Fix typo in inet and cidr saving

Use 1.9 Hash syntax in railties

remove 'then' from conditional statement

Fixes #7914 - PostgreSQL adapter doesn't fetch column defaults when using multiple schemas and domains

Remove parsing of character type default values for 8.1 formatting since
Rails doesn't support postgreSQL 8.1 anymore.

Remove misleading comment unrelated to code.

According to postgreSQL documentation:
(http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.2/static/catalog-pg-attrdef.html)
we should not be using 'adsrc' field because this field is unaware of
outside changes that could affect the way that default values are
represented. Thus, I changed the queries to use
"pg_get_expr(adbin, adrelid)" instead of the historical "adsrc" field.

PostgreSQL adapter properly parses default values when using multiple
schemas and domains.

When using domains across schemas, PostgresSQL prefixes the type of the
default value with the name of the schema where that type (or domain) is.

For example, this query:
```
SELECT a.attname, d.adsrc
FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
WHERE a.attrelid = "defaults"'::regclass
AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
ORDER BY a.attnum;
```

could return something like "'<default_value>'::pg_catalog.text" or
"(''<default_value>'::pg_catalog.text)::text" for the text columns with
defaults.

I modified the regexp used to parse this value so that it ignores
anything between ':: and \b(?:character varying|bpchar|text), and it
allows to have optional parens like in the above second example.

Clean up Gemfile entry (replace double quotes with single quotes) [ci skip]

Remove the queue container. Premature consolidation. Set up and maintain queues in the classes that use them instead.

Prompt to run rake when accidentally typed rails

Before:

Calculating -------------------------------------
                  ar        87 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
                  ar      823.4 (±11.8%) i/s -       4089 in   5.070234s

After:

Calculating -------------------------------------
                  ar        88 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
                  ar      894.1 (±3.9%) i/s -       4488 in   5.028161s

Same test as 3a6dfca7

before:

Calculating -------------------------------------
                  ar        83 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
                  ar      832.1 (±4.0%) i/s -       4233 in   5.096611s

after:

Calculating -------------------------------------
                  ar        87 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
                  ar      839.0 (±9.3%) i/s -       4176 in   5.032782s

Benchmark:

require 'config/environment'
require 'benchmark/ips'

GC.disable

unless User.find_by_login('tater')
  u = User.new
  u.login = 'tater'
  u.save!
end

def active_record
  user = User.find_by_login('tater')
  starred = user.starred_items.count
end

active_record

Benchmark.ips do |x|
  x.report("ar") { active_record }
end

Developers from all levels will accidentally run rake tasks using the `rails` keyword when they meant to use `rake`. Often times beginners struggle with the difference between the tools. The most common example would be `$ rails db:migrate`

Rather than telling the developer simply that they did not use a valid rails command, we can see if it was a valid rake command first. If it is a valid rake command we can auto execute it giving the user a period of time to cancel if that isn't what they intended.

Here is what `rake db:migrate` would look like if you cancel the command:


```sh
$ rails db:migrate
Assuming you meant: $ rake db:migrate 
press any key to cancel in 3 seconds
> 
command terminated ...
```

Here is what it looks like if you don't cancel the command:

```sh
$ rails db:migrate
Assuming you meant: $ rake db:migrate 
press any key to cancel in 3 seconds
> 
Running: $ rake db:migrate 
==  Foo: migrating ============================================================
==  Foo: migrated (0.0000s) ===================================================
```

make Hash#extract! more symmetric with Hash#slice

trailling whitespace cleanup in query_methods.rb [ci skip] 

Split asset url helpers into seperate AssetUrlHelper

Now we are using teh SynchronousQueue in the test environment instead of
the TestQueue

Support another file type .rake in `rake notes`

MemCacheStore's move to dalli as a backend broke :race_condition_ttl support

warning removed: shadowing outer local variable - value

learn ActiveReccord::Querying#order work with hash arguments

Immediately run queued jobs in tests. Otherwise you have to explicitly drain the queue to actually deliver your emails.

This improves memory and performance without having to use symbols which
present DoS problems. Thanks @headius and @tenderlove for the
suggestion.

Benchmark
---------

require 'active_record'
require 'benchmark/ips'

ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(adapter: 'sqlite3', database:
':memory:')

class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  connection.create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
    t.string :name
  end
end

post = Post.create name: 'omg'

Benchmark.ips do |r|
  r.report('Post.new')          { Post.new name: 'omg' }
  r.report('post.name')         { post.name }
  r.report('post.name=')        { post.name = 'omg' }
  r.report('Post.find(1).name') { Post.find(1).name }
end

Before
------

Calculating -------------------------------------
            Post.new      1419 i/100ms
           post.name      7538 i/100ms
          post.name=      3024 i/100ms
   Post.find(1).name       243 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
            Post.new    20637.6 (±12.7%) i/s -     102168 in   5.039578s
           post.name  1167897.7 (±18.2%) i/s -    5186144 in   4.983077s
          post.name=    64305.6 (±9.6%) i/s -     317520 in   4.998720s
   Post.find(1).name     2678.8 (±10.8%) i/s -      13365 in   5.051265s

After
-----

Calculating -------------------------------------
            Post.new      1431 i/100ms
           post.name      7790 i/100ms
          post.name=      3181 i/100ms
   Post.find(1).name       245 i/100ms
-------------------------------------------------
            Post.new    21308.8 (±12.2%) i/s -     105894 in   5.053879s
           post.name  1534103.8 (±2.1%) i/s -    7634200 in   4.979405s
          post.name=    67441.0 (±7.5%) i/s -     337186 in   5.037871s
   Post.find(1).name     2681.9 (±10.6%) i/s -      13475 in   5.084511s

This reverts commit 86c3dfbd.

Conflicts:
	activerecord/lib/active_record/attribute_methods/read.rb

Reason: whilst this increased performance, it also presents a DoS risk
via memory exhaustion if users were allowing user input to dictate the
arguments of read/write_attribute. I will investigate alternative ways
to cut down on string allocations here.