Without clearing the caches afterward, removals done in migrations would
not be reflected in a separate task in the same process. That is, given
a table with a migration to remove a column, the schema cache would
still reflect that a table has that in something such as the
'db:seed' task:

`rake db:migrate db:seed`
(A common thing to do in a script for a project ala `bin/setup`)

vs

`rake db:migrate && rake db:seed`
(Two processes)

The first would not reflect that the column was removed.
The second would (cache reset).

This reverts a334425c.

The main reason is that now the workflow is inconsistent when using
spring.

When using spring `RAILS_ENV` is always set, so only one database is
created.

This means that in development `bin/rake db:create` and `bundle exec
rake db:create` have different results.

It also breaks the `bin/setup` script since `bin/rake db:setup
db:test:prepare` will fail.

creating all databases mutates the connection pool.  This patch restores
the connection pool to the connection spec established before creating
all databases.  Fixes #23279

The error message has become a `DISABLE_DATABASE_ENVIRONMENT_CHECK`, modified to match the error message.

ref: https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/master/activerecord/lib/active_record/migration.rb#L161

Discussion: https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/22967#discussion_r49137035

Raise an error when a destructive action is made on a database where the current environment is different from the environment stored in the database.

This PR introduces a key/value type store to Active Record that can be used for storing internal values. It is an alternative implementation to #21237 cc @sgrif @matthewd.

It is possible to run your tests against your production database by accident right now. While infrequently, but as an anecdotal data point, Heroku receives a non-trivial number of requests for a database restore due to this happening. In these cases the loss can be large.

To prevent against running tests against production we can store the "environment" version that was used when migrating the database in a new internal table. Before executing tests we can see if the database is a listed in `protected_environments` and abort. There is a manual escape valve to force this check from happening with environment variable `DISABLE_DATABASE_ENVIRONMENT_CHECK=1`.

Still more to do. Please assist!

* If the drop task fails for a reason other than the database not
  existing, processing should end. This is indicated by a non-zero
  exit status.
* Since the backtrace is already printed to screen, we forgo
  printing it again by using an explicit call to `exit`.
* ⚠ This modifies the behavior of the db:create task slightly in
  that the stack trace is no longer printed by default. If the `--trace`
  option is used, it will print the trace _after_ the error message.

* If the create task fails for a reason other than the database already
  existing, processing should end. This is indicated by a non-zero exit
  status.
* Since the backtrace is already printed to screen, we forgo printing it
  again by using an explicit call to `exit`.
* ⚠ This modifies the behavior of the db:create task slightly in
  that the stack trace is no longer printed by default. If the `--trace`
  option is used, it will print the trace _after_ the error message.

The focus of this change is to make the API more accessible.
References to method and classes should be linked to make it easy to
navigate around.

This patch makes exzessiv use of `rdoc-ref:` to provide more readable
docs. This makes it possible to document `ActiveRecord::Base#save` even
though the method is within a separate module
`ActiveRecord::Persistence`. The goal here is to bring the API closer to
the actual code that you would write.

This commit only deals with Active Record. The other gems will be
updated accordingly but in different commits. The pass through Active
Record is not completely finished yet. A follow up commit will change
the spots I haven't yet had the time to update.

/cc @fxn

Usage was removed in 5c449553

  -   Added run_cmd() class method to dry up Kernel.system() messages within
      this namespace and avoid shell expansion by passing a list of
      arguments instead of a string

  -   Update structure_dump, structure_load, and related tests units to
      pass a list of params instead of using a string to
      avoid shell expansion

This isn't Seattle.rb, @senny. ;)

Closes #17945

`db:test:prepare` still purges the database to always keep the test
database in a consistent state.

This patch introduces new problems with `db:schema:load`. Prior
to the introduction of foreign-keys, we could run this file against
a non-empty database. Since every `create_table` containted the
`force: true` option, this would recreate tables when loading the schema.

However with foreign-keys in place, `force: true` wont work anymore and
the task will crash.

/cc @schneems

The current style for warning messages without newlines uses
concatenation of string literals with manual trailing spaces
where needed.

Heredocs have better readability, and with `squish` we can still
produce a single line.

This is a similar use case to the one that motivated defining
`strip_heredoc`, heredocs are super clean.

[Joshua Cody & Yves Senn]

Closes #16757.

Prior to this patch schema loading rake tasks had the potential to leak a
connection to a different database. This had side-effects when rake tasks
operating on the current connection (like `db:seed`) were chained.

This fixes random test failure in migrator_test.rb

Using heredoc would enforce line wrapping to whatever column width we decided to
use in the code, making it difficult for the users to read on some consoles.

This does make the source code read slightly worse and a bit more error-prone,
but this seems like a fair price to pay since the primary purpose for these
messages are for the users to read and the code will not stick around for too
long.

The rake tasks and the `DatabaseTakss` adapter classes used to
assume a configuration at some places. This forced the rake
tasks to establish a specific connection before calling into
`load_schema`.

After #15394 this started to cause issues because it could
`purge` the wrong database before loading the schema.

Revert "Revert "Merge pull request #15394 from morgoth/fix-automatic-maintaining-test-schema-for-sql-format""

This reverts commit 5c87b5c5.

This extracts the logic that was embedded in a Rake task into a static
method.
Bonus: the first test for `rake db:migrate`

Revert "Merge pull request #15394 from morgoth/fix-automatic-maintaining-test-schema-for-sql-format"

This reverts commit 46139d33, reversing
changes made to 8f247871.

Conflicts:
	activerecord/CHANGELOG.md

Additionally:
* It changes `purge` task on `sqlite3` adapter to recreate database file, to
be consistent with other adapters.
* Adds `purge` step when loading from `schema.rb`

rather than YAML.load(File.read(path)). YAML.load_file is also used in
guides/rails_guides/helper.rb since 2011, the only other precedent I could find.

Closes #13625