Fixing numeric attrs when set to same negative value

fix typo in nodoc [ci skip]

This bug occurs when an attribute of an ActiveRecord model is an
ActiveRecord::Type::Integer type or a ActiveRecord::Type::Decimal type (or any
other type that includes the ActiveRecord::Type::Numeric module. When the value
of the attribute is negative and is set to the same negative value, it is marked
as changed.

Take the following example of a Person model with the integer attribute age:

    class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
      # age          :integer(4)
    end

The following will produce the error:

    person = Person.new(age: -1)
    person.age = -1
    person.changes
    => { "age" => [-1, -1] }
    person.age_changed?
    => true

The problematic line is here:

    module ActiveRecord
      module Type
        module Numeric
          ...

          def non_numeric_string?(value)
            # 'wibble'.to_i will give zero, we want to make sure
            # that we aren't marking int zero to string zero as
            # changed.
            value.to_s !~ /\A\d+\.?\d*\z/
          end
        end
      end
    end

The regex match doesn't accept numbers with a leading '-'.

Describe gotcha for 'status' option [ci skip]

Better tests for AV::RecordIdentifier

This commit intends to clarify the scope of ActionView::RecordIdentifier
methods `dom_id` and `dom_class`.

Most of the current documentation comes from da257eb8 (7 years ago) when
the decoupling of ActionView, ActiveRecord and ActiveModel was not a concern.

Since then, steps have been taken to reach such decoupling.
Therefore I think it's important to show that ActionView::RecordIdentifier
**does not strictly depend on the ActiveRecord API**:
any class `Post` implementing `post.to_key` and `post.model_name.param_key`
will work.

This commit adds a test to prove that ActionView::RecordIdentifier methods
can also be used on objects that do not subclass ActiveRecord::Base.

Do not use line breaks on notes [ci skip]

`ActiveRecord::Base#[]` has overhead that was introduced in 4.2. The
`foo["id"]` working with PKs other than ID isn't really a case that we
want to support publicly, but deprecating was painful enough that we
avoid it. `_read_attribute` was introduced as the faster alternative for
use internally. By using that, we can save a lot of overhead. We also
save some overhead by reading the attribute one fewer times in
`stale_state`.

Fixes #18151

If there is a method defined such as `find_and_do_stuff(id)`, which then
gets called on an association, we will perform statement caching and the
parent ID will not change on subsequent calls.

Fixes #18117

Calling `changed_attributes` will ultimately check if every mutable
attribute has changed in place. Since this gets called whenever an
attribute is assigned, it's extremely slow. Instead, we can avoid this
calculation until we actually need it.

Fixes #18029

PG will warn without it, but mysql2 errors out.

Changes `rails g model Post user:references` from

    def change
      create_table :posts do |t|
        t.references :user, index: true
      end

      add_foreign_key :posts, :users
    end

to

    def change
      create_table :posts do |t|
        t.references :user, index: true, foreign_key: true
      end
    end

Changes `rails g migration add_user_to_posts user:references` from

    def change
      add_reference :posts, :users, index: true
      add_foreign_key :posts, :users
    end

to

    def change
      add_reference :posts, :users, index: true, foreign_key: true
    end

This has the same comments as 9af90ffa00ba35bdee888e3e1ab775ba0bdbe72c,
however it affects the `add_reference` method, and `t.references` in the
context of a `change_table` block.

There is a lot of duplication of code between creating and updating
tables. We should re-evaluate the structure of this code from a high
level so changes like this don't need to be made in two places. (Note to
self)

While we still aren't accepting PRs that only make changes like this,
it's fine when we're actively working on a method if it makes our lives
easier.

Rather than having to do:

    create_table :posts do |t|
      t.references :user
    end

    add_foreign_key :posts, :users

You can instead do:

    create_table :posts do |t|
      t.references :user, foreign_key: true
    end

Similar to the `index` option, you can also pass a hash. This will be
passed as the options to `add_foreign_key`. e.g.:

    create_table :posts do |t|
      t.references :user, foreign_key: { primary_key: :other_id }
    end

is equivalent to

    create_table :posts do |t|
      t.references :user
    end

    add_foreign_key :posts, :users, primary_key: :other_id

While we aren't taking PRs with these kinds of changes just yet, they
are fine if we're actively working on the method and it makes things
easier.

The changes in #18149 added tests for the app generator, but only fixed
it for the plugin generator (I should have let CI finish though I think
it would have failed as an allowed failure).

Only add debugger/byebug if on MRI

If the test is interrupted in a way that the teardown block fails to
run, the tests will fail to run until the table is removed manually
without this option.

References #18138

PG doesn't register it's types using the `int(4)` format that others do.
As such, if we alias `int8` to the other integer types, the range
information is lost. This is fixed by simply registering it separately.

The other option (which I specifically chose to avoid) is to pass the
information of the original type that was being aliased as an argument.
I'd rather avoid that, since an alias should truly be treated the same.
If we need different behavior for a different type, we should explicitly
register it with that, and not have a conditional based on aliasing.

Fixes #18144

[Sean Griffin & ysbaddaden]

This is a doc follow-up to #17739.

/cc @zzak

Fixes #18122

Fix inaccurate docs in active_model errors [ci skip]

Add note about Ajax and CSRF-Token [ci skip]

Clarify ActiveRecord testing guidelines [ci skip]