Ensure prepared statement caching still occurs with Adequate Record

In Rails 5, we're much more restrictive about when we do or don't cache
a prepared statement. In particular, we never cache when we are sending
an IN statement or a SQL string literal

However, in the case of Adequate Record, we are *always* sending a raw
SQL string, and we *always* want to cache the result.

Fixes #23507

/cc @tgxworld

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb

@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ def cacheable_query(arel) # :nodoc:
       end
 
       # Returns an ActiveRecord::Result instance.
-      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [], preparable: nil)
         arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
         sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
-        if arel.is_a?(String)
+        if arel.is_a?(String) && preparable.nil?
           preparable = false
         else
           preparable = visitor.preparable

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb

@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ def clear_query_cache
         @query_cache.clear
       end
 
-      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [])
+      def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [], preparable: nil)
         if @query_cache_enabled && !locked?(arel)
           arel, binds = binds_from_relation arel, binds
           sql = to_sql(arel, binds)
-          cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds) }
+          cache_sql(sql, binds) { super(sql, name, binds, preparable: visitor.preparable) }
         else
           super
         end

activerecord/lib/active_record/querying.rb

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ module Querying
     #
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT title FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT body FROM comments WHERE author = :user_id OR approved_by = :user_id", { :user_id => user_id }]
-    def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [])
-      result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds)
+    def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [], preparable: nil)
+      result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds, preparable: preparable)
       column_types = result_set.column_types.dup
       columns_hash.each_key { |k| column_types.delete k }
       message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter

activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ def execute(params, klass, connection)
 
       sql = query_builder.sql_for bind_values, connection
 
-      klass.find_by_sql sql, bind_values
+      klass.find_by_sql(sql, bind_values, preparable: true)
     end
     alias :call :execute
   end