Some tests does not work for unprepared statements.
Add `if ActiveRecord::Base.connection.prepared_statements` and fix a
regex for fix tests failure with `prepared_statements: false`.

Arel handles substitution for bind parameters by now.

When this test was run on Windows, the database file would still be in
use, and `File.unlink` would fail. This would cause the temp directory to
be unable to be removed, and error out. By disconnecting the connection
when finished, we can avoid this error.

Reported on #21509, how views is treated by `#tables` are differ
by each adapters. To fix this different behavior, after Rails 5.0
is released, deprecate `#tables`.

And `#table_exists?` would check both tables and views.
To make their behavior consistent with `#tables`, after Rails 5.0
is released, deprecate `#table_exists?`.

This issue was resolved by #21687 already. But re-add args by #18856.
`#tables` extra args was only using by `#table_exists?`. This is for
internal API. This commit will remove these extra args again.

`@connection` in `StatementPool` is only used for PG adapter.
No need for abstract `StatementPool` class.

I’m renaming all instances of `use_transcational_fixtures` to
`use_transactional_tests` and “transactional fixtures” to
“transactional tests”.

I’m deprecating `use_transactional_fixtures=`. So anyone who is
explicitly setting this will get a warning telling them to use
`use_transactional_tests=` instead.

I’m maintaining backwards compatibility—both forms will work.
`use_transactional_tests` will check to see if
`use_transactional_fixtures` is set and use that, otherwise it will use
itself. But because `use_transactional_tests` is a class attribute
(created with `class_attribute`) this requires a little bit of hoop
jumping. The writer method that `class_attribute` generates defines a
new reader method that return the value being set. Which means we can’t
set the default of `true` using `use_transactional_tests=` as was done
previously because that won’t take into account anyone using
`use_transactional_fixtures`. Instead I defined the reader method
manually and it checks `use_transactional_fixtures`. If it was set then
it should be used, otherwise it should return the default, which is
`true`. If someone uses `use_transactional_tests=` then it will
overwrite the backwards-compatible method with whatever they set.

Lowercase raw SQL has been replaced by 07b659ca already. This commit
replaces everything else of raw SQL.

/cc @yahonda

This makes it easier for third party adapters to run our tests,
even if that database does not support IF EXISTS.

All columns which would map to a string primitive need this behavior.
Binary has it's own marker type, so it won't go through this conversion.
String and text, which need this, will.

Fixes #18585.

`bound_attributes` is now used universally across the board, removing
the need for the conversion layer. These changes are mostly mechanical,
with the exception of the log subscriber. Additional, we had to
implement `hash` on the attribute objects, so they could be used as a
key for query caching.

I'm planning on deprecating the column argument to mirror the
deprecation in [arel].

[arel]: https://github.com/rails/arel/commit/6160bfbda1d1781c3b08a33ec4955f170e95be11

So we can change the arity later.

The string encoding test wasn't using the types for anything. The
boolean casting test included logic that should be in the tests for the
types, and the string test was legitimately not testing anything useful.

When table has a composite primary key, the `primary_key` method for
sqlite3 and postgresql was only returning the first field of the key.

Ensures that it will return nil instead, as AR dont support composite pks.

This will allow eager type casting to take place as needed. There
doesn't seem to be any particular reason that the `in` statement was
forced for single values, and the commit message where it was introduced
gives no context.

See
https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d90b4e2615e8048fdeffc6dffe3246704adee01f

Oh hey, we got to remove some code because of that!

Arel handles this for us automatically. Updated tests, as BindParam is
no longer a subclass of SqlLiteral. We should remove the second argument
to substitute_at entirely, as it's no longer used

`Computer` class needs to be require

See #17217 for more details

adapter, fixed from #16057 [ci skip]

The only case where we got a column that was not `nil`, but did not
respond to `cast_type` was when type casting the default value during
schema creation. We can look up the cast type, and add that object to
the column definition. Will allow us to consistently rely on the type
objects for type casting in all directions.

If we want to have type decorators mess with the attribute, but not the
column, we need to stop type casting on the column. Where possible, we
changed the tests to test the value of `column_defaults`, which is
public API. `Column#default` is not.

The intention is to eventually remove `column` from the arguments list
both for `quote` and for `type_cast` entirely. This is the first step
to that end.

It appears to have been used at some point in the past, but is no longer
used in any meaningful way. Whether a column is considered primary is
a property of the model, not the schema/column. This also removes the
need for yet another layer of caching of the model's schema, and we can
leave that to the schema cache.

The decision to wrap type registrations in a proc was made for two
reasons.

1. Some cases need to make an additional decision based on the type
  (e.g. a `Decimal` with a 0 scale)
2. Aliased types are automatically updated if they type they point to is
  updated later. If a user or another adapter decides to change the
  object used for `decimal` columns, `numeric`, and `number` will
  automatically point to the new type, without having to track what
  types are aliased explicitly.

Everything else here should be pretty straightforward. PostgreSQL ranges
had to change slightly, since the `simplified_type` method is gone.

Part of #15134. In order to perform typecasting polymorphically, we need
to add another argument to the constructor. The order was chosen to
match the `oid_type` on `PostgreSQLColumn`.

Restore the 4.0 behaviour for 'sqlite3:///', but deprecate it. We'll
change to the absolute-path interpretation in 4.2.

The current "correct" spellings for in-memory, relative, and absolute
URLs, respectively, are:

    sqlite3::memory:
    sqlite3:relative/path
    sqlite3:/full/path

Substantially reverses/defers fbb79b51.
Uncovered by @guilleiguaran while investigating #14495, though that
sounds like a different issue.