[ci skip]

This is a squash of the following commits, from first to last:

-

Fix minor, random things I’ve come across lately that individually
did not seem worth making a PR for, so I saved them for one commit.

One common error is using “it’s” (which is an abbreviation of “it is”)
when the possessive “its” should be used for indicating possession.

-

Changes include the name of a test, so remove the `[skip ci]` (thanks @senny).

-

Line wrap the changes at 80 chars and add one more doc fix.

-

Add a missing line wrap in the Contributing to Ruby on Rails Guide.

-

Line wrap the `TIP` section in the Contributing to Ruby on Rails Guide as well.

Rendering the guide locally with `bundle exec rake guides:generate` did
not show any change in on-screen formatting after adding the line wrap.

The HTML generated is (extra line added to illustrate where the line
wrap takes place):

    <div class="info"><p>Please squash your commits into a single commit
when appropriate. This

    simplifies future cherry picks and also keeps the git log
clean.</p></div>

-

Squash commits.

request.env['REQUEST_URI'] returns full URI of the resource
request.env['PATH_INFO'] returns only path of the resource

Closes #19321. [ci skip]

Pull request #7082 added lazy lookup to controllers using the translate
method, but the documentation still stated that it was available for
views only.

[ci skip]

- Changed `IN` to `ON` in all note sentences in guides.

References #18148.

[ci skip] removing ruby-i18n.org/wiki link that is not available and using “gems” instead of plugins

As discussed in #15304, we need to automate this process but for now,
having out-of-date versions is not ideal.

Since master targets 4.2.0, let's also update references to the last 4.1
version to 4.2.0.

Finally, let's remove mentions to versions when this is not needed. The
guides cover the features of the current version anyway.

[Juanito Fatas + Robin Dupret]

[ci skip]

Previously, only the object and method name from the label tag were
used when looking up the translation for a label. If a value is
given for the label, this ought to be additionally used. The
following:

    # form.html.erb
    <%= form_for @post do |f| %>
      <%= f.label :type, value: "long" %>
    <% end %>

    # en.yml
    en:
      activerecord:
        attributes:
          post/long: "Long-form Post"

Used to simply return "long", but now it will return "Long-form
Post".

Currently, the section called "How to store your custom translations"
has several subheadings that make no sense, such as "Translations for
ActiveRecord models." These make more sense under the "Overview of the
I18n API Features" section. I moved the "How to store..." section down
to the more appropriate sub-headings "Using Different Backends" and
"Using Different Exception Handlers" and removed the "Customize your
i18n setup" header.

Calling `to_sym` on user input opens apps up to Denial of Service attacks, via the symbol table being expanded to consume vast swathes of memory.

It is a fairly common configuration to have DNS configured such that all subdomains route to your Rails app, in which case an attacker visits `www1.foo.com`, `www2.foo.com`, and so on until something gives.

It is far less likely to have this problem with TLDs, so that change was only for consistency.

References to ``AppName::Application` removed in favour of ``Rails.application``
as generated with a new rails 4.1 app.

[ci skip]

Reason: i18n whitelists now locales without passing through symbols,
see https://github.com/svenfuchs/i18n/blob/master/lib/i18n.rb#L278.
Therefore, this snippet is no longer a good practice.

This reverts commit ec0664a6.

`I18n.locale=` symbolizes its argument, so passing it `params[:locale]`
allows one to DOS your application by visiting `...?locale=` URLS
repeatedly, with unique values, until the never-GCed symbols monopolize
the available memory.

This reverts commit 427db6b9.

[ci skip]

This reverts commit b58f3a64.

Reason: Discussion in https://github.com/rails/docrails/commit/b58f3a641795e1777aa3e12a853c34ff512acfb9

[ci skip]

Added `absence` parameter to table in section `5.1.2 Error Message Interpolation`.

In the absence of proper escaping the first link was getting messed up and remaining part of the sentence (2nd link) was not displayed in the rendered markdown on the website though it was displaying correctly in the repository markdown file.

From (svenfuchs/globalize3) to (globalize/globalize)

I think it's confusing to say "Use them in views without escaping." We
use all keys in views without escaping - the escaping is done for us
automatically _unless_ we call html_safe or the key ends in _html.