This commit introduces "rendered template" and "rendered collection"
objects.  The template renderers can now return a more complex object
than just strings.  This allows the framework to get more information
about the templates that were rendered.  In this commit we use the
rendered template object to set the "rendered_format" on the lookup
context in the controller rather than all the way in the template renderer.
That means we don't need to check the "rendered_format" every time we
render a template, we just do it once after all templates have been
rendered.

This commit is to remove direct access to the "rendered_format"
attribute on the lookup context.  "rendered_format" is an implementation
detail that we shouldn't test directly.

Pass the template format to the digestor

Reset column info after making Topic tz-aware

Introduce delete_by and destroy_by methods to ActiveRecord::Relation

This reverts commit 6b69ae51, reversing
changes made to 84bd9ada.

Reason: We already use "happen" a lots for callbacks and validations.

https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35324#issuecomment-465096483

[ci skip]

Update active_record_callbacks.md [ci skip]

Change 'happen' to a more technical term

Don't allow `where` with invalid value matches to nil values

In AttributeMethodsTest, we make the global Topic class time zone-aware
which changes instance date time attribute casting behaviour. We need to
reset column info after the test because future tests don't expect Topic
date time columns to be time zone-aware.

Actionpack typo fix

[ci skip]

When reloading is disabled, after_initialize hooks run after to_prepare hooks have already run for the last time. Since to_prepare hooks always run after application initializers, we don't need need to use an after_initialize hook.

That is considered as silently leaking information.
If type casting doesn't return any actual value, it should not be
matched to any record.

Fixes #33624.
Closes #33946.

Return correct date in ActiveModel for time to date conversions

Since `serialize` is passed user input args (from `where`, schema
default, etc), a helper should provide `serialize` if the helper also
provide `cast`.

Related #32624, 34cc301f, a741208f.

This is covered by `test_update_all_with_order_and_limit_updates_subset_only`
and `test_update_all_with_order_and_limit_and_offset_updates_subset_only`.

`value_from_multiparameter_assignment` defined by
`AcceptsMultiparameterTime` helper requires `default_timezone` method
which is defined at `TimeValue` helper.
Since `Date` type doesn't include `TimeValue`, I've extracted `Timezone`
helper to be shared by `Date`, `DateTime`, and `Time` types.

Before:

```
SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."type" IN ('VerySpecialComment') AND "comments"."post_id" = ? LIMIT ?  [["post_id", 4], ["LIMIT", 1]]
```

After:

```
SELECT "comments".* FROM "comments" WHERE "comments"."type" = ? AND "comments"."post_id" = ? LIMIT ?  [["type", "VerySpecialComment"], ["post_id", 4], ["LIMIT", 1]]
```

This fixes a bug that the `foreign_key` and the `foreign_type` are
separated as different table conditions if a polymorphic association has
a scope that joins another tables.

Auto correct rubocop offenses

Offenses:

railties/lib/rails/autoloaders.rb:1:1: C: [Corrected] Style/FrozenStringLiteralComment: Missing magic comment # frozen_string_literal: true.
module Rails
^
actionmailer/test/base_test.rb:917:1: C: [Corrected] Layout/EmptyLinesAroundBlockBody: Extra empty line detected at block body beginning.
actionmailer/test/base_test.rb:917:1: C: [Corrected] Layout/TrailingWhitespace: Trailing whitespace detected.
actionmailer/test/base_test.rb:917:5: C: [Corrected] Style/RedundantBegin: Redundant begin block detected.
    begin
    ^^^^^
actionmailer/test/base_test.rb:918:3: C: [Corrected] Layout/IndentationWidth: Use 2 (not 4) spaces for indentation.
      events = []
  ^^^^
actionmailer/test/base_test.rb:930:1: C: [Corrected] Layout/EmptyLinesAroundBlockBody: Extra empty line detected at block body end.
actionmailer/test/base_test.rb:930:1: C: [Corrected] Layout/TrailingWhitespace: Trailing whitespace detected.

Raise ActiveRecord::IrreversibleOrderError if nulls first/last is not a single ordering argument.

This follows up 0ee96d13.

Fix the regex that extract mismatched foreign key information

The CI failure for `test_errors_for_bigint_fks_on_integer_pk_table` is
due to the poor regex that extract all ``` `(\w+)` ``` like parts from
the message (`:foreign_key` should be `"old_car_id"`, but `"engines"`):

https://travis-ci.org/rails/rails/jobs/494123455#L1703

I've improved the regex more strictly and have more exercised mismatched
foreign key tests.

Fixes #35294

Fix possible memory leak of ConnectionHandler

refs #35296

Show deprecated message instead of raise exception in `compiled_method_container` method