Remove unused AV/test/fixtures/scope

Remove unused AV/test/fixtures/happy_path

The file `modgreet.erb` was added 8 years ago in 21187c0f
and is not used anymore by any test.

The `test/fixtures/happy_path/render_action/hello_world.erb` file was
introduced in 8ab37c76 for the `TestRenderAction` test.

That test was subsequently removed in 34f058e0, so the fixture is not
used anymore.

If Travis CI is happy, then you can be sure the fixture can be removed.

Remove unused AV/test/fixtures/blog_public

Remove one AV fixture (duplicate of an AP fixture)

Bugfix config.action_view.default_form_builder option

Both ActionPack and ActionView include `test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb`.

The [ActionPack file](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionpack/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb) is used by the tests.

The [ActionView file](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/actionview/test/fixtures/functional_caching/fragment_cached_without_digest.html.erb) is not: it was introduced in eb23754e when some tests and
fixtures were moved from AP to AV, but no tests in AV uses the fixture.

Long story short: if Travis CI is happy with removing the fixture, you can
be sure that is not needed anymore!

The fixtures were added to support StaticTests in 401cd979 but
those tests were then removed in d5ad92ce.

If Travis CI is happy with this PR, then you can be sure that
those fixtures are not needed anymore.

Fix documentation for ActionMailer::Base#default [ci skip]

Just a little syntax error I spotted by accident. Cannot pass hash with curly braces without normal parentheses.

This is a follow up to https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/07786c5e75a7b0afdf318063510af6b475e3e04c
and https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/cd2596f55e88fe659592612a793c4f4aa723c9be

Fix OR in Journey patterns

Fix value extracted from negative integers for PostgreSQL.

Fixes: https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/17856.

Pretty-print request params on exception page

The detection of in-place changes caused a weird unexpected issue with
numericality validations. That validator (out of necessity) works on the
`_before_type_cast` version of the attribute, since on an `:integer`
type column, a non-numeric string would type cast to 0.

However, strings are mutable, and we changed strings to ensure that the
post type cast version of the attribute was a different instance than
the before type cast version (so the mutation detection can work
properly).

Even though strings are the only mutable type for which a numericality
validation makes sense, special casing strings would feel like a strange
change to make here. Instead, we can make the assumption that for all
mutable types, we should work on the post-type-cast version of the
attribute, since all cases which would return 0 for non-numeric strings
are immutable.

Fixes #17852

FIX: absolute_path may be nil for code added via instance_eval

[ci skip]

- In guides, "API" is used consistently instead of "api".
- Reason behind replacing "fixtures API" to "Fixtures API" is because
  here we are referring to the concept of "fixtures". In other places in
  the guide "fixture" OR "fixtures" is referred to the single or
  multiple instances of test data.
- This is also followup of https://github.com/rails/docrails/commit/aa9d1332b20305dd860b21a7ada06c5252bebad5#commitcomment-8497376.

[ci skip] fix description of url_for

`where_sql` now requires that we pass it an engine. None of the manager
classes take an engine in their constructor.

We never actually make use of it on the table, since we're constructing
the select manager manually. It looks like if we ever actually were
grabbing it from the table, we're grossly misusing it since it's meant
to vary by AR class.

Its existence on `Arel::Table` appears to be purely for convenience
methods that are never used outside of tests. However, in production
code it just complicates construction of the tables on the rails side,
and the plan is to remove it from `Arel::Table` entirely. I'm not
convinced it needs to live on `SelectManager`, etc either.

Pure rack apps can be mounted with a name

Fix link in documentation. [ci skip]

Bump ruby version to 2.1.0 in rails.gemspec too.