We're seeing too many failures to believe otherwise.

This reverts commits bc116a55,
cbde413d,
bf0a6793, and
2440933f.

Suppose you have two resources routed in the following manner:

```ruby
resources :blogs do
  resources :posts
end

resources :posts
```

When using polymorphic resource routing like `url_for([@blog, @post])`, and `@blog` is `nil` Rails should still try to match the route to the top-level posts resource.

Fixes #16754

When we are loading a component and we want to know its version, we are
actually not speaking about the constant but the library itself.

[ci skip]

[Godfrey Chan & Xavier Noria]

IPAddr::InvalidAddressError does not exist in Ruby 1.9.3
and fails for JRuby in 1.9 mode.

As IPAddr::InvalidAddressError is a subclass of ArgumentError
(via IPAddr::Error) just rescuing ArgumentError is fine.

This actually was testing test everything, so why not do it simpler?

Dir.glob can be a security concern. The original use was to provide logic of fallback files. Example a request to `/` should render the file from `/public/index.html`. We can replace the dir glob with the specific logic it represents. The glob {,index,index.html} will look for the current path, then in the directory of the path with index file and then in the directory of the path with index.html. This PR replaces the glob logic by manually checking each potential match. Best case scenario this results in one less file API request, worst case, this has one more file API request.

Related to #16464

Update: added a test for when a file of a given name (`public/bar.html` and a directory `public/bar` both exist in the same root directory. Changed logic to accommodate this scenario.

This commit improves performance of cookie tests:

Ruby  |   After  |   Before
----- | --------:| --------:
MRI   |    5.03s |     9.28s
JRuby |   25.45s |  1648.23s

Please note the improvement for JRuby.

https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/402c2af55053c2f29319091ad21fd6fa6b90ee89
introduced a regression that caused any constraints added to redirect routes
to be ignored.

Fixes #16605

- don't mutate PATH_INFO in env, test
- test fallback content type matches Rack::File
- change assertion style
- make HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING comparison case insensitive
- return gzip path from method instead of true/false so we don't have to assume later
- don't allocate un-needed hash.

Original comments:

https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/
cfaaacd9#commitcomment-7468728

cc @jeremy

https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c64bff2c87ebf363703c63ecd4a96d56a1a78364
added support and enabled parallel execution of the actionpack tests.

However it introduced https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c64bff2c87ebf363703c63ecd4a96d56a1a78364
since one cannot connect to a socket file that's inside a Vagrant synced folder
due to security restrictions, and DRb tries to.

Also rename the temporary files to make it obvious that they're rails-related,
since now they're placed outside the project's directory.

Fixes https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c64bff2c87ebf363703c63ecd4a96d56a1a78364

Refactored IP address checking in ActionDispatch::RemoteIp to rely on
the IPAddr class instead of the unwieldly regular expression to match
IP addresses. This commit keeps the same api but allows users to pass
IPAddr objects to config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies in addition
to passing strings and regular expressions.

Example:

    # config/environments/production.rb
    config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies = IPAddr.new('4.8.15.0/16')

We should assert that routes will not be recognized if the verbs do
not match.

Follow up to rails#15321

Instead of duplicating the routes, we will first match the HEAD request to
HEAD routes. If no match is found, we will then map the HEAD request to
GET routes.

If someone is using ActionDispatch::Static to serve assets and makes it past the `match?` then the file exists on disk and it will be served. This PR adds in logic that checks to see if the file being served is already compressed (via gzip) and on disk, if it is it will be served as long as the client can handle gzip encoding. If not, then a non gzip file will be served.

This additional logic slows down an individual asset request but should speed up the consumer experience as compressed files are served and production applications should be delivered with a CDN. This PR allows a CDN to cache a gzip file by setting the `Vary` header appropriately. In net this should speed up a production application that are using Rails as an origin for a CDN. Non-asset request speed is not affected in this PR.

This merges in the code from the breach-mitigation-rails gem that masks
authenticity tokens on each request by XORing them with a random set of
bytes. The masking is used to make it impossible for an attacker to
steal a CSRF token from an SSL session by using techniques like the
BREACH attack.

The patch is pretty simple - I've copied over the [relevant
code](https://github.com/meldium/breach-mitigation-rails/blob/master/lib/breach_mitigation/masking_secrets.rb)
and updated the tests to pass, mostly by adjusting stubs and mocks.

Related with #11795.

Ruby 1.9.3 does not implement Hash#to_h, so we can't call `super` on it.

* `each`
* `each_pair`
* `delete`
* `select!`

This is to make sure that `permitted` status is maintained on the
resulting object.

I found these methods that needs to be redefined by looking for
`self.class.new` in the code.

* extract!
* transform_keys
* transform_values

`ActionController::Parameters#to_h` now returns a `Hash` with
unpermitted keys removed. This change is to reflect on a security
concern where some method performed on an `ActionController::Parameters`
may yield a `Hash` object which does not maintain `permitted?` status.
If you would like to get a `Hash` with all the keys intact, duplicate
and mark it as permitted before calling `#to_h`.

    params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi')
    params.to_h # => {}

    unsafe_params = params.dup.permit!
    unsafe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}

    safe_params = params.permit(:name)
    safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}

This change is consider a stopgap as we cannot chage the code to stop
`ActionController::Parameters` to inherit from
`HashWithIndifferentAccess` in the next minor release.

Also, adding a CHANGELOG entry to mention that
`ActionController::Parameters` will not inheriting from
`HashWithIndifferentAccess` in the next major version.

This method was removed at 210b338d but it is
used by third party gems to check if a named route was defined. To help on the
upgrade path on 4.2.0 we bring it back and emit a deprecation warning.

Use the Active Support JSON encoder for cookie jars using the `:json` or
`:hybrid` serializer. This allows you to serialize custom Ruby objects into
cookies by defining the `#as_json` hook on such objects.

Fixes #16520.

- Default to Rails::DeprecatedSanitizer in ActionView::Helpers::SanitizeHelper.
- Add upgrade notes.
- Add sanitizer to new applications Gemfiles.
- Remove 'rails-dom-testing' as a dependency.