Closes #9480.

We use `TableDefinition` for `#create_table` and `Table` for `#change_table`.
The PostgreSQL sepcifc types were only defined on `TableDefinition` so I
also added them to `Table`.

`format: true` does not override existing format constraints.

Keep in sync with 3-2-stable.

Closes #9466.

Passing `format: true` used to override the constraints: { format: /json/ }
with `/.+/`. This patch only sets the format if there is no constraint present.

This reverts commit 408227d9, reversing
changes made to dca0b57d.

Closes #9386

Fix calculation of db_runtime property in
ActiveRecord::Railties::ControllerRuntime#cleanup_view_runtime.

Previously, after raising ActionView::MissingTemplate, db_runtime was
not populated.

Closes #9218, Fixes #9215.

Conflicts:
	activerecord/CHANGELOG.md

Remove duplicated number_helper tests in AP. They are already in AS.

With 155cd5e6 the number_helpers were moved into AS all the tests were copied over but the tests in AP were not deleted. This is confusing.

This removes all duplicated tests and reorganized the tests in AP to only test the functionality, that is added in AP.

Also cleanup some of the number helper tests.

* use 1.9 style hash syntax
* don't use brances on assert_equal
* prefere " over '

With 155cd5e6 the number_helpers were moved into AS all the tests were copied over
but the tests in AP were not deleted. This is confusing.

I removed all duplicated tests and reorganized the tests in AP to only test the
functionality, that is added in AP.

Removed template_root as a configuration option

remove private attribute? warning

convert non-string default params to strings in the router.

Closes #9435.

Skip valid encoding checks for non-String parameters that come
from the matched route's defaults.

the router allows String contraints.

Closes #9432.

Fix default output for postgres network address types

I merged b8837066 but forgot to move the entry past beta1.

Fix deletion of empty directories

Add routing guide doc on root with namespaces. [ci skip]

Fix touching an invalid parent record for belongs_to

If the parent of a `belongs_to` record fails to be saved due to
validation errors, `touch` will be called on a new record, which causes
an exception (see https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9320).

Example:

    class Owner < ActiveRecord::Base
      validates_presence_of :name
    end

    class Pet < ActiveRecord::Base
      belongs_to :owner, touch: true
    end

    pet = Pet.new(owner: Owner.new)

    # Before, this line would raise ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
    # "can not touch on a new record object"
    pet.save

I read #9419 and realized I didn't know you could have namespaced
roots, checked around, and a few friends didn't either.  Figured
this makes it guide worthy.

[ci skip]

Journey::Path::Pattern#new raise more meaningful exception message.

Use less hyperbole in the language re: allowed parameters

Add tests for #9441

This is a small thing, motivated by https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/9419