.pai@oracle.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Noboru Iwamatsu <n_iwamatsu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Srinivas Eeeda <srinivas.eeda@oracle.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Tao Ma <tm@tao.ma>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

s/o2hb_global_hearbeat_mode_set/o2hb_global_heartbeat_mode_set/ to make
the signature of those routines in a consistent manner with others for
heartbeating.
Signed-off-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NSunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Gurudas Pai <gurudas.pai@oracle.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Noboru Iwamatsu <n_iwamatsu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Srinivas Eeeda <srinivas.eeda@oracle.com>
Cc: Tao Ma <tm@tao.ma>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Under heavy I/O load, writing the disk heartbeat can be forced to wait for
minutes, and this causes the node to be fenced.

This patch tries to use WRITE_SYNC in submitting the heartbeat bio, so
that writing the heartbeat will have a priority over other requests.
Signed-off-by: NNoboru Iwamatsu <n_iwamatsu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: NTao Ma <tm@tao.ma>
Acked-by: NSunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Srinivas Eeeda <srinivas.eeda@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Tested-by: NGurudas Pai <gurudas.pai@oracle.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Inlined xattr shared free space of inode block with inlined data or data
extent record, so the size of the later two should be adjusted when
inlined xattr is enabled.  See ocfs2_xattr_ibody_init().  But this isn't
done well when reflink.  For inode with inlined data, its max inlined
data size is adjusted in ocfs2_duplicate_inline_data(), no problem.  But
for inode with data extent record, its record count isn't adjusted.  Fix
it, or data extent record and inlined xattr may overwrite each other,
then cause data corruption or xattr failure.

One panic caused by this bug in our test environment is the following:

  kernel BUG at fs/ocfs2/xattr.c:1435!
  invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP
  Pid: 10871, comm: multi_reflink_t Not tainted 2.6.39-300.17.1.el5uek #1
  RIP: ocfs2_xa_offset_pointer+0x17/0x20 [ocfs2]
  RSP: e02b:ffff88007a587948  EFLAGS: 00010283
  RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000010 RCX: 00000000000051e4
  RDX: ffff880057092060 RSI: 0000000000000f80 RDI: ffff88007a587a68
  RBP: ffff88007a587948 R08: 00000000000062f4 R09: 0000000000000000
  R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000010
  R13: ffff88007a587a68 R14: 0000000000000001 R15: ffff88007a587c68
  FS:  00007fccff7f06e0(0000) GS:ffff88007fc00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
  CS:  e033 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
  CR2: 00000000015cf000 CR3: 000000007aa76000 CR4: 0000000000000660
  DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
  DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
  Process multi_reflink_t
  Call Trace:
    ocfs2_xa_reuse_entry+0x60/0x280 [ocfs2]
    ocfs2_xa_prepare_entry+0x17e/0x2a0 [ocfs2]
    ocfs2_xa_set+0xcc/0x250 [ocfs2]
    ocfs2_xattr_ibody_set+0x98/0x230 [ocfs2]
    __ocfs2_xattr_set_handle+0x4f/0x700 [ocfs2]
    ocfs2_xattr_set+0x6c6/0x890 [ocfs2]
    ocfs2_xattr_user_set+0x46/0x50 [ocfs2]
    generic_setxattr+0x70/0x90
    __vfs_setxattr_noperm+0x80/0x1a0
    vfs_setxattr+0xa9/0xb0
    setxattr+0xc3/0x120
    sys_fsetxattr+0xa8/0xd0
    system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
Signed-off-by: NJunxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NJoel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

While deleting a file with ocfs2_unlink(), there is a bug in this
function.  This bug will result in filesystem read-only.

After calling ocfs2_orphan_add(), the file which will be deleted is
added into orphan dir.  If ocfs2_delete_entry() fails, the file still
exists in the parent dir.  And this scenario introduces a conflict of
metadata.

If a file is added into orphan dir, when we put inode of the file with
iput(), the inode i_flags is setted (~OCFS2_VALID_FL) in
ocfs2_remove_inode(), and then write back to disk.

But as previously mentioned, the file still exists in the parent dir.
On other nodes, the file can be still accessed.  When first read the
file with ocfs2_read_blocks() from disk, It will check and avalidate
inode using ocfs2_validate_inode_block().  So File system will be
readonly because the inode is invalid.  In other words, the inode
i_flags has been set (~OCFS2_VALID_FL).

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanups]
[jeff.liu@oracle.com: s/inode_is_unlinkable/ocfs2_inode_is_unlinkable/]
Signed-off-by: NYounger Liu <younger.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NJensen <shencanquan@huawei.com>
Cc: Jie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Cc: Jie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Younger Liu <younger.liu@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

In ocfs2_relink_block_group(), we roll back all those changes if notify
intent to modify buffers for metadata update failed even if the relevant
buffer has not yet been modified/got dirty at that point, that are not
quite right because of:

 - None buffer has been modified/dirty if failed to call
   ocfs2_journal_access_gd() against the previous block group buffer

 - Only the previous block group buffer has got dirty if failed to call
   ocfs2_journal_access_gd() against the block group buffer

 - There is no need to roll back the change for file entry buffer at all

Those problems will not cause anything wrong but unnecessary.  This
patch fix them and kill the useless bg_ptr variable as well.
Signed-off-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Younger Liu <younger.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

While adding a file into orphan dir in ocfs2_orphan_add(), it calls
__ocfs2_add_entry() before ocfs2_journal_access_di().  If
ocfs2_journal_access_di() failed, the file is added into orphan dir, and
orphan dir dinode updated, but file dinode has not been updated.
Accordingly, the data is not consistent between file dinode and orphan
dir.

So, need to call ocfs2_journal_access_di() before __ocfs2_add_entry(),
and if ocfs2_journal_access_di() failed, orphan_fe and
orphan_dir_inode->i_nlink need rollback.

This bug was added by 3939fda4 ("Ocfs2: Journaling i_flags and
i_orphaned_slot when adding inode to orphan dir.").
Signed-off-by: NYounger Liu <younger.liu@huawei.com>
Acked-by: NJeff Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Sunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

dlmlock_master() returns DLM_RECOVERING/DLM_MIGRATING/ DLM_FORWAR after
adding lock to blocked list if lockres has the state
DLM_LOCK_RES_RECOVERING/DLM_LOCK_RES_MIGRATING/ DLM_LOCK_RES_IN_PROGRESS.
so it will retry in dlmlock().  And this may cause dlm_thread fall into an
infinite loop

	Thread1                                  dlm_thread

  calls dlm_lock->dlmlock_master,
  if lockresA is in state
  DLM_LOCK_RES_RECOVERING, calls
  __dlm_wait_on_lockres() and waits
  until others threads clear this
  state;

  If cannot grant this lock,
  adding lock to blocked list,
  and return DLM_RECOVERING;

                                        Grant this lock and move it to
                                        grant list;

  After a while, retry and
  calls list_add_tail(), adding lock
  to blocked list again.

Granted and blocked list of this lockres will become the following
conditions:

    lock_res->granted.next = dlm_lock->list_head;
    lock_res->blocked.next = dlm_lock->list_head;
    dlm_lock->list_head.next = dlm_lock_resource->blocked;

When dlm_thread traverses the granted list, it will fall into an endless
loop, checking dlm_lock.list_head, dlm_lock->list_head.next
(i.e.lock_res->blocked), lock_res->blocked.next(i.e.dlm_lock.list_head
again) .....
Signed-off-by: Njoyce <xuejiufei@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Njensen <shencanquan@huawei.com>
Cc: Jeff Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NSunil Mushran <sunil.mushran@gmail.com>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Free space checking will be done in ocfs2_xattr_ibody_init().  So remove
here.

[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unused local]
Signed-off-by: NJunxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: NJie Liu <jeff.liu@oracle.com>
Acked-by: NJoel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: NAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: NLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>