abstract_mysql_adapter.rb

require 'active_support/core_ext/string/strip'

module ActiveRecord
  module ConnectionAdapters
    class AbstractMysqlAdapter < AbstractAdapter
      include Savepoints

      module ColumnMethods
        def primary_key(name, type = :primary_key, **options)
          options[:auto_increment] = true if type == :bigint
          super
        end

        def json(*args, **options)
          args.each { |name| column(name, :json, options) }
        end

        def unsigned_integer(*args, **options)
          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_integer, options) }
        end

        def unsigned_bigint(*args, **options)
          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_bigint, options) }
        end

        def unsigned_float(*args, **options)
          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_float, options) }
        end

        def unsigned_decimal(*args, **options)
          args.each { |name| column(name, :unsigned_decimal, options) }
        end
      end

      class ColumnDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::ColumnDefinition
        attr_accessor :charset, :unsigned
      end

      class TableDefinition < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition
        include ColumnMethods

        def new_column_definition(name, type, options) # :nodoc:
          column = super
          case column.type
          when :primary_key
            column.type = :integer
            column.auto_increment = true
          when /\Aunsigned_(?<type>.+)\z/
            column.type = $~[:type].to_sym
            column.unsigned = true
          end
          column.unsigned ||= options[:unsigned]
          column.charset = options[:charset]
          column
        end

        private

        def create_column_definition(name, type)
          ColumnDefinition.new(name, type)
        end
      end

      class Table < ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Table
        include ColumnMethods
      end

      class SchemaCreation < AbstractAdapter::SchemaCreation
        private

        def visit_DropForeignKey(name)
          "DROP FOREIGN KEY #{name}"
        end

        def visit_ColumnDefinition(o)
          o.sql_type = type_to_sql(o.type, o.limit, o.precision, o.scale, o.unsigned)
          super
        end

        def visit_AddColumnDefinition(o)
          add_column_position!(super, column_options(o.column))
        end

        def visit_ChangeColumnDefinition(o)
          change_column_sql = "CHANGE #{quote_column_name(o.name)} #{accept(o.column)}"
          add_column_position!(change_column_sql, column_options(o.column))
        end

        def column_options(o)
          column_options = super
          column_options[:charset] = o.charset
          column_options
        end

        def add_column_options!(sql, options)
          if options[:charset]
            sql << " CHARACTER SET #{options[:charset]}"
          end
          if options[:collation]
            sql << " COLLATE #{options[:collation]}"
          end
          super
        end

        def add_column_position!(sql, options)
          if options[:first]
            sql << " FIRST"
          elsif options[:after]
            sql << " AFTER #{quote_column_name(options[:after])}"
          end
          sql
        end

        def index_in_create(table_name, column_name, options)
          index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, _, index_using = @conn.add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
          "#{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns}) "
        end
      end

      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) # :nodoc:
        Table.new(table_name, base)
      end

      def schema_creation
        SchemaCreation.new self
      end

      def column_spec_for_primary_key(column)
        spec = {}
        if column.auto_increment?
          spec[:id] = ':bigint' if column.bigint?
          spec[:unsigned] = 'true' if column.unsigned?
          return if spec.empty?
        else
          spec[:id] = column.type.inspect
          spec.merge!(prepare_column_options(column).delete_if { |key, _| [:name, :type, :null].include?(key) })
        end
        spec
      end

      def prepare_column_options(column)
        spec = super
        spec[:unsigned] = 'true' if column.unsigned?
        spec
      end

      def migration_keys
        super + [:unsigned]
      end

      private

      def schema_limit(column)
        super unless column.type == :boolean
      end

      def schema_precision(column)
        super unless /time/ === column.sql_type && column.precision == 0
      end

      def schema_collation(column)
        if column.collation && table_name = column.instance_variable_get(:@table_name)
          @collation_cache ||= {}
          @collation_cache[table_name] ||= select_one("SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE '#{table_name}'")["Collation"]
          column.collation.inspect if column.collation != @collation_cache[table_name]
        end
      end

      public

      class Column < ConnectionAdapters::Column # :nodoc:
        delegate :strict, :extra, to: :sql_type_metadata, allow_nil: true

        def initialize(*)
          super
          assert_valid_default(default)
          extract_default
        end

        def extract_default
          if blob_or_text_column?
            @default = null || strict ? nil : ''
          elsif missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
            @default = nil
          end
        end

        def has_default?
          return false if blob_or_text_column? # MySQL forbids defaults on blob and text columns
          super
        end

        def blob_or_text_column?
          sql_type =~ /blob/i || type == :text
        end

        def unsigned?
          /unsigned/ === sql_type
        end

        def case_sensitive?
          collation && !collation.match(/_ci$/)
        end

        def auto_increment?
          extra == 'auto_increment'
        end

        private

        # MySQL misreports NOT NULL column default when none is given.
        # We can't detect this for columns which may have a legitimate ''
        # default (string) but we can for others (integer, datetime, boolean,
        # and the rest).
        #
        # Test whether the column has default '', is not null, and is not
        # a type allowing default ''.
        def missing_default_forged_as_empty_string?(default)
          type != :string && !null && default == ''
        end

        def assert_valid_default(default)
          if blob_or_text_column? && default.present?
            raise ArgumentError, "#{type} columns cannot have a default value: #{default.inspect}"
          end
        end
      end

      class MysqlTypeMetadata < DelegateClass(SqlTypeMetadata) # :nodoc:
        attr_reader :extra, :strict

        def initialize(type_metadata, extra: "", strict: false)
          super(type_metadata)
          @type_metadata = type_metadata
          @extra = extra
          @strict = strict
        end

        def ==(other)
          other.is_a?(MysqlTypeMetadata) &&
            attributes_for_hash == other.attributes_for_hash
        end
        alias eql? ==

        def hash
          attributes_for_hash.hash
        end

        protected

        def attributes_for_hash
          [self.class, @type_metadata, extra, strict]
        end
      end

      ##
      # :singleton-method:
      # By default, the MysqlAdapter will consider all columns of type <tt>tinyint(1)</tt>
      # as boolean. If you wish to disable this emulation (which was the default
      # behavior in versions 0.13.1 and earlier) you can add the following line
      # to your application.rb file:
      #
      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Mysql[2]Adapter.emulate_booleans = false
      class_attribute :emulate_booleans
      self.emulate_booleans = true

      LOST_CONNECTION_ERROR_MESSAGES = [
        "Server shutdown in progress",
        "Broken pipe",
        "Lost connection to MySQL server during query",
        "MySQL server has gone away" ]

      QUOTED_TRUE, QUOTED_FALSE = '1', '0'

      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
        primary_key: "int auto_increment PRIMARY KEY",
        string:      { name: "varchar", limit: 255 },
        text:        { name: "text" },
        integer:     { name: "int", limit: 4 },
        float:       { name: "float" },
        decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
        datetime:    { name: "datetime" },
        time:        { name: "time" },
        date:        { name: "date" },
        binary:      { name: "blob" },
        boolean:     { name: "tinyint", limit: 1 },
        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
        json:        { name: "json" },
      }

      INDEX_TYPES  = [:fulltext, :spatial]
      INDEX_USINGS = [:btree, :hash]

      # FIXME: Make the first parameter more similar for the two adapters
      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_options, config)
        super(connection, logger)
        @connection_options, @config = connection_options, config
        @quoted_column_names, @quoted_table_names = {}, {}

        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::MySQL.new self

        if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
          @prepared_statements = true
        else
          @prepared_statements = false
        end
      end

      MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN = 191
      CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN = ['utf8mb4', 'utf16', 'utf16le', 'utf32']
      def initialize_schema_migrations_table
        if CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN.include?(charset)
          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table(MAX_INDEX_LENGTH_FOR_CHARSETS_OF_4BYTES_MAXLEN)
        else
          ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.create_table
        end
      end

      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
      def supports_migrations?
        true
      end

      def supports_primary_key?
        true
      end

      def supports_bulk_alter? #:nodoc:
        true
      end

      # Technically MySQL allows to create indexes with the sort order syntax
      # but at the moment (5.5) it doesn't yet implement them
      def supports_index_sort_order?
        true
      end

      # MySQL 4 technically support transaction isolation, but it is affected by a bug
      # where the transaction level gets persisted for the whole session:
      #
      # http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=39170
      def supports_transaction_isolation?
        version >= '5.0.0'
      end

      def supports_explain?
        true
      end

      def supports_indexes_in_create?
        true
      end

      def supports_foreign_keys?
        true
      end

      def supports_views?
        version >= '5.0.0'
      end

      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
        version >= '5.6.4'
      end

      def native_database_types
        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
      end

      def index_algorithms
        { default: 'ALGORITHM = DEFAULT', copy: 'ALGORITHM = COPY', inplace: 'ALGORITHM = INPLACE' }
      end

      # HELPER METHODS ===========================================

      # The two drivers have slightly different ways of yielding hashes of results, so
      # this method must be implemented to provide a uniform interface.
      def each_hash(result) # :nodoc:
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      def new_column(field, default, sql_type_metadata = nil, null = true, default_function = nil, collation = nil) # :nodoc:
        Column.new(field, default, sql_type_metadata, null, default_function, collation)
      end

      # Must return the MySQL error number from the exception, if the exception has an
      # error number.
      def error_number(exception) # :nodoc:
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      # QUOTING ==================================================

      def _quote(value) # :nodoc:
        if value.is_a?(Type::Binary::Data)
          "x'#{value.hex}'"
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
        @quoted_column_names[name] ||= "`#{name.to_s.gsub('`', '``')}`"
      end

      def quote_table_name(name) #:nodoc:
        @quoted_table_names[name] ||= quote_column_name(name).gsub('.', '`.`')
      end

      def quoted_true
        QUOTED_TRUE
      end

      def unquoted_true
        1
      end

      def quoted_false
        QUOTED_FALSE
      end

      def unquoted_false
        0
      end

      def quoted_date(value)
        if supports_datetime_with_precision?
          super
        else
          super.sub(/\.\d{6}\z/, '')
        end
      end

      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================

      def disable_referential_integrity #:nodoc:
        old = select_value("SELECT @@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS")

        begin
          update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0")
          yield
        ensure
          update("SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = #{old}")
        end
      end

      #--
      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
      #++

      def explain(arel, binds = [])
        sql     = "EXPLAIN #{to_sql(arel, binds)}"
        start   = Time.now
        result  = exec_query(sql, 'EXPLAIN', binds)
        elapsed = Time.now - start

        ExplainPrettyPrinter.new.pp(result, elapsed)
      end

      class ExplainPrettyPrinter # :nodoc:
        # Pretty prints the result of a EXPLAIN in a way that resembles the output of the
        # MySQL shell:
        #
        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
        #   | id | select_type | table | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra       |
        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
        #   |  1 | SIMPLE      | users | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |             |
        #   |  1 | SIMPLE      | posts | ALL   | NULL          | NULL    | NULL    | NULL  |    1 | Using where |
        #   +----+-------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
        #   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
        #
        # This is an exercise in Ruby hyperrealism :).
        def pp(result, elapsed)
          widths    = compute_column_widths(result)
          separator = build_separator(widths)

          pp = []

          pp << separator
          pp << build_cells(result.columns, widths)
          pp << separator

          result.rows.each do |row|
            pp << build_cells(row, widths)
          end

          pp << separator
          pp << build_footer(result.rows.length, elapsed)

          pp.join("\n") + "\n"
        end

        private

        def compute_column_widths(result)
          [].tap do |widths|
            result.columns.each_with_index do |column, i|
              cells_in_column = [column] + result.rows.map {|r| r[i].nil? ? 'NULL' : r[i].to_s}
              widths << cells_in_column.map(&:length).max
            end
          end
        end

        def build_separator(widths)
          padding = 1
          '+' + widths.map {|w| '-' * (w + (padding*2))}.join('+') + '+'
        end

        def build_cells(items, widths)
          cells = []
          items.each_with_index do |item, i|
            item = 'NULL' if item.nil?
            justifier = item.is_a?(Numeric) ? 'rjust' : 'ljust'
            cells << item.to_s.send(justifier, widths[i])
          end
          '| ' + cells.join(' | ') + ' |'
        end

        def build_footer(nrows, elapsed)
          rows_label = nrows == 1 ? 'row' : 'rows'
          "#{nrows} #{rows_label} in set (%.2f sec)" % elapsed
        end
      end

      def clear_cache!
        super
        reload_type_map
      end

      # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
      def execute(sql, name = nil)
        log(sql, name) { @connection.query(sql) }
      end

      # MysqlAdapter has to free a result after using it, so we use this method to write
      # stuff in an abstract way without concerning ourselves about whether it needs to be
      # explicitly freed or not.
      def execute_and_free(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
        yield execute(sql, name)
      end

      def update_sql(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
        super
        @connection.affected_rows
      end

      def begin_db_transaction
        execute "BEGIN"
      end

      def begin_isolated_db_transaction(isolation)
        execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{transaction_isolation_levels.fetch(isolation)}"
        begin_db_transaction
      end

      def commit_db_transaction #:nodoc:
        execute "COMMIT"
      end

      def exec_rollback_db_transaction #:nodoc:
        execute "ROLLBACK"
      end

      # In the simple case, MySQL allows us to place JOINs directly into the UPDATE
      # query. However, this does not allow for LIMIT, OFFSET and ORDER. To support
      # these, we must use a subquery.
      def join_to_update(update, select) #:nodoc:
        if select.limit || select.offset || select.orders.any?
          super
        else
          update.table select.source
          update.wheres = select.constraints
        end
      end

      def empty_insert_statement_value
        "VALUES ()"
      end

      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================

      # Drops the database specified on the +name+ attribute
      # and creates it again using the provided +options+.
      def recreate_database(name, options = {})
        drop_database(name)
        sql = create_database(name, options)
        reconnect!
        sql
      end

      # Create a new MySQL database with optional <tt>:charset</tt> and <tt>:collation</tt>.
      # Charset defaults to utf8.
      #
      # Example:
      #   create_database 'charset_test', charset: 'latin1', collation: 'latin1_bin'
      #   create_database 'matt_development'
      #   create_database 'matt_development', charset: :big5
      def create_database(name, options = {})
        if options[:collation]
          execute "CREATE DATABASE `#{name}` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `#{options[:charset] || 'utf8'}` COLLATE `#{options[:collation]}`"
        else
          execute "CREATE DATABASE `#{name}` DEFAULT CHARACTER SET `#{options[:charset] || 'utf8'}`"
        end
      end

      # Drops a MySQL database.
      #
      # Example:
      #   drop_database('sebastian_development')
      def drop_database(name) #:nodoc:
        execute "DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS `#{name}`"
      end

      def current_database
        select_value 'SELECT DATABASE() as db'
      end

      # Returns the database character set.
      def charset
        show_variable 'character_set_database'
      end

      # Returns the database collation strategy.
      def collation
        show_variable 'collation_database'
      end

      def tables(name = nil) # :nodoc:
        select_values("SHOW FULL TABLES", 'SCHEMA')
      end
      alias data_sources tables

      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
        execute "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name
      end

      def table_exists?(table_name)
        return false unless table_name.present?

        schema, name = table_name.to_s.split('.', 2)
        schema, name = @config[:database], schema unless name # A table was provided without a schema

        sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables "
        sql << "WHERE table_schema = #{quote(schema)} AND table_name = #{quote(name)}"

        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA').any?
      end
      alias data_source_exists? table_exists?

      def views # :nodoc:
        select_values("SHOW FULL TABLES WHERE table_type = 'VIEW'", 'SCHEMA')
      end

      def view_exists?(view_name) # :nodoc:
        return false unless view_name.present?

        schema, name = view_name.to_s.split('.', 2)
        schema, name = @config[:database], schema unless name # A view was provided without a schema

        sql = "SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_type = 'VIEW'"
        sql << " AND table_schema = #{quote(schema)} AND table_name = #{quote(name)}"

        select_values(sql, 'SCHEMA').any?
      end

      # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
      def indexes(table_name, name = nil) #:nodoc:
        indexes = []
        current_index = nil
        execute_and_free("SHOW KEYS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", 'SCHEMA') do |result|
          each_hash(result) do |row|
            if current_index != row[:Key_name]
              next if row[:Key_name] == 'PRIMARY' # skip the primary key
              current_index = row[:Key_name]

              mysql_index_type = row[:Index_type].downcase.to_sym
              index_type  = INDEX_TYPES.include?(mysql_index_type)  ? mysql_index_type : nil
              index_using = INDEX_USINGS.include?(mysql_index_type) ? mysql_index_type : nil
              indexes << IndexDefinition.new(row[:Table], row[:Key_name], row[:Non_unique].to_i == 0, [], [], nil, nil, index_type, index_using)
            end

            indexes.last.columns << row[:Column_name]
            indexes.last.lengths << row[:Sub_part]
          end
        end

        indexes
      end

      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
      def columns(table_name)#:nodoc:
        sql = "SHOW FULL FIELDS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
        execute_and_free(sql, 'SCHEMA') do |result|
          each_hash(result).map do |field|
            field_name = set_field_encoding(field[:Field])
            sql_type = field[:Type]
            type_metadata = fetch_type_metadata(sql_type, field[:Extra])
            new_column(field_name, field[:Default], type_metadata, field[:Null] == "YES", nil, field[:Collation])
          end
        end
      end

      def create_table(table_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
        super(table_name, options.reverse_merge(:options => "ENGINE=InnoDB"))
      end

      def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) #:nodoc:
        sqls = operations.flat_map do |command, args|
          table, arguments = args.shift, args
          method = :"#{command}_sql"

          if respond_to?(method, true)
            send(method, table, *arguments)
          else
            raise "Unknown method called : #{method}(#{arguments.inspect})"
          end
        end.join(", ")

        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sqls}")
      end

      # Renames a table.
      #
      # Example:
      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
        execute "RENAME TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
        rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
      end

      # Drops a table from the database.
      #
      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
      #   Defaults to false.
      # [<tt>:if_exists</tt>]
      #   Set to +true+ to only drop the table if it exists.
      #   Defaults to false.
      # [<tt>:temporary</tt>]
      #   Set to +true+ to drop temporary table.
      #   Defaults to false.
      #
      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by create_table.
      def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
        execute "DROP#{' TEMPORARY' if options[:temporary]} TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}#{' CASCADE' if options[:force] == :cascade}"
      end

      def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
        if supports_rename_index?
          validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)

          execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} RENAME INDEX #{quote_table_name(old_name)} TO #{quote_table_name(new_name)}"
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) #:nodoc:
        default = extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)
        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :default => default
      end

      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil) #:nodoc:
        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)

        unless null || default.nil?
          execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
        end

        change_column table_name, column_name, column.sql_type, :null => null
      end

      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {}) #:nodoc:
        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options)}")
      end

      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name) #:nodoc:
        execute("ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)}")
        rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
      end

      def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
        index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
        execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns}) #{index_algorithm}"
      end

      def foreign_keys(table_name)
        fk_info = select_all <<-SQL.strip_heredoc
          SELECT fk.referenced_table_name as 'to_table'
                ,fk.referenced_column_name as 'primary_key'
                ,fk.column_name as 'column'
                ,fk.constraint_name as 'name'
          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage fk
          WHERE fk.referenced_column_name is not null
            AND fk.table_schema = '#{@config[:database]}'
            AND fk.table_name = '#{table_name}'
        SQL

        create_table_info = create_table_info(table_name)

        fk_info.map do |row|
          options = {
            column: row['column'],
            name: row['name'],
            primary_key: row['primary_key']
          }

          options[:on_update] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "UPDATE")
          options[:on_delete] = extract_foreign_key_action(create_table_info, row['name'], "DELETE")

          ForeignKeyDefinition.new(table_name, row['to_table'], options)
        end
      end

      def table_options(table_name)
        create_table_info = create_table_info(table_name)

        # strip create_definitions and partition_options
        raw_table_options = create_table_info.sub(/\A.*\n\) /m, '').sub(/\n\/\*!.*\*\/\n\z/m, '').strip

        # strip AUTO_INCREMENT
        raw_table_options.sub(/(ENGINE=\w+)(?: AUTO_INCREMENT=\d+)/, '\1')
      end

      # Maps logical Rails types to MySQL-specific data types.
      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil, unsigned = nil)
        sql = case type.to_s
        when 'binary'
          binary_to_sql(limit)
        when 'integer'
          integer_to_sql(limit)
        when 'text'
          text_to_sql(limit)
        else
          super(type, limit, precision, scale)
        end

        sql << ' unsigned' if unsigned && type != :primary_key
        sql
      end

      # SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'name'
      def show_variable(name)
        variables = select_all("select @@#{name} as 'Value'", 'SCHEMA')
        variables.first['Value'] unless variables.empty?
      rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
        nil
      end

      # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
      def pk_and_sequence_for(table)
        if pk = primary_key(table)
          [ pk, nil ]
        end
      end

      def primary_keys(table_name) # :nodoc:
        raise ArgumentError unless table_name.present?

        schema, name = table_name.to_s.split('.', 2)
        schema, name = @config[:database], schema unless name # A table was provided without a schema

        select_values(<<-SQL.strip_heredoc, 'SCHEMA')
          SELECT column_name
          FROM information_schema.key_column_usage
          WHERE constraint_name = 'PRIMARY'
            AND table_schema = #{quote(schema)}
            AND table_name = #{quote(name)}
          ORDER BY ordinal_position
        SQL
      end

      def case_sensitive_modifier(node, table_attribute)
        node = Arel::Nodes.build_quoted node, table_attribute
        Arel::Nodes::Bin.new(node)
      end

      def case_sensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
        if column.case_sensitive?
          table[attribute].eq(value)
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def case_insensitive_comparison(table, attribute, column, value)
        if column.case_sensitive?
          super
        else
          table[attribute].eq(value)
        end
      end

      def strict_mode?
        self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config.fetch(:strict, true))
      end

      def valid_type?(type)
        !native_database_types[type].nil?
      end

      protected

      def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
        super

        register_class_with_limit m, %r(char)i, MysqlString

        m.register_type %r(tinytext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(tinyblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**8 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(text)i,       Type::Text.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(blob)i,       Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**16 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(mediumtext)i, Type::Text.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(mediumblob)i, Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**24 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(longtext)i,   Type::Text.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(longblob)i,   Type::Binary.new(limit: 2**32 - 1)
        m.register_type %r(^float)i,     Type::Float.new(limit: 24)
        m.register_type %r(^double)i,    Type::Float.new(limit: 53)
        m.register_type %r(^json)i,      MysqlJson.new

        register_integer_type m, %r(^bigint)i,    limit: 8
        register_integer_type m, %r(^int)i,       limit: 4
        register_integer_type m, %r(^mediumint)i, limit: 3
        register_integer_type m, %r(^smallint)i,  limit: 2
        register_integer_type m, %r(^tinyint)i,   limit: 1

        m.alias_type %r(tinyint\(1\))i,  'boolean' if emulate_booleans
        m.alias_type %r(year)i,          'integer'
        m.alias_type %r(bit)i,           'binary'

        m.register_type(%r(enum)i) do |sql_type|
          limit = sql_type[/^enum\((.+)\)/i, 1]
            .split(',').map{|enum| enum.strip.length - 2}.max
          MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
        end

        m.register_type(%r(^set)i) do |sql_type|
          limit = sql_type[/^set\((.+)\)/i, 1]
            .split(',').map{|set| set.strip.length - 1}.sum - 1
          MysqlString.new(limit: limit)
        end
      end

      def register_integer_type(mapping, key, options) # :nodoc:
        mapping.register_type(key) do |sql_type|
          if /unsigned/i =~ sql_type
            Type::UnsignedInteger.new(options)
          else
            Type::Integer.new(options)
          end
        end
      end

      def extract_precision(sql_type)
        if /time/ === sql_type
          super || 0
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type, extra = "")
        MysqlTypeMetadata.new(super(sql_type), extra: extra, strict: strict_mode?)
      end

      def add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options = {})
        if options.is_a?(Hash) && length = options[:length]
          case length
          when Hash
            column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += "(#{length[name]})" if length.has_key?(name) && length[name].present?}
          when Fixnum
            column_names.each {|name| option_strings[name] += "(#{length})"}
          end
        end

        return option_strings
      end

      def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options = {})
        option_strings = Hash[column_names.map {|name| [name, '']}]

        # add index length
        option_strings = add_index_length(option_strings, column_names, options)

        # add index sort order
        option_strings = add_index_sort_order(option_strings, column_names, options)

        column_names.map {|name| quote_column_name(name) + option_strings[name]}
      end

      def translate_exception(exception, message)
        case error_number(exception)
        when 1062
          RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
        when 1452
          InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
        else
          super
        end
      end

      def add_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
        cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
        schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
      end

      def change_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
        column = column_for(table_name, column_name)

        unless options_include_default?(options)
          options[:default] = column.default
        end

        unless options.has_key?(:null)
          options[:null] = column.null
        end

        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
        cd = td.new_column_definition(column.name, type, options)
        schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
      end

      def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
        column  = column_for(table_name, column_name)
        options = {
          default: column.default,
          null: column.null,
          auto_increment: column.auto_increment?
        }

        current_type = select_one("SHOW COLUMNS FROM #{quote_table_name(table_name)} LIKE '#{column_name}'", 'SCHEMA')["Type"]
        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
        cd = td.new_column_definition(new_column_name, current_type, options)
        schema_creation.accept(ChangeColumnDefinition.new(cd, column.name))
      end

      def remove_column_sql(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
        "DROP #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
      end

      def remove_columns_sql(table_name, *column_names)
        column_names.map {|column_name| remove_column_sql(table_name, column_name) }
      end

      def add_index_sql(table_name, column_name, options = {})
        index_name, index_type, index_columns, _, index_algorithm, index_using = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
        index_algorithm[0, 0] = ", " if index_algorithm.present?
        "ADD #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} #{index_using} (#{index_columns})#{index_algorithm}"
      end

      def remove_index_sql(table_name, options = {})
        index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
        "DROP INDEX #{index_name}"
      end

      def add_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
        [add_column_sql(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options), add_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options)]
      end

      def remove_timestamps_sql(table_name, options = {})
        [remove_column_sql(table_name, :updated_at), remove_column_sql(table_name, :created_at)]
      end

      private

      # MySQL is too stupid to create a temporary table for use subquery, so we have
      # to give it some prompting in the form of a subsubquery. Ugh!
      def subquery_for(key, select)
        subsubselect = select.clone
        subsubselect.projections = [key]

        subselect = Arel::SelectManager.new(select.engine)
        subselect.project Arel.sql(key.name)
        # Materialized subquery by adding distinct
        # to work with MySQL 5.7.6 which sets optimizer_switch='derived_merge=on'
        subselect.from subsubselect.distinct.as('__active_record_temp')
      end

      def version
        @version ||= Version.new(full_version.match(/^\d+\.\d+\.\d+/)[0])
      end

      def mariadb?
        full_version =~ /mariadb/i
      end

      def supports_rename_index?
        mariadb? ? false : version >= '5.7.6'
      end

      def configure_connection
        variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys

        # By default, MySQL 'where id is null' selects the last inserted id; Turn this off.
        variables['sql_auto_is_null'] = 0

        # Increase timeout so the server doesn't disconnect us.
        wait_timeout = @config[:wait_timeout]
        wait_timeout = 2147483 unless wait_timeout.is_a?(Fixnum)
        variables['wait_timeout'] = self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(wait_timeout)

        defaults = [':default', :default].to_set

        # Make MySQL reject illegal values rather than truncating or blanking them, see
        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/sql-mode.html#sqlmode_strict_all_tables
        # If the user has provided another value for sql_mode, don't replace it.
        unless variables.has_key?('sql_mode') || defaults.include?(@config[:strict])
          variables['sql_mode'] = strict_mode? ? 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES' : ''
        end

        # NAMES does not have an equals sign, see
        # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/set-statement.html#id944430
        # (trailing comma because variable_assignments will always have content)
        if @config[:encoding]
          encoding = "NAMES #{@config[:encoding]}"
          encoding << " COLLATE #{@config[:collation]}" if @config[:collation]
          encoding << ", "
        end

        # Gather up all of the SET variables...
        variable_assignments = variables.map do |k, v|
          if defaults.include?(v)
            "@@SESSION.#{k} = DEFAULT" # Sets the value to the global or compile default
          elsif !v.nil?
            "@@SESSION.#{k} = #{quote(v)}"
          end
          # or else nil; compact to clear nils out
        end.compact.join(', ')

        # ...and send them all in one query
        @connection.query  "SET #{encoding} #{variable_assignments}"
      end

      def extract_foreign_key_action(structure, name, action) # :nodoc:
        if structure =~ /CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(name)} FOREIGN KEY .* REFERENCES .* ON #{action} (CASCADE|SET NULL|RESTRICT)/
          case $1
          when 'CASCADE'; :cascade
          when 'SET NULL'; :nullify
          end
        end
      end

      def create_table_info(table_name) # :nodoc:
        @create_table_info_cache = {}
        @create_table_info_cache[table_name] ||= select_one("SHOW CREATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}")["Create Table"]
      end

      def create_table_definition(name, temporary = false, options = nil, as = nil) # :nodoc:
        TableDefinition.new(native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as)
      end

      def binary_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
        case limit
        when 0..0xfff;           "varbinary(#{limit})"
        when nil;                "blob"
        when 0x1000..0xffffffff; "blob(#{limit})"
        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No binary type has byte length #{limit}")
        end
      end

      def integer_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
        case limit
        when 1; 'tinyint'
        when 2; 'smallint'
        when 3; 'mediumint'
        when nil, 4; 'int'
        when 5..8; 'bigint'
        when 11; 'int(11)' # backward compatibility with Rails 2.0
        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}")
        end
      end

      def text_to_sql(limit) # :nodoc:
        case limit
        when 0..0xff;               'tinytext'
        when nil, 0x100..0xffff;    'text'
        when 0x10000..0xffffff;     'mediumtext'
        when 0x1000000..0xffffffff; 'longtext'
        else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No text type has byte length #{limit}")
        end
      end

      class MysqlJson < Type::Internal::AbstractJson # :nodoc:
        def changed_in_place?(raw_old_value, new_value)
          # Normalization is required because MySQL JSON data format includes
          # the space between the elements.
          super(serialize(deserialize(raw_old_value)), new_value)
        end
      end

      class MysqlString < Type::String # :nodoc:
        def serialize(value)
          case value
          when true then "1"
          when false then "0"
          else super
          end
        end

        private

        def cast_value(value)
          case value
          when true then "1"
          when false then "0"
          else super
          end
        end
      end

      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:json, MysqlJson, adapter: :mysql)
      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:json, MysqlJson, adapter: :mysql2)
      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:string, MysqlString, adapter: :mysql)
      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:string, MysqlString, adapter: :mysql2)
      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:unsigned_integer, Type::UnsignedInteger, adapter: :mysql)
      ActiveRecord::Type.register(:unsigned_integer, Type::UnsignedInteger, adapter: :mysql2)
    end
  end
end