- When lazy load hooks were triggered we were using
  `Object.instance_eval` which evaluates the block in the context of
  the class being passed. Most of the time that class was a
  `Class`. If one wants to define a instance method on the class then
  it wasn't possible.

  ```ruby
    class A; end;
    A.instance_eval do
      def foo
        puts 'bar'
      end
    end
    A.new.foo #> NoMethodError: undefined method `foo`
    A.foo #> bar
  ```
- This PR checks what object is passed when triggering the hooks and
  either call `class_eval` or `instance_eval`. My rational and assumptions being
  that if an instance of a class is passed, then the blocks needs to
  evaluate in the context of that instance (i.e. defining a method
  should only define it on that instance).
  On the other hand, if a Class or Module is passed when triggering
  hooks, then defining a method should define it on the class itself
- #32776 Pushed me to introduce this change

Add to docs mention about `:year_format` option of date select

Follow up #32190

[ci skip]

Update fugit to latest version

[fugit 1.1.3](https://github.com/floraison/fugit/commit/03a3ee86f3cd5d929442dd25896b99acbd151947)
fixes warnings that show up in ActiveJob tests.

See [CI](https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/394107740#L3764-L3778).

Add `use_year_names` option to date_select tag

Fix actionpack changelog typo

[ci skip]

Merge pull request #33172 from thomasdziedzic-pd/add-use_authenticated_message_encryption-documentation

add documentation for config.active_support.use_authenticated_message_encryption

related to https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/33170

Follow up of 15367a2c.

Since `aliases` is a part of `JoinDependency` and already cached at
1a723c65.

It was no longer used since d7ddaa53.

I spotted it while working on a PR.

* Convert hashes into parameters

Ensure `ActionController::Parameters#transform_values` and
`ActionController::Parameters#transform_values!` converts hashes into
parameters.

* fixup! Convert hashes into parameters

[Rafael Mendonça França + Kevin Sjöberg]

Reduce Memory Allocation when using .pluck

Removed useless utility classes inside HABTM association builder

Currently, column aliases which is used for eager loading are calculated
before constructing all table aliases in FROM clause.

`JoinDependency#join_constraints` constructs table aliases for `joins`
first, and then always re-constructs table aliases for eager loading.

If both `joins` and eager loading are given a same table association,
the re-construction would cause the discrepancy between column aliases
and table aliases.

To avoid the discrepancy, the column aliases should be calculated after
all table aliases are constructed.

Fixes #30603.

Add support for more HTTP cache controls

Fix Ruby version in `.ruby-version`

Since #30016 Rails generates `.ruby-version` file
in order to help Ruby version manager tools like `rbenv`, `rvm`
determine which Ruby version should be used for the current Rails
project.

Since #32649 Rails sets Ruby version to the file compatible with MRI/JRuby
by default.

Pull Request #31496 reports that `.ruby-version` doesn't match ruby version other
than stable version and recommends to use `ENV["RBENV_VERSION"]`, and
`ENV["rvm_ruby_string"]` in order to set correct Ruby version to the file
that `rbenv` or `rvm` can understand.
Also, there is another similar issue that reports the same case if use
JRuby https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/5144.

Closes #31496, https://github.com/jruby/jruby/issues/5144.

Add test case for the `|` token in Journey scanner

Journey's scanner tokenizes the `|` (:OR) operator when scanning route
urls such as `"/:foo|*bar"`. However, the current scanner test does not
have any test cases for the `|` operator. This commit adds a test case
for this particular token.

Add docs for ActiveRecord::Migration#say, #say_with_time, #suppress_messages [ci skip]

`touch` option was added to `increment!` (#27660) and `update_counters`
(#26995). But that option behaves inconsistently with
`Persistence#touch` method.

If `touch` option is passed attribute names, it won't update
update_at/on attributes unlike `Persistence#touch` method.

Due to changed from `Persistence#touch` to `increment!` with `touch`
option, #31405 has a regression that `counter_cache` with `touch` option
which is passed attribute names won't update update_at/on attributes.

I think that the inconsistency is not intended. To get back consistency,
ensure that `touch` option updates update_at/on attributes.

`optparse` is unused since #26977.

Ref: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/cc77a811298bd7ab1c422f7f999b93c858327da9/lib/net/http/response.rb#L138-L155

It is necessary to specify a value to `config.active_storage`.

Fix rubocop violations

https://codeclimate.com/github/rails/rails/issues

`bundle exec rubocop -a`

Related to e4e1b620

Update example for whitelisting arbitrary hashes

Since the ability to whitelist arbitrary hashes was added (https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/9454 was resolved by https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/e86524c0c5a26ceec92895c830d1355ae47a7034), this example is no longer outside of what strong_params can do. Moved this specific example out of the "Outside the Scope" section and into the regular "Examples" section, but left the "Outside the Scope" section as it was since the advice is still relevant for weirder whitelisting situations (maybe someone wants to add a new example that can't be handled natively).

From <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5861>:

> The stale-if-error HTTP Cache-Control extension allows a cache to
> return a stale response when an error -- e.g., a 500 Internal Server
> Error, a network segment, or DNS failure -- is encountered, rather
> than returning a "hard" error.  This improves availability.
>
> The stale-while-revalidate HTTP Cache-Control extension allows a
> cache to immediately return a stale response while it revalidates it
> in the background, thereby hiding latency (both in the network and on
> the server) from clients.

These are useful, fully standardized parts of the HTTP protocol with
widespread support among CDN vendors. Supporting them will make it
easier to utilize reverse proxies and CDNs from Rails.

Allow prefix/suffix options for store accessors

Update "Active Support Core Extensions" Guide

[ci skip]