Fallback to unprepared statement only when bind params limit is exceeded

This is a follow up and/or an alternative of #33844.

Unlike #33844, this would attempt to construct unprepared statement only
when bind params limit (mysql2 65535, pg 65535, sqlite3 249999) is
exceeded.

I only defined 65535 as the limit, not defined 249999 for sqlite3, since
it is an edge case, I'm not excited to add less worth extra code.

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_limits.rb

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ def joins_per_query
         256
       end
       deprecate :joins_per_query
+
+      private
+        def bind_params_length
+          65535
+        end
     end
   end
 end

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb

@@ -46,11 +46,16 @@ def cacheable_query(klass, arel) # :nodoc:
       def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [], preparable: nil)
         arel = arel_from_relation(arel)
         sql, binds = to_sql_and_binds(arel, binds)
+
         if !prepared_statements || (arel.is_a?(String) && preparable.nil?)
           preparable = false
+        elsif binds.length > bind_params_length
+          sql, binds = unprepared_statement { to_sql_and_binds(arel) }
+          preparable = false
         else
           preparable = visitor.preparable
         end
+
         if prepared_statements && preparable
           select_prepared(sql, name, binds)
         else

activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb

@@ -57,14 +57,10 @@ def build(attribute, value)
     end
 
     def build_bind_attribute(column_name, value)
-      attr = build_query_attribute(column_name, value)
+      attr = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column_name.to_s, value, table.type(column_name))
       Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(attr)
     end
 
-    def build_query_attribute(column_name, value)
-      Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column_name.to_s, value, table.type(column_name))
-    end
-
     protected
       def expand_from_hash(attributes)
         return ["1=0"] if attributes.empty?

activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ def call(attribute, value)
           when 1 then predicate_builder.build(attribute, values.first)
           else
             values.map! do |v|
-              attr = predicate_builder.build_query_attribute(attribute.name, v)
-              attr.value_for_database if attr.boundable?
+              bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, v)
+              bind if bind.value.boundable?
             end.compact!
             values.empty? ? NullPredicate : attribute.in(values)
           end

activerecord/test/cases/bind_parameter_test.rb

@@ -34,6 +34,12 @@ def teardown
         ActiveSupport::Notifications.unsubscribe(@subscription)
       end
 
+      def test_too_many_binds
+        bind_params_length = @connection.send(:bind_params_length)
+        topics = Topic.where(id: (1 .. bind_params_length + 1).to_a)
+        assert_equal Topic.count, topics.count
+      end
+
       def test_bind_from_join_in_subquery
         subquery = Author.joins(:thinking_posts).where(name: "David")
         scope = Author.from(subquery, "authors").where(id: 1)