The `read_attribute` method always returns the primary key when asked to
read the `id` attribute, even if the primary key isn't named `id`, and
even if another attribute named `id` exists.

For the `inspect`, `attribute_for_inspect` and `pretty_print` methods,
this behaviour is undesirable, as they're used to examine the internal
state of the record. By using `_read_attribute` instead, we'll get the
real value of the `id` attribute.

Follow up of #32952.

- Fixes #32940

Since #31405, using `#increment!` with touch option instead of `#touch`
to touch belongs_to association if counter cache is enabled. It caused
the regression since `#increment!` won't invoke after_touch callbacks
even if touch option is given.
To fix the regression, make `#increment!` invokes after_touch callbacks
if touch option is given.

Fixes #31559.
Fixes #32408.

`becomes` creates new object and copies attributes from the receiver. If
new object has mutation tracker which is created in `after_initialize`,
it should be cleared since it is for discarded attributes.

But if the receiver doesn't have mutation tracker yet, it will not be
cleared properly.

It should be cleared regardless of whether the receiver has mutation
tracker or not.

Fixes #32867.

The receiver in a scope was changed from `klass` to `relation` itself
for all scopes (named scope, default_scope, and association scope)
behaves consistently.

In addition. Before 5.2, if both an AR model class and a Relation
instance have same named methods (e.g. `arel_attribute`,
`predicate_builder`, etc), named scope doesn't respect relation instance
information.

For example:

```ruby
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :comments1, class_name: "RecentComment1"
  has_many :comments2, class_name: "RecentComment2"
end

class RecentComment1 < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "comments"
  default_scope { where(arel_attribute(:created_at).gteq(2.weeks.ago)) }
end

class RecentComment2 < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.table_name = "comments"
  default_scope { recent_updated }
  scope :recent_updated, -> { where(arel_attribute(:updated_at).gteq(2.weeks.ago)) }
end
```

If eager loading `Post.eager_load(:comments1, :comments2).to_a`,
`:comments1` (default_scope) respects aliased table name, but
`:comments2` (using named scope) may not work correctly since named
scope doesn't respect relation instance information. See also 801ccab2.

But this is a breaking change between releases without deprecation.
I decided to bring back private class methods accessibility in named
scope.

Fixes #31740.
Fixes #32331.

update_attribute previously stopped execution, before saving and before
running callbacks, if the record's attributes hadn't changed. [The
documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Persistence.html#method-i-update_attribute)
says that "Callbacks are invoked", which was not happening if the
persisted attributes hadn't changed.

This reverts commit 3420a145, reversing
changes made to afb66a5a.

A few have been left for aesthetic reasons, but have made a pass
and removed most of them.

Note that if the method `foo` returns an array, `foo << 1`
is a regular push, nothing to do with assignments, so
no self required.

The current code base is not uniform. After some discussion,
we have chosen to go with double quotes by default.

 - Refer https://github.com/rsim/oracle-enhanced/pull/845
Remove `set_date_columns` which has been deprecated in Oracle enhanced adapter
 - Refer https://github.com/rsim/oracle-enhanced/pull/869

This reverts commit 70d6e16f, reversing
changes made to ea4db3bc.

Seems to be a code merge done by mistake.

This reverts commit 4e05bfb8.

Reason: BlankTopic#blank? should not be removed to check that dynamic finder with a bang can find a model that responds to `blank?`

It doesn't serve much purpose now that ActiveRecord::Base.all returns a
Relation.

The code is moved to active_record_deprecated_finders.

previously dynamic finders only worked in combination with the actual
column name and not its alias defined with #alias_attribute

Don't use this:

    scope :red, where(color: 'red')
    default_scope where(color: 'red')

Use this:

    scope :red, -> { where(color: 'red') }
    default_scope { where(color: 'red') }

The former has numerous issues. It is a common newbie gotcha to do
the following:

    scope :recent, where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks)

Or a more subtle variant:

    scope :recent, -> { where(published_at: Time.now - 2.weeks) }
    scope :recent_red, recent.where(color: 'red')

Eager scopes are also very complex to implement within Active
Record, and there are still bugs. For example, the following does
not do what you expect:

    scope :remove_conditions, except(:where)
    where(...).remove_conditions # => still has conditions

Revert "Deprecate defining scopes with a callable (lambda, proc, etc) via the scope class method. Just define a class method yourself instead."

This reverts commit f0e198bf.

Conflicts:

	activerecord/test/models/post.rb