Better English.

Fix #22232: rake test tasks exit status code

The exit status code was not set when tests were fired with `rake`.
Now, it is being set and it matches behavior of running tests via `rails`
command (`rails test`), so no matter if `rake test` or `rails test` command
is used the exit code will be set.

We had 2 pull requests erronously trying to remove the first command.
Add some comments for clarity.

Per this comment
https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/18334#issuecomment-69234050 we want
`protect_from_forgery` to default to `prepend: false`.

`protect_from_forgery` will now be insterted into the callback chain at the
point it is called in your application. This is useful for cases where you
want to `protect_from_forgery` after you perform required authentication
callbacks or other callbacks that are required to run after forgery protection.

If you want `protect_from_forgery` callbacks to always run first, regardless of
position they are called in your application, then you can add `prepend: true`
to your `protect_from_forgery` call.

Example:

```ruby
protect_from_forgery prepend: true
```

remove `request_forgery_protection` initializer from rails api

Add missing require to strong_parameters.rb

Typo correction

In the doc the `dependent` option was set with: `dependent: destroy`.
This is not working because destroy would call the method of the activerecord::base object.

The right way is: `dependent: :destroy`

[ci skip] Add a dollar sign to each command in the READMEs

The problem was that when saving an object, we would
call touch_later on the parent which wont be saved immediteally, and
it wont call any callbacks. That was working one level up because
we were calling touch, during the touch_later commit phase. However that still
didnt solve the problem when you have a 3+ levels of parents to be touched,
as calling touch would affect the parent, but it would be too late to run callbacks
on its grand-parent.

The solution for this, is instead, call touch_later upwards when the first
touch_later is called. So we make sure all the timestamps are updated without relying
on callbacks.

This also removed the hard dependency BelongsTo builder had with the TouchLater module.
So we can still have the old behaviour if TouchLater module is not included.

[fixes 5f5e6d92]
[related #19324]

We don't want to commit the cookie jar more than once because then we
will be attempting to modify a frozen hash.

Fixes Railties test failure caused by 492b1344.

This adds a new method to request and response so we don't need to
violate the law of demeter.

We are changing `Request` and `Response` so that they always have a
`cookie_jar`

This is a continuation on work to combine integration and controller
test code bases in Rails.

We want to get rid of the `Live::Response` so we are consolidating methods
from `Live::Response` and `Response` by merging them together.

This adds an `#empty` method to the request so we don't need to
hard-code the empty array each time we call an empty
`ActionDispatch::Request`.

The work here is a continuation on combining controller and integration
test code bases into one.

Introduce after_{create,update,delete}_commit callbacks

Those are actually shortcuts for `after_commit`.

Before:

    after_commit :add_to_index_later, on: :create
    after_commit :update_in_index_later, on: :update
    after_commit :remove_from_index_later, on: :destroy

After:

    after_create_commit  :add_to_index_later
    after_update_commit  :update_in_index_later
    after_destroy_commit :remove_from_index_later

Subscribing to notifications while inside the said instrumented section

Test against the real value of tld_length unless explicitly set

According to pr #22443 in the guides there's always a dollar sign before every command, so why is in the main README a `$` and in every submodule a `%`?

Just eye candy..

add test for namespaced model name translation

Reading `Rails::Commands::Command` feels excessive. Especially if users can subclass command
to write their own commands — which I'd like to aim for.

Switch to `Rails::Command` before we get too far into things.

We should first attempt to run commands through Rails command, and then
fall back to trying the commands tasks.

Because eventually the commands tasks should be their own commands.

When attempting to run a `rake` task with `bin/rails`, Rails would see
check that a Rake task existed and ask users if they meant to run it with
rake.

We don't need that anymore, as the goal is to have `rails` be a valid way
to run rake tasks.

The class level version is responsible for changing a task name to
command name, then finding a command and run it if there is one.

The instance level `run` then makes sure arguments have been parsed
into `@options` and runs the command by sending it.

`Rails::Commands::Command.run` returns true to make it work within
`Rails::CommandsTask`, but won't in the future when it handles
all option parsing.

In rails api, since default is so as not to use the `protect_from_forgery`,
`request_forgery_protection` initializer I think that's unnecessary

 Add redirection path in the error message of assert_response if response is :redirect

When `parse_options_for` was called for a command that
hadn't set up any option parsing with `options_for`, the `call` method
would be sent to `-> {}`, which didn't like to be passed two arguments.

Switch to `proc {}` which can accept several arguments.

even if a write fails, store the raw value

I want to streamline the wording around `command`, and not
start pondering about instances.

The `ARGV` constant in Ruby is not a string, it's an array as demonstrated
by running:

```
$ ruby -e "p ARGV"
=> []
$
$ ruby -e "p ARGV" test/file.rb --version=2
=> ["test/file.rb", "--version=2"]
```

  * Ditch the instance methods local variable.

  * Prefer Ruby's default nil return, and remove else branch.

Checking that a command exists before running it is an implementation detail
of the Rails command and Rake task world right now.

Eventually I'd like to get rid of `exists?`, when I've worked out another way
to fall back to run the old tasks.

Users shouldn't have to lookup the command name for a task. Put it in
the private section, so it doesn't show up in any generated documentation.

The previous spelling seemed a bit too generous with the whitespace, and
looked out of place when amongst others.

Add note about serialization to update_columns documentation [ci skip]

remove warning from postgresql geometric test

This removes the following warning which has been out in the case of a PostgreSQL 9.3 below.

```
activerecord/test/cases/adapters/postgresql/geometric_test.rb:265: warning: instance variable @connection not initialized
```

Add Rails command infrastructure

The file [references Rack::Test here](https://github.com/rails/rails/blame/master/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb#L671)
so it's better off requiring 'rack/test' in the first place.