If handled as an associated predicate even though a table has the
column, will generate invalid SQL by valid column name treated as a
table name.

Style/SpaceBeforeBlockBraces
Style/SpaceInsideBlockBraces
Style/SpaceInsideHashLiteralBraces

Fix all violations in the repository.

The current code base is not uniform. After some discussion,
we have chosen to go with double quotes by default.

- The negative scenario test case was missing earlier.

- Previously it used to show error message
    <"undefined method `limit_value' for {:title=>\"Rails\"}:Hash">

- Now it shows following error message.

    >> Post.where.not(name: 'DHH').or(name: 'Tenderlove')
    ArgumentError: You have passed Hash object to #or. Pass an ActiveRecord::Relation object instead.

- Fixes #23714.

When passing in an array of different types of objects to `where`, it would only take into account the class of the first object in the array.

    PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: [Treasure.find(1), Car.find(2)])
	# => SELECT "price_estimates".* FROM "price_estimates"
         WHERE ("price_estimates"."estimate_of_type" = 'Treasure' AND "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" IN (1, 2))

This is fixed to properly look for any records matching both type and id:

    PriceEstimate.where(estimate_of: [Treasure.find(1), Car.find(2)])
    # => SELECT "price_estimates".* FROM "price_estimates"
         WHERE (("price_estimates"."estimate_of_type" = 'Treasure' AND "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" = 1)
         OR ("price_estimates"."estimate_of_type" = 'Car' AND "price_estimates"."estimate_of_id" = 2))

This still isn't as separated as I'd like, but it at least moves most of
the burden of alias mapping in one place.

The code that set the from clause was removed in
bdc51416. I did not give any reason for
doing so. My assumption was that I intended to change it to use the
clause objects, but forgot. We appeared to not have test coverage for
this case.

Fixes #22996

When you are using scopes and you chaining these scopes it is hard to
know which are the values that are incompatible. This way you can read
the message and know for which values you need to look for.

[Herminio Torres]

This reverts commit 5d41cb3b.

This implementation does not properly handle cases involving predicates
which are not associated with a bind param. I have the fix in mind, but
don't have time to implement just yet. It will be more similar to #22823
than not.

While the predicates are an arel equality node where the left side is a
full arel attribute, the binds just have the name of the column and
nothing else. This means that while splitting the predicates can include
the table as a factor, the binds cannot. It's entirely possible that we
might be able to have the bind params carry a bit more information (I
don't believe the name is used for anything but logging), and that is
probably a worthwhile change to make in the future.

However the simplest (and likely slightly faster) solution is to simply
use the indices of the conflicts in both cases. This means that we only
have to compute the collision space once, instead of twice even though
we're doing an additional array iteration. Regardless, this method isn't
a performance hotspot.

Close #22823.

[Ben Woosley & Sean Griffin]

It appears that I missed this one when I delegated all the non-mutation
array methods that were not on Enumerable

As was pointed out by #17128, our blacklist of mutation methods was
non-exhaustive (and would need to be kept up to date with each new
version of Ruby). Now that `Relation` includes `Enumerable`, the number
of methods that we actually need to delegate are pretty small. As such,
we can change to explicitly delegating the few non-mutation related
methods that `Array` has which aren't on `Enumerable`

This commit follows up of 6a6dbb4c.

[#20473]

Was left in adfab2dc

See #9683 for the reasons we switched to `distinct`.

Here is the discussion that triggered the actual deprecation #20198.

`uniq`, `uniq!` and `uniq_value` are still around.
They will be removed in the next minor release after Rails 5.

When set to an integer, a warning will be logged whenever a result set
larger than the specified size is returned by a query. Fixes #16463

The warning is outputed a module which is prepended in an initializer,
so there will be no performance impact if
`config.active_record.warn_on_records_fetched_greater_than` is not set.

While we query the proper columns, we go through normal handling for
converting the value to a primitive which assumes it should use the
table's primary key. If the association specifies a different value (and
we know that we're working with an association), we should use the
custom primary key instead.

Fixes #18813.

    Post.where('id = 1').or(Post.where('id = 2'))
    # => SELECT * FROM posts WHERE (id = 1) OR (id = 2)

[Matthew Draper & Gael Muller]

`bound_attributes` is now used universally across the board, removing
the need for the conversion layer. These changes are mostly mechanical,
with the exception of the log subscriber. Additional, we had to
implement `hash` on the attribute objects, so they could be used as a
key for query caching.

The column is primarily used for type casting, which we're trying to
separate from the idea of a column. Since what we really need is the
combination of a name, type, and value, let's use the object that we
already have to represent that concept, rather than this tuple. No
consumers of the bind values have been changed, only the producers
(outside of tests which care too much about internals). This is
*finally* possible since the bind values are now produced from a
reasonable number of lcoations.

The only place it was accessed was in tests. Many of them have another
way that they can test their behavior, that doesn't involve reaching
into internals as far as they did. `AssociationScopeTest` is testing a
situation where the where clause would have one bind param per
predicate, so it can just ignore the predicates entirely. The where
chain test was primarly duplicating the logic tested on `WhereClause`
directly, so I instead just make sure it calls the appropriate method
which is fully tested in isolation.

Contrary to my previous commit message, it wasn't overkill, and led to
much cleaner code.

[Sean Griffin & anthonynavarre]

The last place that was assigning it was when `from` is called with a
relation to use as a subquery. The implementation was actually
completely broken, and would break if you called `from` more than once,
or if you called it on a relation, which also had its own join clause,
as the bind values would get completely scrambled. The simplest solution
was to just move it into its own array, since creating a `FromClause`
class for this would be overkill.