This bug was introduced in 2e5c394f during a refactor.

It took me a while to understand what was going on with
the code, so I've refactored it further by:
  - Replacing boolean values with meaningful symbols
  - Replacing 'i' with a meaningful variable name
  - Adding the proper abort check
  - Factoring out now duplicated conditionals
  - Adding optional verbose logging (we're inside *four*
    different looping constructs, so it takes a while to
    figure out where all the moving parts are)
  - Updating comment for the section

This fixes a problem when the number of master instances
equaled the number of replica instances.  Before, when
there were equal numbers of both, nodes_count would go to
zero, but the while loop would spin in i < @replicas because
i would never be updated (because the nodes_list of each ip
was length == 0, which triggered an endless loop of
next -> i = 0 -> 0 < 1? -> true -> next -> i = 0 ...)

Thanks to carlo who found this problem at:
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/redis-db/_WVVqDw5B7c

GCC-4.9 warned about this, but clang didn't.

This commit fixes warning:
sentinel.c: In function 'sentinelReceiveHelloMessages':
sentinel.c:2156:43: warning: variable 'master' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable]
     sentinelRedisInstance *ri = c->data, *master;

Includes changes from a dozen bug reports and pull requests.
Was tested on Ubuntu, Debian and CentOS.

Obtaining the RSS (Resident Set Size) info is slow in Linux and OSX.
This slowed down the generation of the INFO 'memory' section.

Since the RSS does not require to be a real-time measurement, we
now sample it with server.hz frequency (10 times per second by default)
and use this value both to show the INFO rss field and to compute the
fragmentation ratio.

Practically this does not make any difference for memory profiling of
Redis but speeds up the INFO call significantly.

For small content the function now tries to use a static buffer to avoid
a malloc/free cycle that is too costly when the function is used in the
context of performance critical code path such as INFO output generation.

This change was verified to have positive effects in the execution speed
of the INFO command.

Uname was profiled to be a slow syscall. It produces always the same
output in the context of a single execution of Redis, so calling it at
every INFO output generation does not make too much sense.

The uname utsname structure was modified as a static variable. At the
same time a static integer was added to check if we need to call uname
the first time.

sdscatvprintf() uses a loop where it tries to output the formatted
string in a buffer of the initial length, if there was not enough room,
a buffer of doubled size is tried and so forth.

The initial guess for the buffer length was very poor, an hardcoded
"16". This caused the printf to be processed multiple times without a
good reason. Given that printf functions are already not fast, the
overhead was significant.

The new heuristic is to use a buffer 4 times the length of the format
buffer, and 32 as minimal size. This appears to be a good balance for
typical uses of the function inside the Redis code base.

This change improved INFO command performances 3 times.

This is a program useful to evaluate the Redis LRU algorithm behavior.

Thanks to Matt Stancliff for noticing this error. It was in the original
code but somehow I managed to remove the change from the commit...

This is safer as by default maxmemory should just set a memory limit
without any key to be deleted, unless the policy is set to something
more relaxed.

There were 2 spare bits inside the Redis object structure that are now
used in order to enlarge 4x the range of the LRU field.

At the same time the resolution was improved from 10 to 1 second: this
still provides 194 days before the LRU counter overflows (restarting from
zero).

This is not a problem since it only causes lack of eviction precision for
objects not touched for a very long time, and the lack of precision is
only temporary.

The eviction quality degradates a bit in my tests, but since the API is
faster, it allows to raise the number of samples, and overall is a win.

This new function is useful to get a number of random entries from an
hash table when we just need to do some sampling without particularly
good distribution.

It just jumps at a random place of the hash table and returns the first
N items encountered by scanning linearly.

The main usefulness of this function is to speedup Redis internal
sampling of the key space, for example for key eviction or expiry.

This is an improvement over the previous eviction algorithm where we use
an eviction pool that is persistent across evictions of keys, and gets
populated with the best candidates for evictions found so far.

It allows to approximate LRU eviction at a given number of samples
better than the previous algorithm used.

estimateObjectIdleTime() returns a value in milliseconds now, so we need
to scale the output of OBJECT IDLETIME to seconds.

For testing purposes it is handy to have a very high resolution of the
LRU clock, so that it is possible to experiment with scripts running in
just a few seconds how the eviction algorithms works.

This commit allows Redis to use the cached LRU clock, or a value
computed on demand, depending on the resolution. So normally we have the
good performance of a precomputed value, and a clock that wraps in many
days using the normal resolution, but if needed, changing a define will
switch behavior to an high resolution LRU clock.

The padding field was totally useless: removed.

Now CONFIG RESETSTAT makes sure to reset all the fields, and in the
future it will be simpler to avoid missing new fields.

Test sentinel.tilt condition on top and return if it is true.
This allows to remove the check for the tilt condition in the remaining
code paths of the function.

addReplySentinelRedisInstance() modified so that this field is displayed
for all the kind of instances: Sentinels, Masters, Slaves.

Failure detection in Sentinel is ping-pong based. It used to work by
remembering the last time a valid PONG reply was received, and checking
if the reception time was too old compared to the current current time.

PINGs were sent at a fixed interval of 1 second.

This works in a decent way, but does not scale well when we want to set
very small values of "down-after-milliseconds" (this is the node
timeout basically).

This commit reiplements the failure detection making a number of
changes. Some changes are inspired to Redis Cluster failure detection
code:

* A new last_ping_time field is added in representation of instances.
  If non zero, we have an active ping that was sent at the specified
  time. When a valid reply to ping is received, the field is zeroed
  again.
* last_ping_time is not reset when we reconnect the link or send a new
  ping, so from our point of view it represents the time we started
  waiting for the instance to reply to our pings without receiving a
  reply.
* last_ping_time is now used in order to check if the instance is
  timed out. This means that we can have a node timeout of 100
  milliseconds and yet the system will work well since the new check is
  not bound to the period used to send pings.
* Pings are now sent every second, or often if the value of
  down-after-milliseconds is less than one second. With a lower limit of
  10 HZ ping frequency.
* Link reconnection code was improved. This is used in order to try to
  reconnect the link when we are at 50% of the node timeout without a
  valid reply received yet. However the old code triggered unnecessary
  reconnections when the node timeout was very small. Now that should be
  ok.

The new code passes the tests but more testing is needed and more unit
tests stressing the failure detector, so currently this is merged only
in the unstable branch.

This makes debugging / monitoring of Sentinels simpler since you can
identify sentinels in CLIENT LIST output of Redis instances.

See issue #1593.

Thanks to @badboy for suggesting the direct client.call fix.

argc == 2; argv[2] == crash

Sentinel's main safety argument is that there are no two configurations
for the same master with the same version (configuration epoch).

For this to be true Sentinels require to be authorized by a majority.
Additionally Sentinels require to do two important things:

* Never vote again for the same epoch.
* Never exchange an old vote for a fresh one.

The first prerequisite, in a crash-recovery system model, requires to
persist the master->leader_epoch on durable storage before to reply to
messages. This was not the case.

We also make sure to persist the current epoch in order to never reply
to stale votes requests from other Sentinels, after a recovery.

The configuration is persisted by making use of fsync(), this is
considered in the context of this code a good enough guarantee that
after a restart our durable state is restored, however this may not
always be the case depending on the kind of hardware and operating
system used.

Now the way HELLO messages are received is unified.
Now it is no longer needed for Sentinels to converge to the higher
configuration for a master to be able to chat via some Redis instance,
the are able to directly exchanges configurations.

Note that this commit does not include the (trivial) change needed to
send HELLO messages to Sentinel instances as well, since for an error I
committed the change in the previous commit that refactored hello
messages processing into a separated function.

Example:

./redis-trib.rb call 192.168.1.11:7000 config get cluster-node-timeout