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# Connect with other tools
## Telegraf
TDengine is easy to integrate with [Telegraf](https://www.influxdata.com/time-series-platform/telegraf/), an open-source server agent for collecting and sending metrics and events, without more development.
### Install Telegraf
At present, TDengine supports Telegraf newer than version 1.7.4. Users can go to the [download link] and choose the proper package to install on your system.
### Configure Telegraf
Telegraf is configured by changing items in the configuration file */etc/telegraf/telegraf.conf*.
In **output plugins** section，add _[[outputs.http]]_ iterm：
- _url_: http://ip:6020/telegraf/udb, in which _ip_ is the IP address of any node in TDengine cluster. Port 6020 is the RESTful APT port used by TDengine. _udb_ is the name of the database to save data, which needs to create beforehand.
- _method_: "POST"
- _username_: username to login TDengine
- _password_: password to login TDengine
- _data_format_: "json"
- _json_timestamp_units_: "1ms"
In **agent** part：
- hostname: used to distinguish different machines. Need to be unique.
- metric_batch_size: 30，the maximum number of records allowed to write in Telegraf. The larger the value is, the less frequent requests are sent. For TDengine, the value should be less than 50.
Please refer to the [Telegraf docs](https://docs.influxdata.com/telegraf/v1.11/) for more information.
## Grafana
[Grafana] is an open-source system for time-series data display. It is easy to integrate TDengine and Grafana to build a monitor system. Data saved in TDengine can be fetched and shown on the Grafana dashboard.
### Install Grafana
For now, TDengine only supports Grafana newer than version 5.2.4. Users can go to the [Grafana download page] for the proper package to download.
### Configure Grafana
TDengine Grafana plugin is in the _/usr/local/taos/connector/grafana_ directory.
Taking Centos 7.2 as an example, just copy TDengine directory to _/var/lib/grafana/plugins_ directory and restart Grafana.
### Use Grafana
Users can log in the Grafana server (username/password:admin/admin) through localhost:3000 to configure TDengine as the data source. As is shown in the picture below, TDengine as a data source option is shown in the box:
![img](../assets/clip_image001.png)
When choosing TDengine as the data source, the Host in HTTP configuration should be configured as the IP address of any node of a TDengine cluster. The port should be set as 6020. For example, when TDengine and Grafana are on the same machine, it should be configured as _http://localhost:6020.
Besides, users also should set the username and password used to log into TDengine. Then click _Save&Test_ button to save.
![img](../assets/clip_image001-2474914.png)
Then, TDengine as a data source should show in the Grafana data source list.
![img](../assets/clip_image001-2474939.png)
Then, users can create Dashboards in Grafana using TDengine as the data source:
![img](../assets/clip_image001-2474961.png)
Click _Add Query_ button to add a query and input the SQL command you want to run in the _INPUT SQL_ text box. The SQL command should expect a two-row, multi-column result, such as _SELECT count(*) FROM sys.cpu WHERE ts>=from and ts<​to interval(interval)_, in which, _from_, _to_ and _inteval_ are TDengine inner variables representing query time range and time interval.
_ALIAS BY_ field is to set the query alias. Click _GENERATE SQL_ to send the command to TDengine:
![img](../assets/clip_image001-2474987.png)
Please refer to the [Grafana official document] for more information about Grafana.
## Matlab
Matlab can connect to and retrieve data from TDengine by TDengine JDBC Driver.
### MatLab and TDengine JDBC adaptation
Several steps are required to adapt Matlab to TDengine. Taking adapting Matlab2017a on Windows10 as an example:
1. Copy the file _JDBCDriver-1.0.0-dist.jar_ in TDengine package to the directory _${matlab_root}\MATLAB\R2017a\java\jar\toolbox_
2. Copy the file _taos.lib_ in TDengine package to _${matlab_ root _dir}\MATLAB\R2017a\lib\win64_
3. Add the .jar package just copied to the Matlab classpath. Append the line below as the end of the file of _${matlab_ root _dir}\MATLAB\R2017a\toolbox\local\classpath.txt_
​ `$matlabroot/java/jar/toolbox/JDBCDriver-1.0.0-dist.jar`
4. Create a file called _javalibrarypath.txt_ in directory _${user_home}\AppData\Roaming\MathWorks\MATLAB\R2017a\_, and add the _taos.dll_ path in the file. For example, if the file _taos.dll_ is in the directory of _C:\Windows\System32_，then add the following line in file *javalibrarypath.txt*:
​ `C:\Windows\System32`
### TDengine operations in Matlab
After correct configuration, open Matlab:
- build a connection：
`conn = database(‘db’, ‘root’, ‘taosdata’, ‘com.taosdata.jdbc.TSDBDriver’, ‘jdbc:TSDB://127.0.0.1:0/’)`
- Query：
`sql0 = [‘select * from tb’]`
`data = select(conn, sql0);`
- Insert a record:
`sql1 = [‘insert into tb values (now, 1)’]`
`exec(conn, sql1)`
Please refer to the file _examples\Matlab\TDengineDemo.m_ for more information.
## R
Users can use R language to access the TDengine server with the JDBC interface. At first, install JDBC package in R:
```R
install.packages('rJDBC', repos='http://cran.us.r-project.org')
```
Then use _library_ function to load the package:
```R
library('RJDBC')
```
Then load the TDengine JDBC driver:
```R
drv<-JDBC("com.taosdata.jdbc.TSDBDriver","JDBCDriver-1.0.0-dist.jar", identifier.quote="\"")
```
If succeed, no error message will display. Then use the following command to try a database connection:
```R
conn<-dbConnect(drv,"jdbc:TSDB://192.168.0.1:0/?user=root&password=taosdata","root","taosdata")
```
Please replace the IP address in the command above to the correct one. If no error message is shown, then the connection is established successfully. TDengine supports below functions in _RJDBC_ package:
- _dbWriteTable(conn, "test", iris, overwrite=FALSE, append=TRUE)_: write the data in a data frame _iris_ to the table _test_ in the TDengine server. Parameter _overwrite_ must be _false_. _append_ must be _TRUE_ and the schema of the data frame _iris_ should be the same as the table _test_.
- _dbGetQuery(conn, "select count(*) from test")_: run a query command
- _dbSendUpdate(conn, "use db")_: run any non-query command.
- _dbReadTable(conn, "test"_): read all the data in table _test_
- _dbDisconnect(conn)_: close a connection
- _dbRemoveTable(conn, "test")_: remove table _test_
Below functions are **not supported** currently:
- _dbExistsTable(conn, "test")_: if talbe _test_ exists
- _dbListTables(conn)_: list all tables in the connection
[Telegraf]: www.taosdata.com
[download link]: https://portal.influxdata.com/downloads
[Telegraf document]: www.taosdata.com
[Grafana]: https://grafana.com
[Grafana download page]: https://grafana.com/grafana/download
[Grafana official document]: https://grafana.com/docs/
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# TaosData Contributor License Agreement
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**I agree and accept on behalf of myself and behalf of my organization:**
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#Documentation
TDengine is a highly efficient platform to store, query, and analyze time-series data. It works like a relational database, but you are strongly suggested to read through the following documentation before you experience it.
##Getting Started
- Quick Start: download, install and experience TDengine in a few seconds
- TDengine Shell: command-line interface to access TDengine server
- Major Features: insert/query, aggregation, cache, pub/sub, continuous query
## Data Model and Architecture
- Data Model: relational database model, but one table for one device with static tags
- Architecture: Management Module, Data Module, Client Module
- Writing Process: records recieved are written to WAL, cache, then ack is sent back to client
- Data Storage: records are sharded in the time range, and stored column by column
##TAOS SQL
- Data Types: support timestamp, int, float, double, binary, nchar, bool, and other types
- Database Management: add, drop, check databases
- Table Management: add, drop, check, alter tables
- Inserting Records: insert one or more records into tables, historical records can be imported
- Data Query: query data with time range and filter conditions, support limit/offset
- SQL Functions: support aggregation, selector, transformation functions
- Downsampling: aggregate data in successive time windows, support interpolation
##STable: Super Table
- What is a Super Table: an innovated way to aggregate tables
- Create a STable: it is like creating a standard table, but with tags defined
- Create a Table via STable: use STable as the template, with tags specified
- Aggregate Tables via STable: group tables together by specifying the tags filter condition
- Create Table Automatically: create tables automatically with a STable as a template
- Management of STables: create/delete/alter super table just like standard tables
- Management of Tags: add/delete/alter tags on super tables or tables
##Advanced Features
- Continuous Query: query executed by TDengine periodically with a sliding window
- Publisher/Subscriber: subscribe to the newly arrived data like a typical messaging system
- Caching: the newly arrived data of each device/table will always be cached
##Connector
- C/C++ Connector: primary method to connect to the server through libtaos client library
- Java Connector: driver for connecting to the server from Java applications using the JDBC API
- Python Connector: driver for connecting to the server from Python applications
- RESTful Connector: a simple way to interact with TDengine via HTTP
- Go Connector: driver for connecting to the server from Go applications
- Node.js Connector: driver for connecting to the server from node applications
##Connections with Other Tools
- Telegraf: pass the collected DevOps metrics to TDengine
- Grafana: query the data saved in TDengine and visualize them
- Matlab: access TDengine server from Matlab via JDBC
- R: access TDengine server from R via JDBC
##Administrator
- Directory and Files: files and directories related with TDengine
- Configuration on Server: customize IP port, cache size, file block size and other settings
- Configuration on Client: customize locale, default user and others
- User Management: add/delete users, change passwords
- Import Data: import data into TDengine from either script or CSV file
- Export Data: export data either from TDengine shell or from tool taosdump
- Management of Connections, Streams, Queries: check or kill the connections, queries
- System Monitor: collect the system metric, and log important operations
##More on System Architecture
- Storage Design: column-based storage with optimization on time-series data
- Query Design: an efficient way to query time-series data
- Technical blogs to delve into the inside of TDengine
## More on IoT Big Data
- [Characteristics of IoT Big Data](https://www.taosdata.com/blog/2019/07/09/characteristics-of-iot-big-data/)
- [Why don’t General Big Data Platforms Fit IoT Scenarios?](https://www.taosdata.com/blog/2019/07/09/why-does-the-general-big-data-platform-not-fit-iot-data-processing/)
- [Why TDengine is the Best Choice for IoT Big Data Processing?](https://www.taosdata.com/blog/2019/07/09/why-tdengine-is-the-best-choice-for-iot-big-data-processing/)
##Tutorials & FAQ
- <a href='https://www.taosdata.com/en/faq'>FAQ</a>: a list of frequently asked questions and answers
- <a href='https://www.taosdata.com/en/blog/?categories=4'>Use cases</a>: a few typical cases to explain how to use TDengine in IoT platform
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#Getting Started
## Quick Start
At the moment, TDengine only runs on Linux. You can set up and install it either from the <a href='#Install-from-Source'>source code</a> or the <a href='#Install-from-Package'>packages</a>. It takes only a few seconds from download to run it successfully.
### Install from Source
Please visit our [github page](https://github.com/taosdata/TDengine) for instructions on installation from the source code.
### Install from Package
Three different packages are provided, please pick up the one you like.
<ul id='packageList'>
<li><a id='tdengine-rpm' style='color:var(--b2)'>TDengine RPM package (1.5M)</a></li>
<li><a id='tdengine-deb' style='color:var(--b2)'>TDengine DEB package (1.7M)</a></li>
<li><a id='tdengine-tar' style='color:var(--b2)'>TDengine Tarball (3.0M)</a></li>
</ul>
For the time being, TDengine only supports installation on Linux systems using [`systemd`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd) as the service manager. To check if your system has *systemd* package, use the _which systemctl_ command.
```cmd
which systemctl
```
If the `systemd` package is not found, please [install from source code](#Install-from-Source).
### Running TDengine
After installation, start the TDengine service by the `systemctl` command.
```cmd
systemctl start taosd
```
Then check if the server is working now.
```cmd
systemctl status taosd
```
If the service is running successfully, you can play around through TDengine shell `taos`, the command line interface tool located in directory /usr/local/bin/taos
**Note: The _systemctl_ command needs the root privilege. Use _sudo_ if you are not the _root_ user.**
##TDengine Shell
To launch TDengine shell, the command line interface, in a Linux terminal, type:
```cmd
taos
```
The welcome message is printed if the shell connects to TDengine server successfully, otherwise, an error message will be printed (refer to our [FAQ](../faq) page for troubleshooting the connection error). The TDengine shell prompt is:
```cmd
taos>
```
In the TDengine shell, you can create databases, create tables and insert/query data with SQL. Each query command ends with a semicolon. It works like MySQL, for example:
```mysql
create database db;
use db;
create table t (ts timestamp, cdata int);
insert into t values ('2019-07-15 10:00:00', 10);
insert into t values ('2019-07-15 10:01:05', 20);
select * from t;
ts | speed |
===================================
19-07-15 10:00:00.000| 10|
19-07-15 10:01:05.000| 20|
Query OK, 2 row(s) in set (0.001700s)
```
Besides the SQL commands, the system administrator can check system status, add or delete accounts, and manage the servers.
###Shell Command Line Parameters
You can run `taos` command with command line options to fit your needs. Some frequently used options are listed below:
- -c, --config-dir: set the configuration directory. It is _/etc/taos_ by default
- -h, --host: set the IP address of the server it will connect to, Default is localhost
- -s, --commands: set the command to run without entering the shell
- -u, -- user: user name to connect to server. Default is root
- -p, --password: password. Default is 'taosdata'
- -?, --help: get a full list of supported options
Examples:
```cmd
taos -h 192.168.0.1 -s "use db; show tables;"
```
###Run Batch Commands
Inside TDengine shell, you can run batch commands in a file with *source* command.
```
taos> source <filename>;
```
### Tips
- Use up/down arrow key to check the command history
- To change the default password, use "`alter user`" command
- ctrl+c to interrupt any queries
- To clean the cached schema of tables or STables, execute command `RESET QUERY CACHE`
## Major Features
The core functionality of TDengine is the time-series database. To reduce the development and management complexity, and to improve the system efficiency further, TDengine also provides caching, pub/sub messaging system, and stream computing functionalities. It provides a full stack for IoT big data platform. The detailed features are listed below:
- SQL like query language used to insert or explore data
- C/C++, Java(JDBC), Python, Go, RESTful, and Node.JS interfaces for development
- Ad hoc queries/analysis via Python/R/Matlab or TDengine shell
- Continuous queries to support sliding-window based stream computing
- Super table to aggregate multiple time-streams efficiently with flexibility
- Aggregation over a time window on one or multiple time-streams
- Built-in messaging system to support publisher/subscriber model
- Built-in cache for each time stream to make latest data available as fast as light speed
- Transparent handling of historical data and real-time data
- Integrating with Telegraf, Grafana and other tools seamlessly
- A set of tools or configuration to manage TDengine
For enterprise edition, TDengine provides more advanced features below:
- Linear scalability to deliver higher capacity/throughput
- High availability to guarantee the carrier-grade service
- Built-in replication between nodes which may span multiple geographical sites
- Multi-tier storage to make historical data management simpler and cost-effective
- Web-based management tools and other tools to make maintenance simpler
TDengine is specially designed and optimized for time-series data processing in IoT, connected cars, Industrial IoT, IT infrastructure and application monitoring, and other scenarios. Compared with other solutions, it is 10x faster on insert/query speed. With a single-core machine, over 20K requestes can be processed, millions data points can be ingested, and over 10 million data points can be retrieved in a second. Via column-based storage and tuned compression algorithm for different data types, less than 1/10 storage space is required.
## Explore More on TDengine
Please read through the whole <a href='../documentation'>documentation</a> to learn more about TDengine.
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# TDengine System Architecture
## Storage Design
TDengine data mainly include **metadata** and **data** that we will introduce in the following sections.
### Metadata Storage
Metadata include the information of databases, tables, etc. Metadata files are saved in _/var/lib/taos/mgmt/_ directory by default. The directory tree is as below:
```
/var/lib/taos/
+--mgmt/
+--db.db
+--meters.db
+--user.db
+--vgroups.db
```
A metadata structure (database, table, etc.) is saved as a record in a metadata file. All metadata files are appended only, and even a drop operation adds a deletion record at the end of the file.
### Data storage
Data in TDengine are sharded according to the time range. Data of tables in the same vnode in a certain time range are saved in the same filegroup, such as files v0f1804*. This sharding strategy can effectively improve data searching speed. By default, a group of files contains data in 10 days, which can be configured by *daysPerFile* in the configuration file or by *DAYS* keyword in *CREATE DATABASE* clause. Data in files are blockwised. A data block only contains one table's data. Records in the same data block are sorted according to the primary timestamp, which helps to improve the compression rate and save storage. The compression algorithms used in TDengine include simple8B, delta-of-delta, RLE, LZ4, etc.
By default, TDengine data are saved in */var/lib/taos/data/* directory. _/var/lib/taos/tsdb/_ directory contains vnode informations and data file linkes.
```
/var/lib/taos/
+--tsdb/
| +--vnode0
| +--meterObj.v0
| +--db/
| +--v0f1804.head->/var/lib/taos/data/vnode0/v0f1804.head1
| +--v0f1804.data->/var/lib/taos/data/vnode0/v0f1804.data
| +--v0f1804.last->/var/lib/taos/data/vnode0/v0f1804.last1
| +--v0f1805.head->/var/lib/taos/data/vnode0/v0f1805.head1
| +--v0f1805.data->/var/lib/taos/data/vnode0/v0f1805.data
| +--v0f1805.last->/var/lib/taos/data/vnode0/v0f1805.last1
| :
+--data/
+--vnode0/
+--v0f1804.head1
+--v0f1804.data
+--v0f1804.last1
+--v0f1805.head1
+--v0f1805.data
+--v0f1805.last1
:
```
#### meterObj file
There are only one meterObj file in a vnode. Informations bout the vnode, such as created time, configuration information, vnode statistic informations are saved in this file. It has the structure like below:
```
<start_of_file>
[file_header]
[table_record1_offset&length]
[table_record2_offset&length]
...
[table_recordN_offset&length]
[table_record1]
[table_record2]
...
[table_recordN]
<end_of_file>
```
The file header takes 512 bytes, which mainly contains informations about the vnode. Each table record is the representation of a table on disk.
#### head file
The _head_ files contain the index of data blocks in the _data_ file. The inner organization is as below:
```
<start_of_file>
[file_header]
[table1_offset]
[table2_offset]
...
[tableN_offset]
[table1_index_block]
[table2_index_block]
...
[tableN_index_block]
<end_of_file>
```
The table offset array in the _head_ file saves the information about the offsets of each table index block. Indices on data blocks in the same table are saved continuously. This also makes it efficient to load data indices on the same table. The data index block has a structure like:
```
[index_block_info]
[block1_index]
[block2_index]
...
[blockN_index]
```
The index block info part contains the information about the index block such as the number of index blocks, etc. Each block index corresponds to a real data block in the _data_ file or _last_ file. Information about the location of the real data block, the primary timestamp range of the data block, etc. are all saved in the block index part. The block indices are sorted in ascending order according to the primary timestamp. So we can apply algorithms such as the binary search on the data to efficiently search blocks according to time.
#### data file
The _data_ files store the real data block. They are append-only. The organization is as:
```
<start_of_file>
[file_header]
[block1]
[block2]
...
[blockN]
<end_of_file>
```
A data block in _data_ files only belongs to a table in the vnode and the records in a data block are sorted in ascending order according to the primary timestamp key. Data blocks are column-oriented. Data in the same column are stored contiguously, which improves reading speed and compression rate because of their similarity. A data block has the following organization:
```
[column1_info]
[column2_info]
...
[columnN_info]
[column1_data]
[column2_data]
...
[columnN_data]
```
The column info part includes information about column types, column compression algorithm, column data offset and length in the _data_ file, etc. Besides, pre-calculated results of the column data in the block are also in the column info part, which helps to improve reading speed by avoiding loading data block necessarily.
#### last file
To avoid storage fragment and to import query speed and compression rate, TDengine introduces an extra file, the _last_ file. When the number of records in a data block is lower than a threshold, TDengine will flush the block to the _last_ file for temporary storage. When new data comes, the data in the _last_ file will be merged with the new data and form a larger data block and written to the _data_ file. The organization of the _last_ file is similar to the _data_ file.
### Summary
The innovation in architecture and storage design of TDengine improves resource usage. On the one hand, the virtualization makes it easy to distribute resources between different vnodes and for future scaling. On the other hand, sorted and column-oriented storage makes TDengine have a great advantage in writing, querying and compression.
## Query Design
#### Introduction
TDengine provides a variety of query functions for both tables and super tables. In addition to regular aggregate queries, it also provides time window based query and statistical aggregation for time series data. TDengine's query processing requires the client app, management node, and data node to work together. The functions and modules involved in query processing included in each component are as follows:
Client (Client App). The client development kit, embed in a client application, consists of TAOS SQL parser and query executor, the second-stage aggregator (Result Merger), continuous query manager and other major functional modules. The SQL parser is responsible for parsing and verifying the SQL statement and converting it into an abstract syntax tree. The query executor is responsible for transforming the abstract syntax tree into the query execution logic and creates the metadata query according to the query condition of the SQL statement. Since TAOS SQL does not currently include complex nested queries and pipeline query processing mechanism, there is no longer need for query plan optimization and physical query plan conversions. The second-stage aggregator is responsible for performing the aggregation of the independent results returned by query involved data nodes at the client side to generate final results. The continuous query manager is dedicated to managing the continuous queries created by users, including issuing fixed-interval query requests and writing the results back to TDengine or returning to the client application as needed. Also, the client is also responsible for retrying after the query fails, canceling the query request, and maintaining the connection heartbeat and reporting the query status to the management node.
Management Node. The management node keeps the metadata of all the data of the entire cluster system, provides the metadata of the data required for the query from the client node, and divides the query request according to the load condition of the cluster. The super table contains information about all the tables created according to the super table, so the query processor (Query Executor) of the management node is responsible for the query processing of the tags of tables and returns the table information satisfying the tag query. Besides, the management node maintains the query status of the cluster in the Query Status Manager component, in which the metadata of all queries that are currently executing are temporarily stored in-memory buffer. When the client issues *show queries* command to management node, current running queries information is returned to the client.
Data Node. The data node, responsible for storing all data of the database, consists of query executor, query processing scheduler, query task queue, and other related components. Once the query requests from the client received, they are put into query task queue and waiting to be processed by query executor. The query executor extracts the query request from the query task queue and invokes the query optimizer to perform the basic optimization for the query execution plan. And then query executor scans the qualified data blocks in both cache and disk to obtain qualified data and return the calculated results. Besides, the data node also needs to respond to management information and commands from the management node. For example, after the *kill query* received from the management node, the query task needs to be stopped immediately.
<center> <img src="../assets/fig1.png"> </center>
<center>Fig 1. System query processing architecture diagram (only query related components)</center>
#### Query Process Design
The client, the management node, and the data node cooperate to complete the entire query processing of TDengine. Let's take a concrete SQL query as an example to illustrate the whole query processing flow. The SQL statement is to query on super table *FOO_SUPER_TABLE* to get the total number of records generated on January 12, 2019, from the table, of which TAG_LOC equals to 'beijing'. The SQL statement is as follows:
```sql
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM FOO_SUPER_TABLE
WHERE TAG_LOC = 'beijing' AND TS >= '2019-01-12 00:00:00' AND TS < '2019-01-13 00:00:00'
```
First, the client invokes the TAOS SQL parser to parse and validate the SQL statement, then generates a syntax tree, and extracts the object of the query - the super table *FOO_SUPER_TABLE*, and then the parser sends requests with filtering information (TAG_LOC='beijing') to management node to get the corresponding metadata about *FOO_SUPER_TABLE*.
Once the management node receives the request for metadata acquisition, first finds the super table *FOO_SUPER_TABLE* basic information, and then applies the query condition (TAG_LOC='beijing') to filter all the related tables created according to it. And finally, the query executor returns the metadata information that satisfies the query request to the client.
After the client obtains the metadata information of *FOO_SUPER_TABLE*, the query executor initiates a query request with timestamp range filtering condition (TS >= '2019- 01-12 00:00:00' AND TS < '2019-01-13 00:00:00') to all nodes that hold the corresponding data according to the information about data distribution in metadata.
The data node receives the query sent from the client, converts it into an internal structure and puts it into the query task queue to be executed by query executor after optimizing the execution plan. When the query result is obtained, the query result is returned to the client. It should be noted that the data nodes perform the query process independently of each other, and rely solely on their data and content for processing.
When all data nodes involved in the query return results, the client aggregates the result sets from each data node. In this case, all results are accumulated to generate the final query result. The second stage of aggregation is not always required for all queries. For example, a column selection query does not require a second-stage aggregation at all.
#### REST Query Process
In addition to C/C++, Python, and JDBC interface, TDengine also provides a REST interface based on the HTTP protocol, which is different from using the client application programming interface. When the user uses the REST interface, all the query processing is completed on the server-side, and the user's application is not involved in query processing anymore. After the query processing is completed, the result is returned to the client through the HTTP JSON string.
<center> <img src="../assets/fig2.png"> </center>
<center>Fig. 2 REST query architecture</center>
When a client uses an HTTP-based REST query interface, the client first establishes a connection with the HTTP connector at the data node and then uses the token to ensure the reliability of the request through the REST signature mechanism. For the data node, after receiving the request, the HTTP connector invokes the embedded client program to initiate a query processing, and then the embedded client parses the SQL statement from the HTTP connector and requests the management node to get metadata as needed. After that, the embedded client sends query requests to the same data node or other nodes in the cluster and aggregates the calculation results on demand. Finally, you also need to convert the result of the query into a JSON format string and return it to the client via an HTTP response. After the HTTP connector receives the request SQL, the subsequent process processing is completely consistent with the query processing using the client application development kit.
It should be noted that during the entire processing, the client application is no longer involved in, and is only responsible for sending SQL requests through the HTTP protocol and receiving the results in JSON format. Besides, each data node is embedded with an HTTP connector and a client, so any data node in the cluster received requests from a client, the data node can initiate the query and return the result to the client through the HTTP protocol, with transfer the request to other data nodes.
#### Technology
Because TDengine stores data and tags value separately, the tag value is kept in the management node and directly associated with each table instead of records, resulting in a great reduction of the data storage. Therefore, the tag value can be managed by a fully in-memory structure. First, the filtering of the tag data can drastically reduce the data size involved in the second phase of the query. The query processing for the data is performed at the data node. TDengine takes advantage of the immutable characteristics of IoT data by calculating the maximum, minimum, and other statistics of the data in one data block on each saved data block, to effectively improve the performance of query processing. If the query process involves all the data of the entire data block, the pre-computed result is used directly, and the content of the data block is no longer needed. Since the size of disk space required to store the pre-computation result is much smaller than the size of the specific data, the pre-computation result can greatly reduce the disk IO and speed up the query processing.
TDengine employs column-oriented data storage techniques. When the data block is involved to be loaded from the disk for calculation, only the required column is read according to the query condition, and the read overhead can be minimized. The data of one column is stored in a contiguous memory block and therefore can make full use of the CPU L2 cache to greatly speed up the data scanning. Besides, TDengine utilizes the eagerly responding mechanism and returns a partial result before the complete result is acquired. For example, when the first batch of results is obtained, the data node immediately returns it directly to the client in case of a column select query.
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# 超级表STable：多表聚合
TDengine要求每个数据采集点单独建表，这样能极大提高数据的插入/查询性能，但是导致系统中表的数量猛增，让应用对表的维护以及聚合、统计操作难度加大。为降低应用的开发难度，TDengine引入了超级表STable (Super Table)的概念。
## 什么是超级表
STable是同一类型数据采集点的抽象，是同类型采集实例的集合，包含多张数据结构一样的子表。每个STable为其子表定义了表结构和一组标签：表结构即表中记录的数据列及其数据类型；标签名和数据类型由STable定义，标签值记录着每个子表的静态信息，用以对子表进行分组过滤。子表本质上就是普通的表，由一个时间戳主键和若干个数据列组成，每行记录着具体的数据，数据查询操作与普通表完全相同；但子表与普通表的区别在于每个子表从属于一张超级表，并带有一组由STable定义的标签值。每种类型的采集设备可以定义一个STable。数据模型定义表的每列数据的类型，如温度、压力、电压、电流、GPS实时位置等，而标签信息属于Meta Data，如采集设备的序列号、型号、位置等，是静态的，是表的元数据。用户在创建表（数据采集点）时指定STable(采集类型)外，还可以指定标签的值，也可事后增加或修改。
TDengine扩展标准SQL语法用于定义STable，使用关键词tags指定标签信息。语法如下：
```mysql
CREATE TABLE <stable_name> (<field_name> TIMESTAMP, field_name1 field_type,…) TAGS(tag_name tag_type, …)
```
其中tag_name是标签名，tag_type是标签的数据类型。标签可以使用时间戳之外的其他TDengine支持的数据类型，标签的个数最多为6个，名字不能与系统关键词相同，也不能与其他列名相同。如：
```mysql
create table thermometer (ts timestamp, degree float)
tags (location binary(20), type int)
```
上述SQL创建了一个名为thermometer的STable，带有标签location和标签type。
为某个采集点创建表时，可以指定其所属的STable以及标签的值，语法如下：
```mysql
CREATE TABLE <tb_name> USING <stb_name> TAGS (tag_value1,...)
```
沿用上面温度计的例子，使用超级表thermometer建立单个温度计数据表的语句如下：
```mysql
create table t1 using thermometer tags (‘beijing’, 10)
```
上述SQL以thermometer为模板，创建了名为t1的表，这张表的Schema就是thermometer的Schema，但标签location值为‘beijing’，标签type值为10。
用户可以使用一个STable创建数量无上限的具有不同标签的表，从这个意义上理解，STable就是若干具有相同数据模型，不同标签的表的集合。与普通表一样，用户可以创建、删除、查看超级表STable，大部分适用于普通表的查询操作都可运用到STable上，包括各种聚合和投影选择函数。除此之外，可以设置标签的过滤条件，仅对STbale中部分表进行聚合查询，大大简化应用的开发。
TDengine对表的主键（时间戳）建立索引，暂时不提供针对数据模型中其他采集量（比如温度、压力值）的索引。每个数据采集点会采集若干数据记录，但每个采集点的标签仅仅是一条记录，因此数据标签在存储上没有冗余，且整体数据规模有限。TDengine将标签数据与采集的动态数据完全分离存储，而且针对STable的标签建立了高性能内存索引结构，为标签提供全方位的快速操作支持。用户可按照需求对其进行增删改查（Create，Retrieve，Update，Delete，CRUD）操作。
STable从属于库，一个STable只属于一个库，但一个库可以有一到多个STable, 一个STable可有多个子表。
## 超级表管理
- 创建超级表
```mysql
CREATE TABLE <stable_name> (<field_name> TIMESTAMP, field_name1 field_type,…) TAGS(tag_name tag_type, …)
```
与创建表的SQL语法相似。但需指定TAGS字段的名称和类型。
说明：
1. TAGS列总长度不能超过512 bytes；
2. TAGS列的数据类型不能是timestamp和nchar类型；
3. TAGS列名不能与其他列名相同;
4. TAGS列名不能为预留关键字.
- 显示已创建的超级表
```mysql
show stables;
```
查看数据库内全部STable，及其相关信息，包括STable的名称、创建时间、列数量、标签（TAG）数量、通过该STable建表的数量。
- 删除超级表
```mysql
DROP TABLE <stable_name>
```
Note: 删除STable不会级联删除通过STable创建的表；相反删除STable时要求通过该STable创建的表都已经被删除。
- 查看属于某STable并满足查询条件的表
```mysql
SELECT TBNAME,[TAG_NAME,…] FROM <stable_name> WHERE <tag_name> <[=|=<|>=|<>] values..> ([AND|OR] …)
```
查看属于某STable并满足查询条件的表。说明：TBNAME为关键词，显示通过STable建立的子表表名，查询过程中可以使用针对标签的条件。
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(TBNAME) FROM <stable_name> WHERE <tag_name> <[=|=<|>=|<>] values..> ([AND|OR] …)
```
统计属于某个STable并满足查询条件的子表的数量
## 写数据时自动建子表
在某些特殊场景中，用户在写数据时并不确定某个设备的表是否存在，此时可使用自动建表语法来实现写入数据时里用超级表定义的表结构自动创建不存在的子表，若该表已存在则不会建立新表。注意：自动建表语句只能自动建立子表而不能建立超级表，这就要求超级表已经被事先定义好。自动建表语法跟insert/import语法非常相似，唯一区别是语句中增加了超级表和标签信息。具体语法如下：
```mysql
INSERT INTO <tb_name> USING <stb_name> TAGS (<tag1_value>, ...) VALUES (field_value, ...) (field_value, ...) ...;
```
向表tb_name中插入一条或多条记录，如果tb_name这张表不存在，则会用超级表stb_name定义的表结构以及用户指定的标签值(即tag1_value…)来创建名为tb_name新表，并将用户指定的值写入表中。如果tb_name已经存在，则建表过程会被忽略，系统也不会检查tb_name的标签是否与用户指定的标签值一致，也即不会更新已存在表的标签。
```mysql
INSERT INTO <tb1_name> USING <stb1_name> TAGS (<tag1_value1>, ...) VALUES (<field1_value1>, ...) (<field1_value2>, ...) ... <tb_name2> USING <stb_name2> TAGS(<tag1_value2>, ...) VALUES (<field1_value1>, ...) ...;
```
向多张表tb1_name，tb2_name等插入一条或多条记录，并分别指定各自的超级表进行自动建表。
## STable中TAG管理
除了更新标签的值的操作是针对子表进行，其他所有的标签操作（添加标签、删除标签等）均只能作用于STable，不能对单个子表操作。对STable添加标签以后，依托于该STable建立的所有表将自动增加了一个标签，对于数值型的标签，新增加的标签的默认值是0.
- 添加新的标签
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <stable_name> ADD TAG <new_tag_name> <TYPE>
```
为STable增加一个新的标签，并指定新标签的类型。标签总数不能超过6个。
- 删除标签
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <stable_name> DROP TAG <tag_name>
```
删除超级表的一个标签，从超级表删除某个标签后，该超级表下的所有子表也会自动删除该标签。
说明：第一列标签不能删除，至少需要为STable保留一个标签。
- 修改标签名
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <stable_name> CHANGE TAG <old_tag_name> <new_tag_name>
```
修改超级表的标签名，从超级表修改某个标签名后，该超级表下的所有子表也会自动更新该标签名。
- 修改子表的标签值
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <table_name> SET TAG <tag_name>=<new_tag_value>
```
## STable多表聚合
针对所有的通过STable创建的子表进行多表聚合查询，支持按照全部的TAG值进行条件过滤，并可将结果按照TAGS中的值进行聚合，暂不支持针对binary类型的模糊匹配过滤。语法如下：
```mysql
SELECT function<field_name>,…
FROM <stable_name>
WHERE <tag_name> <[=|<=|>=|<>] values..> ([AND|OR] …)
INTERVAL (<interval> [, offset])
GROUP BY <tag_name>, <tag_name>…
ORDER BY <tag_name> <asc|desc>
SLIMIT <group_limit>
SOFFSET <group_offset>
LIMIT <record_limit>
OFFSET <record_offset>
```
**说明**：
超级表聚合查询，TDengine目前支持以下聚合\选择函数：sum、count、avg、first、last、min、max、top、bottom，以及针对全部或部分列的投影操作，使用方式与单表查询的计算过程相同。暂不支持其他类型的聚合计算和四则运算。当前所有的函数及计算过程均不支持嵌套的方式进行执行。
不使用GROUP BY的查询将会对超级表下所有满足筛选条件的表按时间进行聚合，结果输出默认是按照时间戳单调递增输出，用户可以使用ORDER BY _c0 ASC|DESC选择查询结果时间戳的升降排序；使用GROUP BY <tag_name> 的聚合查询会按照tags进行分组，并对每个组内的数据分别进行聚合，输出结果为各个组的聚合结果，组间的排序可以由ORDER BY <tag_name> 语句指定，每个分组内部，时间序列是单调递增的。
使用SLIMIT/SOFFSET语句指定组间分页，即指定结果集中输出的最大组数以及对组起始的位置。使用LIMIT/OFFSET语句指定组内分页，即指定结果集中每个组内最多输出多少条记录以及记录起始的位置。
## STable使用示例
以温度传感器采集时序数据作为例，示范STable的使用。 在这个例子中，对每个温度计都会建立一张表，表名为温度计的ID，温度计读数的时刻记为ts，采集的值记为degree。通过tags给每个采集器打上不同的标签，其中记录温度计的地区和类型，以方便我们后面的查询。所有温度计的采集量都一样，因此我们用STable来定义表结构。
###定义STable表结构并使用它创建子表
创建STable语句如下：
```mysql
CREATE TABLE thermometer (ts timestamp, degree double)
TAGS(location binary(20), type int)
```
假设有北京，天津和上海三个地区的采集器共4个，温度采集器有3种类型，我们就可以对每个采集器建表如下：
```mysql
CREATE TABLE therm1 USING thermometer TAGS (’beijing’, 1);
CREATE TABLE therm2 USING thermometer TAGS (’beijing’, 2);
CREATE TABLE therm3 USING thermometer TAGS (’tianjin’, 1);
CREATE TABLE therm4 USING thermometer TAGS (’shanghai’, 3);
```
其中therm1，therm2，therm3，therm4是超级表thermometer四个具体的子表，也即普通的Table。以therm1为例，它表示采集器therm1的数据，表结构完全由thermometer定义，标签location=”beijing”, type=1表示therm1的地区是北京，类型是第1类的温度计。
###写入数据
注意，写入数据时不能直接对STable操作，而是要对每张子表进行操作。我们分别向四张表therm1，therm2， therm3， therm4写入一条数据，写入语句如下：
```mysql
INSERT INTO therm1 VALUES (’2018-01-01 00:00:00.000’, 20);
INSERT INTO therm2 VALUES (’2018-01-01 00:00:00.000’, 21);
INSERT INTO therm3 VALUES (’2018-01-01 00:00:00.000’, 24);
INSERT INTO therm4 VALUES (’2018-01-01 00:00:00.000’, 23);
```
###按标签聚合查询
查询位于北京(beijing)和天津(tianjing)两个地区的温度传感器采样值的数量count(*)、平均温度avg(degree)、最高温度max(degree)、最低温度min(degree)，并将结果按所处地域(location)和传感器类型(type)进行聚合。
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(degree), MAX(degree), MIN(degree)
FROM thermometer
WHERE location=’beijing’ or location=’tianjing’
GROUP BY location, type
```
###按时间周期聚合查询
查询仅位于北京以外地区的温度传感器最近24小时(24h)采样值的数量count(*)、平均温度avg(degree)、最高温度max(degree)和最低温度min(degree)，将采集结果按照10分钟为周期进行聚合，并将结果按所处地域(location)和传感器类型(type)再次进行聚合。
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(degree), MAX(degree), MIN(degree)
FROM thermometer
WHERE name<>’beijing’ and ts>=now-1d
INTERVAL(10M)
GROUP BY location, type
```
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# STable: Super Table
"One Table for One Device" design can improve the insert/query performance significantly for a single device. But it has a side effect, the aggregation of multiple tables becomes hard. To reduce the complexity and improve the efficiency, TDengine introduced a new concept: STable (Super Table).
## What is a Super Table
STable is an abstract and a template for a type of device. A STable contains a set of devices (tables) that have the same schema or data structure. Besides the shared schema, a STable has a set of tags, like the model, serial number and so on. Tags are used to record the static attributes for the devices and are used to group a set of devices (tables) for aggregation. Tags are metadata of a table and can be added, deleted or changed.
TDengine does not save tags as a part of the data points collected. Instead, tags are saved as metadata. Each table has a set of tags. To improve query performance, tags are all cached and indexed. One table can only belong to one STable, but one STable may contain many tables.
Like a table, you can create, show, delete and describe STables. Most query operations on tables can be applied to STable too, including the aggregation and selector functions. For queries on a STable, if no tags filter, the operations are applied to all the tables created via this STable. If there is a tag filter, the operations are applied only to a subset of the tables which satisfy the tag filter conditions. It will be very convenient to use tags to put devices into different groups for aggregation.
##Create a STable
Similiar to creating a standard table, syntax is:
```mysql
CREATE TABLE <stable_name> (<field_name> TIMESTAMP, field_name1 field_type,…) TAGS(tag_name tag_type, …)
```
New keyword "tags" is introduced, where tag_name is the tag name, and tag_type is the associated data type.
Note：
1. The bytes of all tags together shall be less than 512
2. Tag's data type can not be time stamp or nchar
3. Tag name shall be different from the field name
4. Tag name shall not be the same as system keywords
5. Maximum number of tags is 6
For example:
```mysql
create table thermometer (ts timestamp, degree float)
tags (location binary(20), type int)
```
The above statement creates a STable thermometer with two tag "location" and "type"
##Create a Table via STable
To create a table for a device, you can use a STable as its template and assign the tag values. The syntax is:
```mysql
CREATE TABLE <tb_name> USING <stb_name> TAGS (tag_value1,...)
```
You can create any number of tables via a STable, and each table may have different tag values. For example, you create five tables via STable thermometer below:
```mysql
create table t1 using thermometer tags (‘beijing’, 10);
create table t2 using thermometer tags (‘beijing’, 20);
create table t3 using thermometer tags (‘shanghai’, 10);
create table t4 using thermometer tags (‘shanghai’, 20);
create table t5 using thermometer tags (‘new york’, 10);
```
## Aggregate Tables via STable
You can group a set of tables together by specifying the tags filter condition, then apply the aggregation operations. The result set can be grouped and ordered based on tag value. Syntax is：
```mysql
SELECT function<field_name>,…
FROM <stable_name>
WHERE <tag_name> <[=|<=|>=|<>] values..> ([AND|OR] …)
INTERVAL (<time range>)
GROUP BY <tag_name>, <tag_name>…
ORDER BY <tag_name> <asc|desc>
SLIMIT <group_limit>
SOFFSET <group_offset>
LIMIT <record_limit>
OFFSET <record_offset>
```
For the time being, STable supports only the following aggregation/selection functions: *sum, count, avg, first, last, min, max, top, bottom*, and the projection operations, the same syntax as a standard table. Arithmetic operations are not supported, embedded queries not either.
*INTERVAL* is used for the aggregation over a time range.
If *GROUP BY* is not used, the aggregation is applied to all the selected tables, and the result set is output in ascending order of the timestamp, but you can use "*ORDER BY _c0 ASC|DESC*" to specify the order you like.
If *GROUP BY <tag_name>* is used, the aggregation is applied to groups based on tags. Each group is aggregated independently. Result set is a group of aggregation results. The group order is decided by *ORDER BY <tag_name>*. Inside each group, the result set is in the ascending order of the time stamp.
*SLIMIT/SOFFSET* are used to limit the number of groups and starting group number.
*LIMIT/OFFSET* are used to limit the number of records in a group and the starting rows.
###Example 1:
Check the average, maximum, and minimum temperatures of Beijing and Shanghai, and group the result set by location and type. The SQL statement shall be:
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(degree), MAX(degree), MIN(degree)
FROM thermometer
WHERE location=’beijing’ or location=’tianjing’
GROUP BY location, type
```
### Example 2:
List the number of records, average, maximum, and minimum temperature every 10 minutes for the past 24 hours for all the thermometers located in Beijing with type 10. The SQL statement shall be:
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(*), AVG(degree), MAX(degree), MIN(degree)
FROM thermometer
WHERE name=’beijing’ and type=10 and ts>=now-1d
INTERVAL(10M)
```
## Create Table Automatically
Insert operation will fail if the table is not created yet. But for STable, TDengine can create the table automatically if the application provides the STable name, table name and tags' value when inserting data points. The syntax is:
```mysql
INSERT INTO <tb_name> USING <stb_name> TAGS (<tag1_value>, ...) VALUES (field_value, ...) (field_value, ...) ... <tb_name2> USING <stb_name2> TAGS(<tag1_value2>, ...) VALUES (<field1_value1>, ...) ...;
```
When inserting data points into table tb_name, the system will check if table tb_name is created or not. If it is already created, the data points will be inserted as usual. But if the table is not created yet, the system will create the table tb_bame using STable stb_name as the template with the tags. Multiple tables can be specified in the SQL statement.
## Management of STables
After you can create a STable, you can describe, delete, change STables. This section lists all the supported operations.
### Show STables in current DB
```mysql
show stables;
```
It lists all STables in current DB, including the name, created time, number of fileds, number of tags, and number of tables which are created via this STable.
### Describe a STable
```mysql
DESCRIBE <stable_name>
```
It lists the STable's schema and tags
### Drop a STable
```mysql
DROP TABLE <stable_name>
```
To delete a STable, all the tables created via this STable shall be deleted first, otherwise, it will fail.
### List the Associated Tables of a STable
```mysql
SELECT TBNAME,[TAG_NAME,…] FROM <stable_name> WHERE <tag_name> <[=|=<|>=|<>] values..> ([AND|OR] …)
```
It will list all the tables which satisfy the tag filter conditions. The tables are all created from this specific STable. TBNAME is a new keyword introduced, it is the table name associated with the STable.
```mysql
SELECT COUNT(TBNAME) FROM <stable_name> WHERE <tag_name> <[=|=<|>=|<>] values..> ([AND|OR] …)
```
The above SQL statement will list the number of tables in a STable, which satisfy the filter condition.
## Management of Tags
You can add, delete and change the tags for a STable, and you can change the tag value of a table. The SQL commands are listed below.
###Add a Tag
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <stable_name> ADD TAG <new_tag_name> <TYPE>
```
It adds a new tag to the STable with a data type. The maximum number of tags is 6.
###Drop a Tag
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <stable_name> DROP TAG <tag_name>
```
It drops a tag from a STable. The first tag could not be deleted, and there must be at least one tag.
###Change a Tag's Name
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <stable_name> CHANGE TAG <old_tag_name> <new_tag_name>
```
It changes the name of a tag from old to new.
###Change the Tag's Value
```mysql
ALTER TABLE <table_name> SET TAG <tag_name>=<new_tag_value>
```
It changes a table's tag value to a new one.
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#Administrator
## Directory and Files
After TDengine is installed, by default, the following directories will be created:
| Directory/File | Description |
| ---------------------- | :------------------------------ |
| /etc/taos/taos.cfg | TDengine configuration file |
| /usr/local/taos/driver | TDengine dynamic link library |
| /var/lib/taos | TDengine default data directory |
| /var/log/taos | TDengine default log directory |
| /usr/local/taos/bin. | TDengine executables |
### Executables
All TDengine executables are located at _/usr/local/taos/bin_ , including:
- `taosd`：TDengine server
- `taos`： TDengine Shell, the command line interface.
- `taosdump`：TDengine data export tool
- `rmtaos`： a script to uninstall TDengine
You can change the data directory and log directory setting through the system configuration file
## Configuration on Server
`taosd` is running on the server side, you can change the system configuration file taos.cfg to customize its behavior. By default, taos.cfg is located at /etc/taos, but you can specify the path to configuration file via the command line parameter -c. For example: `taosd -c /home/user` means the configuration file will be read from directory /home/user.
This section lists only the most important configuration parameters. Please check taos.cfg to find all the configurable parameters. **Note: to make your new configurations work, you have to restart taosd after you change taos.cfg**.
- mgmtShellPort: TCP and UDP port between client and TDengine mgmt (default: 6030). Note: 5 successive UDP ports (6030-6034) starting from this number will be used.
- vnodeShellPort: TCP and UDP port between client and TDengine vnode (default: 6035). Note: 5 successive UDP ports (6035-6039) starting from this number will be used.
- httpPort: TCP port for RESTful service (default: 6020)
- dataDir: data directory, default is /var/lib/taos
- maxUsers: maximum number of users allowed
- maxDbs: maximum number of databases allowed
- maxTables: maximum number of tables allowed
- enableMonitor: turn on/off system monitoring, 0: off, 1: on
- logDir: log directory, default is /var/log/taos
- numOfLogLines: maximum number of lines in the log file
- debugFlag: log level, 131: only error and warnings, 135: all
In different scenarios, data characteristics are different. For example, the retention policy, data sampling period, record size, the number of devices, and data compression may be different. To gain the best performance, you can change the following configurations related to storage:
- days: number of days to cover for a data file
- keep: number of days to keep the data
- rows: number of rows of records in a block in data file.
- comp: compression algorithm, 0: off, 1: standard; 2: maximum compression
- ctime: period (seconds) to flush data to disk
- clog: flag to turn on/off Write Ahead Log, 0: off, 1: on
- tables: maximum number of tables allowed in a vnode
- cache: cache block size (bytes)
- tblocks: maximum number of cache blocks for a table
- abloks: average number of cache blocks for a table
- precision: timestamp precision, us: microsecond ms: millisecond, default is ms
For an application, there may be multiple data scenarios. The best design is to put all data with the same characteristics into one database. One application may have multiple databases, and every database has its own configuration to maximize the system performance. You can specify the above configurations related to storage when you create a database. For example:
```mysql
CREATE DATABASE demo DAYS 10 CACHE 16000 ROWS 2000
```
The above SQL statement will create a database demo, with 10 days for each data file, 16000 bytes for a cache block, and 2000 rows in a file block.
The configuration provided when creating a database will overwrite the configuration in taos.cfg.
## Configuration on Client
*taos* is the TDengine shell and is a client that connects to taosd. TDengine uses the same configuration file taos.cfg for the client, with default location at /etc/taos. You can change it by specifying command line parameter -c when you run taos. For example, *taos -c /home/user*, it will read the configuration file taos.cfg from directory /home/user.
The parameters related to client configuration are listed below:
- masterIP: IP address of TDengine server
- charset: character set, default is the system . For data type nchar, TDengine uses unicode to store the data. Thus, the client needs to tell its character set.
- locale: system language setting
- defaultUser: default login user, default is root
- defaultPass: default password, default is taosdata
For TCP/UDP port, and system debug/log configuration, it is the same as the server side.
For server IP, user name, password, you can always specify them in the command line when you run taos. If they are not specified, they will be read from the taos.cfg
## User Management
System administrator (user root) can add, remove a user, or change the password from the TDengine shell. Commands are listed below:
Create a user, password shall be quoted with the single quote.
```mysql
CREATE USER user_name PASS ‘password’
```
Remove a user
```mysql
DROP USER user_name
```
Change the password for a user
```mysql
ALTER USER user_name PASS ‘password’
```
List all users
```mysql
SHOW USERS
```
## Import Data
Inside the TDengine shell, you can import data into TDengine from either a script or CSV file
**Import from Script**
```
source <filename>
```
Inside the file, you can put all SQL statements there. Each SQL statement has a line. If a line starts with "#", it means comments, it will be skipped. The system will execute the SQL statements line by line automatically until the ends
**Import from CSV**
```mysql
insert into tb1 file 'path/data.csv'
```
CSV file contains records for only one table, and the data structure shall be the same as the defined schema for the table. The header of CSV file shall be removed.
For example, the following is a sub-table d1001:
```mysql
taos> DESCRIBE d1001
Field | Type | Length | Note |
=================================================================================
ts | TIMESTAMP | 8 | |
current | FLOAT | 4 | |
voltage | INT | 4 | |
phase | FLOAT | 4 | |
location | BINARY | 64 | TAG |
groupid | INT | 4 | TAG |
```
The data format in data.csv like this：
```csv
'2018-10-04 06:38:05.000',10.30000,219,0.31000
'2018-10-05 06:38:15.000',12.60000,218,0.33000
'2018-10-06 06:38:16.800',13.30000,221,0.32000
'2018-10-07 06:38:05.000',13.30000,219,0.33000
'2018-10-08 06:38:05.000',14.30000,219,0.34000
'2018-10-09 06:38:05.000',15.30000,219,0.35000
'2018-10-10 06:38:05.000',16.30000,219,0.31000
'2018-10-11 06:38:05.000',17.30000,219,0.32000
'2018-10-12 06:38:05.000',18.30000,219,0.31000
```
then data can be imported into database by this cmd:
```
taos> insert into d1001 file '~/data.csv';
Query OK, 9 row(s) affected (0.004763s)
```
## Export Data
You can export data either from TDengine shell or from tool taosdump.
**Export from TDengine Shell**
```mysql
select * from <tb_name> >> data.csv
```
The above SQL statement will dump the query result set into data.csv file.
**Export Using taosdump**
TDengine provides a data dumping tool taosdump. You can choose to dump a database, a table, all data or data only a time range, even only the metadata. For example:
- Export one or more tables in a DB: taosdump [OPTION…] dbname tbname …
- Export one or more DBs: taosdump [OPTION…] --databases dbname…
- Export all DBs (excluding system DB): taosdump [OPTION…] --all-databases
run *taosdump —help* to get a full list of the options
## Management of Connections, Streams, Queries
The system administrator can check, kill the ongoing connections, streams, or queries.
```
SHOW CONNECTIONS
```
It lists all connections. The first column shows connection-id from the client.
```
KILL CONNECTION <connection-id>
```
It kills the connection, where connection-id is the number of the first column showed by "SHOW CONNECTIONS".
```
SHOW QUERIES
```
It shows the ongoing queries. The first column shows the connection-id:query-no, where connection-id is the connection from the client, and id assigned by the system
```
KILL QUERY <query-id>
```
It kills the query, where query-id is the connection-id:query-no showed by "SHOW QUERIES". You can copy and paste it.
```
SHOW STREAMS
```
It shows the continuous queries. The first column shows the connection-id:stream-no, where connection-id is the connection from the client, and id assigned by the system.
```
KILL STREAM <stream-id>
```
It kills the continuous query, where stream-id is the connection-id:stream-no showed by "SHOW STREAMS". You can copy and paste it.
## System Monitor
TDengine runs a system monitor in the background. Once it is started, it will create a database sys automatically. System monitor collects the metric like CPU, memory, network, disk, number of requests periodically, and writes them into database sys. Also, TDengine will log all important actions, like login, logout, create database, drop database and so on, and write them into database sys.
You can check all the saved monitor information from database sys. By default, system monitor is turned on. But you can turn it off by changing the parameter in the configuration file.
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#Advanced Features
##Continuous Query
Continuous Query is a query executed by TDengine periodically with a sliding window, it is a simplified stream computing driven by timers, not by events. Continuous query can be applied to a table or a STable, and the result set can be passed to the application directly via call back function, or written into a new table in TDengine. The query is always executed on a specified time window (window size is specified by parameter interval), and this window slides forward while time flows (the sliding period is specified by parameter sliding).
Continuous query is defined by TAOS SQL, there is nothing special. One of the best applications is downsampling. Once it is defined, at the end of each cycle, the system will execute the query, pass the result to the application or write it to a database.
If historical data pints are inserted into the stream, the query won't be re-executed, and the result set won't be updated. If the result set is passed to the application, the application needs to keep the status of continuous query, the server won't maintain it. If application re-starts, it needs to decide the time where the stream computing shall be started.
####How to use continuous query
- Pass result set to application
Application shall use API taos_stream (details in connector section) to start the stream computing. Inside the API, the SQL syntax is:
```sql
SELECT aggregation FROM [table_name | stable_name]
INTERVAL(window_size) SLIDING(period)
```
where the new keyword INTERVAL specifies the window size, and SLIDING specifies the sliding period. If parameter sliding is not specified, the sliding period will be the same as window size. The minimum window size is 10ms. The sliding period shall not be larger than the window size. If you set a value larger than the window size, the system will adjust it to window size automatically.
For example:
```sql
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM FOO_TABLE
INTERVAL(1M) SLIDING(30S)
```
The above SQL statement will count the number of records for the past 1-minute window every 30 seconds.
- Save the result into a database
If you want to save the result set of stream computing into a new table, the SQL shall be:
```sql
CREATE TABLE table_name AS
SELECT aggregation from [table_name | stable_name]
INTERVAL(window_size) SLIDING(period)
```
Also, you can set the time range to execute the continuous query. If no range is specified, the continuous query will be executed forever. For example, the following continuous query will be executed from now and will stop in one hour.
```sql
CREATE TABLE QUERY_RES AS
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM FOO_TABLE
WHERE TS > NOW AND TS <= NOW + 1H
INTERVAL(1M) SLIDING(30S)
```
###Manage the Continuous Query
Inside TDengine shell, you can use the command "show streams" to list the ongoing continuous queries, the command "kill stream" to kill a specific continuous query.
If you drop a table generated by the continuous query, the query will be removed too.
##Publisher/Subscriber
Time series data is a sequence of data points over time. Inside a table, the data points are stored in order of timestamp. Also, there is a data retention policy, the data points will be removed once their lifetime is passed. From another view, a table in DTengine is just a standard message queue.
To reduce the development complexity and improve data consistency, TDengine provides the pub/sub functionality. To publish a message, you simply insert a record into a table. Compared with popular messaging tool Kafka, you subscribe to a table or a SQL query statement, instead of a topic. Once new data points arrive, TDengine will notify the application. The process is just like Kafka.
The detailed API will be introduced in the [connectors](https://www.taosdata.com/en/documentation/advanced-features/) section.
##Caching
TDengine allocates a fixed-size buffer in memory, the newly arrived data will be written into the buffer first. Every device or table gets one or more memory blocks. For typical IoT scenarios, the hot data shall always be newly arrived data, they are more important for timely analysis. Based on this observation, TDengine manages the cache blocks in First-In-First-Out strategy. If no enough space in the buffer, the oldest data will be saved into hard disk first, then be overwritten by newly arrived data. TDengine also guarantees every device can keep at least one block of data in the buffer.
By this design, the application can retrieve the latest data from each device super-fast, since they are all available in memory. You can use last or last_row function to return the last data record. If the super table is used, it can be used to return the last data records of all or a subset of devices. For example, to retrieve the latest temperature from thermometers in located Beijing, execute the following SQL
```mysql
select last(*) from thermometers where location=’beijing’
```
By this design, caching tool, like Redis, is not needed in the system. It will reduce the complexity of the system.
TDengine creates one or more virtual nodes(vnode) in each data node. Each vnode contains data for multiple tables and has its own buffer. The buffer of a vnode is fully separated from the buffer of another vnode, not shared. But the tables in a vnode share the same buffer.
System configuration parameter cacheBlockSize configures the cache block size in bytes, and another parameter cacheNumOfBlocks configures the number of cache blocks. The total memory for the buffer of a vnode is $cacheBlockSize \times cacheNumOfBlocks$. Another system parameter numOfBlocksPerMeter configures the maximum number of cache blocks a table can use. When you create a database, you can specify these parameters.
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# Data Model and Architecture
## Data Model
### A Typical IoT Scenario
In a typical IoT scenario, there are many types of devices. Each device is collecting one or multiple metrics. For a specific type of device, the collected data looks like the table below:
| Device ID | Time Stamp | Value 1 | Value 2 | Value 3 | Tag 1 | Tag 2 |
| :-------: | :-----------: | :-----: | :-----: | :-----: | :---: | :---: |
| D1001 | 1538548685000 | 10.3 | 219 | 0.31 | Red | Tesla |
| D1002 | 1538548684000 | 10.2 | 220 | 0.23 | Blue | BMW |
| D1003 | 1538548686500 | 11.5 | 221 | 0.35 | Black | Honda |
| D1004 | 1538548685500 | 13.4 | 223 | 0.29 | Red | Volvo |
| D1001 | 1538548695000 | 12.6 | 218 | 0.33 | Red | Tesla |
| D1004 | 1538548696600 | 11.8 | 221 | 0.28 | Black | Honda |
Each data record has device ID, timestamp, the collected metrics, and static tags associated with the device. Each device generates a data record in a pre-defined timer or triggered by an event. It is a sequence of data points, like a stream.
### Data Characteristics
Being a series of data points over time, data points generated by devices, sensors, servers, or applications have strong common characteristics.
1. metric is always structured data;
2. there are rarely delete/update operations on collected data;
3. there is only one single data source for one device or sensor;
4. ratio of read/write is much lower than typical Internet application;
5. the user pays attention to the trend of data, not the specific value at a specific time;
6. there is always a data retention policy;
7. the data query is always executed in a given time range and a subset of devices;
8. real-time aggregation or analytics is mandatory;
9. traffic is predictable based on the number of devices and sampling frequency;
10. data volume is huge, a system may generate 10 billion data points in a day.
By utilizing the above characteristics, TDengine designs the storage and computing engine in a special and optimized way for time-series data. The system efficiency is improved significantly.
### Relational Database Model
Since time-series data is more likely to be structured data, TDengine adopts the traditional relational database model to process them. You need to create a database, create tables with schema definition, then insert data points and execute queries to explore the data. Standard SQL is used, there is no learning curve.
### One Table for One Device
Due to different network latency, the data points from different devices may arrive at the server out of order. But for the same device, data points will arrive at the server in order if system is designed well. To utilize this special feature, TDengine requires the user to create a table for each device (time-stream). For example, if there are over 10,000 smart meters, 10,000 tables shall be created. For the table above, 4 tables shall be created for device D1001, D1002, D1003 and D1004, to store the data collected.
This strong requirement can guarantee the data points from a device can be saved in a continuous memory/hard disk space block by block. If queries are applied only on one device in a time range, this design will reduce the read latency significantly since a whole block is owned by one single device. Also, write latency can be significantly reduced too, since the data points generated by the same device will arrive in order, the new data point will be simply appended to a block. Cache block size and the rows of records in a file block can be configured to fit the scenarios.
### Best Practices
**Table**: TDengine suggests to use device ID as the table name (like D1001 in the above diagram). Each device may collect one or more metrics (like value1, valu2, valu3 in the diagram). Each metric has a column in the table, the metric name can be used as the column name. The data type for a column can be int, float, double, tinyint, bigint, bool or binary. Sometimes, a device may have multiple metric group, each group have different sampling period, you shall create a table for each group for each device. The first column in the table must be time stamp. TDengine uses time stamp as the index, and won’t build the index on any metrics stored.
**Tags:** to support aggregation over multiple tables efficiently, [STable(Super Table)](../super-table) concept is introduced by TDengine. A STable is used to represent the same type of device. The schema is used to define the collected metrics(like value1, value2, value3 in the diagram), and tags are used to define the static attributes for each table or device(like tag1, tag2 in the diagram). A table is created via STable with a specific tag value. All or a subset of tables in a STable can be aggregated by filtering tag values.
**Database:** different types of devices may generate data points in different patterns and shall be processed differently. For example, sampling frequency, data retention policy, replication number, cache size, record size, the compression algorithm may be different. To make the system more efficient, TDengine suggests creating a different database with unique configurations for different scenarios
**Schemaless vs Schema:** compared with NoSQL database, since a table with schema definition shall be created before the data points can be inserted, flexibilities are not that good, especially when the schema is changed. But in most IoT scenarios, the schema is well defined and is rarely changed, the loss of flexibilities won’t be a big pain to developers or the administrator. TDengine allows the application to change the schema in a second even there is a huge amount of historical data when schema has to be changed.
TDengine does not impose a limitation on the number of tables, [STables](../super-table), or databases. You can create any number of STable or databases to fit the scenarios.
## Architecture
There are two main modules in TDengine server as shown in Picture 1: **Management Module (MGMT)** and **Data Module(DNODE)**. The whole TDengine architecture also includes a **TDengine Client Module**.
<center> <img src="../assets/structure.png"> </center>
<center> Picture 1 TDengine Architecture </center>
### MGMT Module
The MGMT module deals with the storage and querying on metadata, which includes information about users, databases, and tables. Applications will connect to the MGMT module at first when connecting the TDengine server. When creating/dropping databases/tables, The request is sent to the MGMT module at first to create/delete metadata. Then the MGMT module will send requests to the data module to allocate/free resources required. In the case of writing or querying, applications still need to visit MGMT module to get meta data, according to which, then access the DNODE module.
### DNODE Module
The DNODE module is responsible for storing and querying data. For the sake of future scaling and high-efficient resource usage, TDengine applies virtualization on resources it uses. TDengine introduces the concept of virtual node (vnode), which is the unit of storage, resource allocation and data replication (enterprise edition). As is shown in Picture 2, TDengine treats each data node as an aggregation of vnodes.
When a DB is created, the system will allocate a vnode. Each vnode contains multiple tables, but a table belongs to only one vnode. Each DB has one or mode vnodes, but one vnode belongs to only one DB. Each vnode contains all the data in a set of tables. Vnodes have their own cache, directory to store data. Resources between different vnodes are exclusive with each other, no matter cache or file directory. However, resources in the same vnode are shared between all the tables in it. By virtualization, TDengine can distribute resources reasonably to each vnode and improve resource usage and concurrency. The number of vnodes on a dnode is configurable according to its hardware resources.
<center> <img src="../assets/vnode.png"> </center>
<center> Picture 2 TDengine Virtualization </center>
### Client Module
TDengine client module accepts requests (mainly in SQL form) from applications and converts the requests to internal representations and sends to the server side. TDengine supports multiple interfaces, which are all built on top of TDengine client module.
For the communication between client and MGMT module, TCP/UDP is used, the port is set by the parameter mgmtShellPort in system configuration file taos.cfg, default is 6030. For the communication between client and DNODE module, TCP/UDP is used, the port is set by the parameter vnodeShellPort in the system configuration file, default is 6035.
## Writing Process
Picture 3 shows the full writing process of TDengine. TDengine uses [Writing Ahead Log] (WAL) strategy to assure data security and integrity. Data received from the client is written to the commit log at first. When TDengine recovers from crashes caused by power lose or other situations, the commit log is used to recover data. After writting to commit log, data will be wrtten to the corresponding vnode cache, then an acknowledgment is sent to the application. There are two mechanisms that can flush data in cache to disk for persistent storage:
1. **Flush driven by timer**: There is a backend timer which flushes data in cache periodically to disks. The period is configurable via parameter commitTime in system configuration file taos.cfg.
2. **Flush driven by data**: Data in the cache is also flushed to disks when the left buffer size is below a threshold. Flush driven by data can reset the timer of flush driven by the timer.
<center> <img src="../assets/write_process.png"> </center>
<center> Picture 3 TDengine Writting Process </center>
New commit log file will be opened when the committing process begins. When the committing process finishes, the old commit file will be removed.
## Data Storage
TDengine data are saved in _/var/lib/taos_ directory by default. It can be changed to other directories by setting the parameter dataDir in system configuration file taos.cfg.
TDengine's metadata includes the database, table, user, super table and tag information. To reduce the latency, metadata are all buffered in the cache.
Data records saved in tables are sharded according to the time range. Data of tables in the same vnode in a certain time range are saved in the same file group. This sharding strategy can effectively improve data searching speed. By default, one group of files contain data in 10 days, which can be configured by *daysPerFile* in the configuration file or by *DAYS* keyword in *CREATE DATABASE* clause.
Data records are removed automatically once their lifetime is passed. The lifetime is configurable via parameter daysToKeep in the system configuration file. The default value is 3650 days.
Data in files are blockwise. A data block only contains one table's data. Records in the same data block are sorted according to the primary timestamp. To improve the compression ratio, records are stored column by column, and the different compression algorithm is applied based on each column's data type.
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#FAQ
#### 1. How to upgrade TDengine from 1.X versions to 2.X and above versions?
Version 2.X is a complete refactoring of the previous version, and configuration files and data files are incompatible. Be sure to do the following before upgrading:
1. Delete the configuration file, and execute <code>sudo rm -rf /etc/taos/taos</code>
2. Delete the log file, and execute <code>sudo rm -rf /var/log/taos </code>
3. ENSURE THAT YOUR DATAS ARE NO LONGER NEEDED! Delete the data file, and execute <code>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/taos </code>
4. Enjoy the latest stable version of TDengine
5. If the data needs to be migrated or the data file is corrupted, please contact the official technical support team for assistance
#### 2. When encoutered with the error "Unable to establish connection", what can I do?
The client may encounter connection errors. Please follow the steps below for troubleshooting:
1. Make sure that the client and server version Numbers are exactly the same, and that the open source community and Enterprise versions are not mixed.
2. On the server side, execute `systemctl status taosd` to check the status of *taosd* service. If *taosd* is not running, start it and retry connecting.
3. Make sure you have used the correct server IP address to connect to.
4. Ping the server. If no response is received, check your network connection.
5. Check the firewall setting, make sure the TCP/UDP ports from 6030-6039 are enabled.
6. For JDBC, ODBC, Python, Go connections on Linux, make sure the native library *libtaos.so* are located at /usr/local/lib/taos, and /usr/local/lib/taos is in the *LD_LIBRARY_PATH*.
7. For JDBC, ODBC, Python, Go connections on Windows, make sure *driver/c/taos.dll* is in the system search path (or you can copy taos.dll into *C:\Windows\System32*)
8. If the above steps can not help, try the network diagnostic tool *nc* to check if TCP/UDP port works
check UDP port：`nc -vuz {hostIP} {port} `
check TCP port on server: `nc -l {port}`
check TCP port on client: ` nc {hostIP} {port}`
#### 3. Why I get "Invalid SQL" error when a query is syntactically correct?
If you are sure your query has correct syntax, please check the length of the SQL string. Before version 2.0, it shall be less than 64KB.
#### 4. Does TDengine support validation queries?
For the time being, TDengine does not have a specific set of validation queries. However, TDengine comes with a system monitoring database named 'sys', which can usually be used as a validation query object.
#### 5. Can I delete or update a record that has been written into TDengine?
The answer is NO. The design of TDengine is based on the assumption that records are generated by the connected devices, you won't be allowed to change it. But TDengine provides a retention policy, the data records will be removed once their lifetime is passed.
#### 6. What is the most efficient way to write data to TDengine?
TDengine supports several different writing regimes. The most efficient way to write data to TDengine is to use batch inserting. For details on batch insertion syntax, please refer to [Taos SQL](../documentation/taos-sql)
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