Rather than trying to use gsub to remove the optional route segments,
which will fail with nested optional segments, use a custom visitor
class that returns a empty string for group nodes.

Closes #9524

integrate the strong params README into the AC guide.

The current ActionController guide does not mention strong parameters
at all. I integrated the README into the guide to explain the API.

I also included a section to illustrate that the API does not solve
all possible whitelisting scenarios.

The origin was #9454.

New 404, 422, 500 pages, they are more stylish and bring ruby essence…

Fix PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE to return ActiveSupport::Time

deal with `#append` and `#prepend` on association collections

Closes #7364.

Collection associations behave similar to Arrays. However there is no
way to prepend records. And to append one should use `<<`. Before this
patch `#append` and `#prepend` did not add the record to the loaded
association.

`#append` now behaves like `<<` and `#prepend` is not defined.

moving changelog note to unreleased section

New beauty pages(404, 422, 500)

In an AR model a timestamptz attribute would return a ruby string and AR
tests did not check for any type casting.  Previous tests would pass
only because an assert_equal was being used on a Time.utc object, which
will parse the right side of the eq to a valid Time instance for
comparision.

switch to test instance of Time instead of ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone

Support creating a table migration generator

Sometimes you want to create a table without an associated model and
test, which is also not a join table. With this commit, you can now
do that.

Example:

    rails g migration create_posts title:string
or
    rails g migration CreatePosts title:string

This commit also moves the template the model generator uses for the
migration to the migration templates folder, as it seems a more
sensible place for it now that it is shared code.

Sometimes you want to create a table without an associated model and
test, which is also not a join table. With this commit, you can now
do that.

Example:

    rails g migration create_posts title:string
or
    rails g migration CreatePosts title:string

This commit also moves the template the model generator uses for the
migration to the migration templates folder, as it seems a more
sensible place for it now that it is shared code.

Removed the bit about `SCRIPT_NAME` handling, since setting
`default_url_options[:script_name]` does work correctly.
We ran into an issue with it but it was an app bug.

Add some more documentation to the upgrade guide

[ci skip]

Wrong exception is occured when raising no translatable exception

Closes #8617

[ci skip]

Fix for #9360 content_for regression

Support PostgreSQL specific column types when using `change_table`.

We use `TableDefinition` for `#create_table` and `Table` for `#change_table`.
The PostgreSQL sepcific types were only defined on `TableDefinition` so they needed to be added to `Table` as well.

Closes #9480.

We use `TableDefinition` for `#create_table` and `Table` for `#change_table`.
The PostgreSQL sepcifc types were only defined on `TableDefinition` so I
also added them to `Table`.