The type from the column is never used, except when being passed to the
attributes API. While leaving the type on the column wasn't necessarily
a bad thing, I worry that it's existence there implies that it is
something which should be used.

During the design and implementation process of the attributes API,
there have been plenty of cases where getting the "right" type object
was hard, but I had easy access to the column objects. For any
contributor who isn't intimately familiar with the intents behind the
type casting system, grabbing the type from the column might easily seem
like the "correct" thing to do.

As such, the goal of this change is to express that the column is not
something that should be used for type casting. The only places that are
"valid" (at the time of this commit) uses of acquiring a type object
from the column are fixtures (as the YAML file is going to mirror the
database more closely than the AR object), and looking up the type
during schema detection to pass to the attributes API

Many of the failing tests were removed, as they've been made obsolete
over the last year. All of the PG column tests were testing nothing
beyond polymorphism. The Mysql2 tests were duplicating the mysql tests,
since they now share a column class.

The implementation is a little hairy, and slightly verbose, but it felt
preferable to going back to 20 constructor options for the columns. If
you are git blaming to figure out wtf I was thinking with them, and have
a better idea, go for it. Just don't use a type object for this.