A relation includes `klass`, so it can not be used as it is if current
class is different from `current_scope.klass`. It should be created new
relation by current class to respect the klass and STI constraint.

Fixes #17603.
Fixes #23576.

https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/263617099#L769-L775

Since 5c71000d, it has lost to be able to unscope `default_scope` in STI
associations. This change will use `.empty_scope?` instead of
`.values.empty?` to regard as an empty scope if only have
`type_condition`.

This change was introduced by #18109. The intent of that change was to
specifically apply `unscoped`, not to allow all changes to
`current_scope` to affect the join. The idea of allowing `current_scope`
to affect joins is interesting and potentially more consistent, but has
sever problems associated with it. The fact that we're specifically
stripping out joins indicates one such problem (and potentially leads to
invalid queries).

Ultimately it's difficult to reason about what `Posts.joins(:users)`
actually means if it's affected by `User.current_scope`, and it's
difficult to specifically control what does or doesn't get added. If we
were starting from scratch, I don't think I'd have `joins` be affected
by `default_scope` either, but that's too big of a breaking change to
make at this point.

With this change, we no longer apply `current_scope` when bringing in
joins, with the singular exception of the motivating use case which
introduced this bug, which is providing a way to *opt-out* of having the
default scope apply to joins.

Fixes #29338.

We have some indentation cops. But now there is a little inconsistent
params indentations. Enable `Layout/FirstParameterIndentation` cop to
prevent newly inconsistent indentation added and auto-correct to
existing violations.

This is related with #27680.

Since `where_values_hash` keys constructed by `where` are string, so we
need `stringify_keys` to `create_with_value` before merging it.

This reverts commit 3420a145, reversing
changes made to afb66a5a.

This regression was caused by #23004.

If STI subclass is using scoping in parent class scoping,
`current_scope` in subclass is never restored.
I fixed to restore `current_scope` to previous value correctly.

Follow up of #25702.

`DefaultScopingWithThreadTest` expects that there are two or more of
`developers` data, but have not created data in the test.
Therefore, tests may fail depending on execution order.

This change reverted in eac6f369 but it is needed for data integrity.
See #25328.

Revert "Merge pull request #27636 from mtsmfm/disable-referential-integrity-without-superuser-privilege-take-2"

This reverts commit c1faca63, reversing
changes made to 8c658a0e.

See https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/27636#issuecomment-297534129

Re-create https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/21233

eeac6151 was reverted (127509c0) because it breaks tests.

----------------

ref: 72c15572

- We must use `authors` fixture with `author_addresses` because of its foreign key constraint.
- Tests require PostgreSQL >= 9.4.2 because it had a bug about `ALTER CONSTRAINTS` and fixed in 9.4.2.

Since b644964b `ActiveRecord::Relation` includes `Enumerable` so
delegating `collect`, `all?`, and `include?` are also unneeded.
`collect` without block returns `Enumerable` without preloading by that.
We should use `load` rather than `collect` for force loading.

If we run only following tests:

- test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
- test/cases/associations_test.rb

```
$ cat Rakefile.test
require "rake/testtask"

ENV["ARCONN"] = "postgresql"

Rake::TestTask.new do |t|
  t.libs << "test"
  t.test_files = %w(
    test/cases/scoping/default_scoping_test.rb
    test/cases/associations_test.rb
  )
end
```

a test will fail:

```
$ bundle exec rake test -f Rakefile.test
/app/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/enumerable.rb:20: warning: method redefined; discarding old sum
Using postgresql
Run options: --seed 11830

# Running:

.........................................................................................F................

Finished in 6.939055s, 15.2759 runs/s, 27.9577 assertions/s.

  1) Failure:
AssociationProxyTest#test_save_on_parent_saves_children [/app/activerecord/test/cases/associations_test.rb:185]:
Expected: 1
  Actual: 2

106 runs, 194 assertions, 1 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
rake aborted!
Command failed with status (1)
/usr/local/bin/bundle:22:in `load'
/usr/local/bin/bundle:22:in `<main>'
Tasks: TOP => test
(See full trace by running task with --trace)
```

In #28083, change `self.use_transactional_tests` to `false`
but we forget to clean-up fixture.
However we don't have to disable transaction except a few tests.

This ensures multiple threads inside a transactional test to see consistent
database state.

When a system test starts Puma spins up one thread and Capybara spins up
another thread. Because of this when tests are run the database cannot
see what was inserted into the database on teardown. This is because
there are two threads using two different connections.

This change uses the statement cache to lock the threads to using a
single connection ID instead of each not being able to see each other.
This code only runs in the fixture setup and teardown so it does not
affect real production databases.

When a transaction is opened we set `lock_thread` to `Thread.current` so
we can keep track of which connection the thread is using. When we
rollback the transaction we unlock the thread and then there will be no
left-over data in the database because the transaction will roll back
the correct connections.

[ Eileen M. Uchitelle, Matthew Draper ]

Revert "Merge pull request #21233 from mtsmfm/disable-referential-integrity-without-superuser-privileges"

This reverts commit eeac6151, reversing
changes made to 5c40239d.

Reason: Broke the isolated tests.
https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/builds/188721346

ref: 72c15572

- We must use `authors` fixture with `author_addresses` because of its foreign key constraint.
- Tests require PostgreSQL >= 9.4.2 because it had a bug about `ALTER CONSTRAINTS` and fixed in 9.4.2.

Regexp#match? should be considered to be part of the Ruby core library. We are
emulating it for < 2.4, but not having to require the extension is part of the
illusion of the emulation.

assert [1, 3].includes?(2) fails with unhelpful "Asserting failed" message

assert_includes [1, 3], 2 fails with "Expected [1, 3] to include 2" which makes it easier to debug and more obvious what went wrong

Style/SpaceBeforeBlockBraces
Style/SpaceInsideBlockBraces
Style/SpaceInsideHashLiteralBraces

Fix all violations in the repository.

also test `ROWNUM <=` for Oracle 11g or older version of Oracle and Oracle visitor
Oracle 12c database and Arel Oracle12 visitor supports better top N query.

The current code base is not uniform. After some discussion,
we have chosen to go with double quotes by default.

Fixes #25653.

Where appropriatei, prefer the more concise Regexp#match?,
String#include?, String#start_with?, or String#end_with?

Changing the order of method chaining `merge` and other query
method such as `joins` should produce the same result.

```ruby
class Topic < ApplicationRecord
  scope :safe_chaininig,   -> { joins(:comments).merge(Comment.newest) }
  scope :unsafe_chaininig, -> { merge(Comment.newest).joins(:comments) } #=> NoMethodError
end
```

[ci skip]