add new grounding model TALL for PaddleVideo (#3690)

* add new grounding model TALL for PaddleVideo

* modify configs and add infer data

* delete inference data of tall

* delete some redundant notes after gf's review

* refine code of metrics for prediction and evaluation

* delete notes of multi-process reader

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/configs/tall.yaml

+MODEL:
+  name: "TALL"
+  visual_feature_dim : 12288
+  sentence_embedding_size : 4800
+  semantic_size : 1024
+  hidden_size : 1000
+  output_size : 3
+
+TRAIN:
+  epoch : 25
+  use_gpu : True
+  num_gpus : 1
+  batch_size : 56
+
+  off_size: 2
+  clip_norm: 5.0
+  learning_rate: 1e-3
+
+  semantic_size : 1024
+  feats_dimen : 4096
+  context_num : 1
+  context_size : 128
+  sent_vec_dim : 4800
+  sliding_clip_path : "./data/dataset/tall/Interval64_128_256_512_overlap0.8_c3d_fc6/"
+  clip_sentvec : "./data/dataset/tall/train_clip-sentvec.pkl"
+  movie_length_info : "./data/dataset/tall/video_allframes_info.pkl"
+
+VALID:
+  use_gpu : True
+  num_gpus : 1
+  batch_size : 56
+
+  off_size: 2
+  clip_norm: 5.0
+  learning_rate: 1e-3
+
+  semantic_size : 1024
+  feats_dimen : 4096
+  context_num : 1
+  context_size : 128
+  sent_vec_dim : 4800
+  sliding_clip_path : "./data/dataset/tall/Interval64_128_256_512_overlap0.8_c3d_fc6/"
+  clip_sentvec : "./data/dataset/tall/train_clip-sentvec.pkl"
+  movie_length_info : "./data/dataset/tall/video_allframes_info.pkl"
+
+TEST:
+  batch_size : 1
+
+  feats_dimen : 4096
+  context_num : 1
+  context_size : 128
+  sent_vec_dim : 4800
+  semantic_size : 4800
+  sliding_clip_path : "./data/dataset/tall/Interval128_256_overlap0.8_c3d_fc6/"
+  clip_sentvec : "./data/dataset/tall/test_clip-sentvec.pkl"
+
+INFER:
+  batch_size: 1
+  feats_dimen: 4096
+  context_num: 1
+  context_size: 128
+  sent_vec_dim: 4800
+  semantic_size: 4800
+
+  filelist: "./data/dataset/tall/infer"
+  sliding_clip_path : "./data/dataset/tall/infer/infer_feat"
+  clip_sentvec : "./data/dataset/tall/infer/infer_clip-sen.pkl"

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/eval.py

@@ -120,6 +120,13 @@ def test(args):
                                 feed=test_feeder.feed(feat_data),
                                 return_numpy=False)
             test_outs += [vinfo]
+        elif args.model_name == 'TALL':
+            feat_data = [items[:2] for items in data]
+            vinfo = [items[2:] for items in data]
+            test_outs = exe.run(fetch_list=test_fetch_list,
+                                feed=test_feeder.feed(feat_data),
+                                return_numpy=True)
+            test_outs += [vinfo]
         else:
             test_outs = exe.run(fetch_list=test_fetch_list,
                                 feed=test_feeder.feed(data))

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/metrics/metrics_util.py

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ from metrics.bmn_metrics import bmn_proposal_metrics as bmn_proposal_metrics
 from metrics.bsn_metrics import bsn_tem_metrics as bsn_tem_metrics
 from metrics.bsn_metrics import bsn_pem_metrics as bsn_pem_metrics
 from metrics.ets_metrics import ets_metrics as ets_metrics
+from metrics.tall_metrics import tall_metrics as tall_metrics
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -432,18 +433,17 @@ class ETSMetrics(Metrics):
         args['name'] = name
         self.calculator = ets_metrics.MetricsCalculator(**args)
 
-
     def calculate_and_log_out(self, fetch_list, info=''):
         if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
             loss = np.array(fetch_list[0])
-            logger.info(
-            info + '\tLoss = {}'.format('%.08f' % np.mean(loss)))
+            logger.info(info + '\tLoss = {}'.format('%.08f' % np.mean(loss)))
         elif self.mode == "test":
             translation_ids = np.array(fetch_list[0])
             translation_scores = np.array(fetch_list[1])
             logger.info(
-                info + '\ttranslation_ids = {}, \ttranslation_scores = {}'.format(
-                    '%.01f' % np.mean(translation_ids), '%.04f' % np.mean(translation_scores)))
+                info + '\ttranslation_ids = {}, \ttranslation_scores = {}'.
+                format('%.01f' % np.mean(translation_ids), '%.04f' % np.mean(
+                    translation_scores)))
 
     def accumulate(self, fetch_list):
         self.calculator.accumulate(fetch_list)
@@ -454,7 +454,49 @@ class ETSMetrics(Metrics):
         else:  #test or infer
             self.calculator.finalize_metrics(savedir)
             if self.mode == 'test':
-                logger.info(info + 'please refer to metrics/ets_metrics/README.md to get accuracy')
+                logger.info(
+                    info +
+                    'please refer to metrics/ets_metrics/README.md to get accuracy'
+                )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.calculator.reset()
+
+
+class TALLMetrics(Metrics):
+    def __init__(self, name, mode, cfg):
+        self.name = name
+        self.mode = mode
+        args = {}
+        args['mode'] = mode
+        args['name'] = name
+        self.calculator = tall_metrics.MetricsCalculator(**args)
+
+    def calculate_and_log_out(self, fetch_list, info=''):
+        if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
+            loss = np.array(fetch_list[0])
+            logger.info(info + '\tLoss = {}'.format('%.04f' % np.mean(loss)))
+        elif self.mode == "test":
+            sim_score_mat = np.array(fetch_list[0])
+            logger.info(info + '\tsim_score_mat = {}'.format('%.01f' % np.mean(
+                sim_score_mat)))
+
+    def accumulate(self, fetch_list):
+        self.calculator.accumulate(fetch_list)
+
+    def finalize_and_log_out(self, info='', savedir='./'):
+        if self.mode == 'valid':
+            logger.info(info)
+        elif self.mode == 'infer':
+            self.calculator.finalize_infer_metrics(savedir)
+        else:
+            self.calculator.finalize_metrics(savedir)
+            metrics_dict = self.calculator.get_computed_metrics()
+            R1_IOU5 = metrics_dict['best_R1_IOU5']
+            R5_IOU5 = metrics_dict['best_R5_IOU5']
+
+            logger.info("best_R1_IOU5: {}\n".format(" %0.3f" % R1_IOU5))
+            logger.info("best_R5_IOU5: {}\n".format(" %0.3f" % R5_IOU5))
 
     def reset(self):
         self.calculator.reset()
@@ -501,3 +543,4 @@ regist_metrics("BMN", BmnMetrics)
 regist_metrics("BSNTEM", BsnTemMetrics)
 regist_metrics("BSNPEM", BsnPemMetrics)
 regist_metrics("ETS", ETSMetrics)
+regist_metrics("TALL", TALLMetrics)

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/metrics/tall_metrics/tall_metrics.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+
+import numpy as np
+import datetime
+import logging
+import json
+import os
+import operator
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class MetricsCalculator():
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            name='TALL',
+            mode='train', ):
+        self.name = name
+        self.mode = mode  # 'train', 'valid', 'test', 'infer'
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        logger.info('Resetting {} metrics...'.format(self.mode))
+        if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
+            self.aggr_loss = 0.0
+        elif (self.mode == 'test') or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            self.result_dict = dict()
+            self.save_res = dict()
+            self.out_file = self.name + '_' + self.mode + '_res_' + '.json'
+
+    def nms_temporal(self, x1, x2, sim, overlap):
+        pick = []
+        assert len(x1) == len(sim)
+        assert len(x2) == len(sim)
+        if len(x1) == 0:
+            return pick
+
+        union = map(operator.sub, x2, x1)  # union = x2-x1
+
+        I = [i[0] for i in sorted(
+            enumerate(sim), key=lambda x: x[1])]  # sort and get index
+
+        while len(I) > 0:
+            i = I[-1]
+            pick.append(i)
+
+            xx1 = [max(x1[i], x1[j]) for j in I[:-1]]
+            xx2 = [min(x2[i], x2[j]) for j in I[:-1]]
+            inter = [max(0.0, k2 - k1) for k1, k2 in zip(xx1, xx2)]
+            o = [
+                inter[u] / (union[i] + union[I[u]] - inter[u])
+                for u in range(len(I) - 1)
+            ]
+            I_new = []
+            for j in range(len(o)):
+                if o[j] <= overlap:
+                    I_new.append(I[j])
+            I = I_new
+        return pick
+
+    def calculate_IoU(self, i0, i1):
+        # calculate temporal intersection over union
+        union = (min(i0[0], i1[0]), max(i0[1], i1[1]))
+        inter = (max(i0[0], i1[0]), min(i0[1], i1[1]))
+        iou = 1.0 * (inter[1] - inter[0]) / (union[1] - union[0])
+        return iou
+
+    def compute_IoU_recall_top_n_forreg(self, top_n, iou_thresh,
+                                        sentence_image_mat,
+                                        sentence_image_reg_mat, sclips):
+        correct_num = 0.0
+        for k in range(sentence_image_mat.shape[0]):
+            gt = sclips[k]
+            gt_start = float(gt.split("_")[1])
+            gt_end = float(gt.split("_")[2])
+            sim_v = [v for v in sentence_image_mat[k]]
+            starts = [s for s in sentence_image_reg_mat[k, :, 0]]
+            ends = [e for e in sentence_image_reg_mat[k, :, 1]]
+            picks = self.nms_temporal(starts, ends, sim_v, iou_thresh - 0.05)
+            if top_n < len(picks):
+                picks = picks[0:top_n]
+            for index in picks:
+                pred_start = sentence_image_reg_mat[k, index, 0]
+                pred_end = sentence_image_reg_mat[k, index, 1]
+                iou = self.calculate_IoU((gt_start, gt_end),
+                                         (pred_start, pred_end))
+                if iou >= iou_thresh:
+                    correct_num += 1
+                    break
+        return correct_num
+
+    def accumulate(self, fetch_list):
+        if self.mode == 'valid':
+            loss = fetch_list[0]
+            self.aggr_loss += np.mean(np.array(loss))
+        elif (self.mode == 'test') or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            outputs = fetch_list[0]
+            b_start = [item[0] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+            b_end = [item[1] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+            b_k = [item[2] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+            b_t = [item[3] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+            b_movie_clip_sentences = [item[4] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+            b_movie_clip_featmaps = [item[5] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+            b_movie_name = [item[6] for item in fetch_list[1]]
+
+            batch_size = len(b_start)
+            for i in range(batch_size):
+                start = b_start[i]
+                end = b_end[i]
+                k = b_k[i]
+                t = b_t[i]
+                movie_clip_sentences = b_movie_clip_sentences[i]
+                movie_clip_featmaps = b_movie_clip_featmaps[i]
+                movie_name = b_movie_name[i]
+
+                item_res = [outputs, start, end, k, t]
+
+                if movie_name not in self.result_dict.keys():
+                    self.result_dict[movie_name] = []
+                    self.result_dict[movie_name].append(movie_clip_sentences)
+                    self.result_dict[movie_name].append(movie_clip_featmaps)
+
+                self.result_dict[movie_name].append(item_res)
+
+    def accumulate_infer_results(self, fetch_list):
+        # the same as test
+        pass
+
+    def finalize_metrics(self, savedir):
+        # init
+        IoU_thresh = [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7]
+        all_correct_num_10 = [0.0] * 5
+        all_correct_num_5 = [0.0] * 5
+        all_correct_num_1 = [0.0] * 5
+        all_retrievd = 0.0
+
+        idx = 0
+        all_number = len(self.result_dict)
+        for movie_name in self.result_dict.keys():
+            idx += 1
+            logger.info('{} / {}'.format('%d' % idx, '%d' % all_number))
+
+            movie_clip_sentences = self.result_dict[movie_name][0]
+            movie_clip_featmaps = self.result_dict[movie_name][1]
+
+            ls = len(movie_clip_sentences)
+            lf = len(movie_clip_featmaps)
+            sentence_image_mat = np.zeros([ls, lf])
+            sentence_image_reg_mat = np.zeros([ls, lf, 2])
+
+            movie_res = self.result_dict[movie_name][2:]
+            for item_res in movie_res:
+                outputs, start, end, k, t = item_res
+
+                outputs = np.squeeze(outputs)
+                sentence_image_mat[k, t] = outputs[0]
+                reg_end = end + outputs[2]
+                reg_start = start + outputs[1]
+
+                sentence_image_reg_mat[k, t, 0] = reg_start
+                sentence_image_reg_mat[k, t, 1] = reg_end
+
+            sclips = [b[0] for b in movie_clip_sentences]
+
+            for i in range(len(IoU_thresh)):
+                IoU = IoU_thresh[i]
+                correct_num_10 = self.compute_IoU_recall_top_n_forreg(
+                    10, IoU, sentence_image_mat, sentence_image_reg_mat, sclips)
+                correct_num_5 = self.compute_IoU_recall_top_n_forreg(
+                    5, IoU, sentence_image_mat, sentence_image_reg_mat, sclips)
+                correct_num_1 = self.compute_IoU_recall_top_n_forreg(
+                    1, IoU, sentence_image_mat, sentence_image_reg_mat, sclips)
+
+                logger.info(
+                    movie_name +
+                    " IoU= {}, R@10: {}; IoU= {}, R@5: {}; IoU= {}, R@1: {}".
+                    format('%s' % str(IoU), '%s' % str(correct_num_10 / len(
+                        sclips)), '%s' % str(IoU), '%s' % str(
+                            correct_num_5 / len(sclips)), '%s' % str(IoU), '%s'
+                           % str(correct_num_1 / len(sclips))))
+
+                all_correct_num_10[i] += correct_num_10
+                all_correct_num_5[i] += correct_num_5
+                all_correct_num_1[i] += correct_num_1
+
+            all_retrievd += len(sclips)
+
+        for j in range(len(IoU_thresh)):
+            logger.info(
+                " IoU= {}, R@10: {}; IoU= {}, R@5: {}; IoU= {}, R@1: {}".format(
+                    '%s' % str(IoU_thresh[j]), '%s' % str(all_correct_num_10[
+                        j] / all_retrievd), '%s' % str(IoU_thresh[j]), '%s' %
+                    str(all_correct_num_5[j] / all_retrievd), '%s' % str(
+                        IoU_thresh[j]), '%s' % str(all_correct_num_1[j] /
+                                                   all_retrievd)))
+
+        self.R1_IOU5 = all_correct_num_1[2] / all_retrievd
+        self.R5_IOU5 = all_correct_num_5[2] / all_retrievd
+
+        self.save_res["best_R1_IOU5"] = self.R1_IOU5
+        self.save_res["best_R5_IOU5"] = self.R5_IOU5
+
+        self.filepath = os.path.join(savedir, self.out_file)
+        with open(self.filepath, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(
+                json.dumps(
+                    {
+                        'version': 'VERSION 1.0',
+                        'results': self.save_res,
+                        'external_data': {}
+                    },
+                    indent=2))
+            logger.info('results has been saved into file: {}'.format(
+                self.filepath))
+
+    def finalize_infer_metrics(self, savedir):
+        idx = 0
+        all_number = len(self.result_dict)
+        res = dict()
+        for movie_name in self.result_dict.keys():
+            res[movie_name] = []
+            idx += 1
+            logger.info('{} / {}'.format('%d' % idx, '%d' % all_number))
+
+            movie_clip_sentences = self.result_dict[movie_name][0]
+            movie_clip_featmaps = self.result_dict[movie_name][1]
+
+            ls = len(movie_clip_sentences)
+            lf = len(movie_clip_featmaps)
+            sentence_image_mat = np.zeros([ls, lf])
+            sentence_image_reg_mat = np.zeros([ls, lf, 2])
+
+            movie_res = self.result_dict[movie_name][2:]
+            for item_res in movie_res:
+                outputs, start, end, k, t = item_res
+
+                outputs = np.squeeze(outputs)
+                sentence_image_mat[k, t] = outputs[0]
+                reg_end = end + outputs[2]
+                reg_start = start + outputs[1]
+
+                sentence_image_reg_mat[k, t, 0] = reg_start
+                sentence_image_reg_mat[k, t, 1] = reg_end
+
+            sclips = [b[0] for b in movie_clip_sentences]
+            IoU = 0.5  #pre-define
+            for k in range(sentence_image_mat.shape[0]):
+                #ground_truth for compare
+                gt = sclips[k]
+                gt_start = float(gt.split("_")[1])
+                gt_end = float(gt.split("_")[2])
+
+                sim_v = [v for v in sentence_image_mat[k]]
+                starts = [s for s in sentence_image_reg_mat[k, :, 0]]
+                ends = [e for e in sentence_image_reg_mat[k, :, 1]]
+                picks = self.nms_temporal(starts, ends, sim_v, IoU - 0.05)
+
+                if 1 < len(picks):  #top1
+                    picks = picks[0:1]
+
+                for index in picks:
+                    pred_start = sentence_image_reg_mat[k, index, 0]
+                    pred_end = sentence_image_reg_mat[k, index, 1]
+                    res[movie_name].append((k, pred_start, pred_end))
+
+                logger.info(
+                    'movie_name: {}, sentence_id: {}, pred_start_time: {}, pred_end_time: {}, gt_start_time: {}, gt_end_time: {}'.
+                    format('%s' % movie_name, '%s' % str(k), '%s' % str(
+                        pred_start), '%s' % str(pred_end), '%s' % str(gt_start),
+                           '%s' % str(gt_end)))
+
+        self.filepath = os.path.join(savedir, self.out_file)
+        with open(self.filepath, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(
+                json.dumps(
+                    {
+                        'version': 'VERSION 1.0',
+                        'results': res,
+                        'external_data': {}
+                    },
+                    indent=2))
+            logger.info('results has been saved into file: {}'.format(
+                self.filepath))
+
+    def get_computed_metrics(self):
+        return self.save_res

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/models/__init__.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ from .bmn import BMN
 from .bsn import BsnTem
 from .bsn import BsnPem
 from .ets import ETS
+from .tall import TALL
 
 # regist models, sort by alphabet
 regist_model("AttentionCluster", AttentionCluster)
@@ -25,3 +26,4 @@ regist_model("BMN", BMN)
 regist_model("BsnTem", BsnTem)
 regist_model("BsnPem", BsnPem)
 regist_model("ETS", ETS)
+regist_model("TALL", TALL)

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/models/tall/__init__.py

+from .tall import *

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/models/tall/tall.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#limitations under the License.
+
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+from paddle.fluid import ParamAttr
+import numpy as np
+
+from ..model import ModelBase
+from . import tall_net
+
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+__all__ = ["TALL"]
+
+
+class TALL(ModelBase):
+    """TALL model"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, cfg, mode='train'):
+        super(TALL, self).__init__(name, cfg, mode=mode)
+        self.get_config()
+
+    def get_config(self):
+        self.visual_feature_dim = self.get_config_from_sec('MODEL',
+                                                           'visual_feature_dim')
+        self.sentence_embedding_size = self.get_config_from_sec(
+            'MODEL', 'sentence_embedding_size')
+        self.semantic_size = self.get_config_from_sec('MODEL', 'semantic_size')
+        self.hidden_size = self.get_config_from_sec('MODEL', 'hidden_size')
+        self.output_size = self.get_config_from_sec('MODEL', 'output_size')
+        self.batch_size = self.get_config_from_sec(self.mode, 'batch_size')
+
+        self.off_size = self.get_config_from_sec('train',
+                                                 'off_size')  # in train of yaml
+        self.clip_norm = self.get_config_from_sec('train', 'clip_norm')
+        self.learning_rate = self.get_config_from_sec('train', 'learning_rate')
+
+    def build_input(self, use_dataloader=True):
+        visual_shape = self.visual_feature_dim
+        sentence_shape = self.sentence_embedding_size
+        offset_shape = self.off_size
+
+        # set init data to None
+        images = None
+        sentences = None
+        offsets = None
+
+        self.use_dataloader = use_dataloader
+
+        images = fluid.data(
+            name='train_visual', shape=[None, visual_shape], dtype='float32')
+
+        sentences = fluid.data(
+            name='train_sentences',
+            shape=[None, sentence_shape],
+            dtype='float32')
+
+        feed_list = []
+        feed_list.append(images)
+        feed_list.append(sentences)
+        if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
+            offsets = fluid.data(
+                name='train_offsets',
+                shape=[None, offset_shape],
+                dtype='float32')
+
+            feed_list.append(offsets)
+        elif (self.mode == 'test') or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            # input images and sentences
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError('mode {} not implemented'.format(
+                self.mode))
+
+        if use_dataloader:
+            assert self.mode != 'infer', \
+                        'dataloader is not recommendated when infer, please set use_dataloader to be false.'
+            self.dataloader = fluid.io.DataLoader.from_generator(
+                feed_list=feed_list, capacity=16, iterable=True)
+
+        self.images = [images]
+        self.sentences = sentences
+        self.offsets = offsets
+
+    def create_model_args(self):
+        cfg = {}
+
+        cfg['semantic_size'] = self.semantic_size
+        cfg['sentence_embedding_size'] = self.sentence_embedding_size
+        cfg['hidden_size'] = self.hidden_size
+        cfg['output_size'] = self.output_size
+        cfg['batch_size'] = self.batch_size
+        return cfg
+
+    def build_model(self):
+        cfg = self.create_model_args()
+        self.videomodel = tall_net.TALLNET(
+            semantic_size=cfg['semantic_size'],
+            sentence_embedding_size=cfg['sentence_embedding_size'],
+            hidden_size=cfg['hidden_size'],
+            output_size=cfg['output_size'],
+            batch_size=cfg['batch_size'],
+            mode=self.mode)
+        outs = self.videomodel.net(images=self.images[0],
+                                   sentences=self.sentences)
+        self.network_outputs = [outs]
+
+    def optimizer(self):
+        clip_norm = self.clip_norm
+
+        fluid.clip.set_gradient_clip(
+            clip=fluid.clip.GradientClipByGlobalNorm(clip_norm=clip_norm))
+
+        optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=self.learning_rate)
+
+        return optimizer
+
+    def loss(self):
+        assert self.mode != 'infer', "invalid loss calculationg in infer mode"
+        self.loss_ = self.videomodel.loss(self.network_outputs[0], self.offsets)
+        return self.loss_
+
+    def outputs(self):
+        preds = self.network_outputs[0]
+        return [preds]
+
+    def feeds(self):
+        if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
+            return self.images + [self.sentences, self.offsets]
+        elif self.mode == 'test' or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            return self.images + [self.sentences]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError('mode {} not implemented'.format(
+                self.mode))
+
+    def fetches(self):
+        if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
+            losses = self.loss()
+            fetch_list = [item for item in losses]
+        elif (self.mode == 'test') or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            preds = self.outputs()
+            fetch_list = [item for item in preds]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError('mode {} not implemented'.format(
+                self.mode))
+        return fetch_list
+
+    def pretrain_info(self):
+        return (None, None)
+
+    def weights_info(self):
+        pass

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/models/tall/tall_net.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#limitations under the License.
+
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+from paddle.fluid import ParamAttr
+import numpy as np
+
+
+class TALLNET(object):
+    def __init__(self,
+                 semantic_size,
+                 sentence_embedding_size,
+                 hidden_size,
+                 output_size,
+                 batch_size,
+                 mode='train'):
+
+        self.semantic_size = semantic_size
+        self.sentence_embedding_size = sentence_embedding_size
+        self.hidden_size = hidden_size
+        self.output_size = output_size
+        self.batch_size = batch_size  #divide train and test
+
+        self.mode = mode
+
+    def cross_modal_comb(self, visual_feat, sentence_embed):
+        visual_feat = fluid.layers.reshape(visual_feat,
+                                           [1, -1, self.semantic_size])
+        vv_feature = fluid.layers.expand(visual_feat, [self.batch_size, 1, 1])
+        sentence_embed = fluid.layers.reshape(sentence_embed,
+                                              [-1, 1, self.semantic_size])
+        ss_feature = fluid.layers.expand(sentence_embed,
+                                         [1, self.batch_size, 1])
+
+        concat_feature = fluid.layers.concat(
+            [vv_feature, ss_feature], axis=2)  #B,B,2048
+
+        mul_feature = vv_feature * ss_feature  # B,B,1024
+        add_feature = vv_feature + ss_feature  # B,B,1024
+
+        comb_feature = fluid.layers.concat(
+            [mul_feature, add_feature, concat_feature], axis=2)
+        return comb_feature
+
+    def net(self, images, sentences):
+        # visual2semantic
+        transformed_clip = fluid.layers.fc(
+            input=images,
+            size=self.semantic_size,
+            act=None,
+            name='v2s_lt',
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                name='v2s_lt_weights',
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.NormalInitializer(
+                    loc=0.0, scale=1.0, seed=0)),
+            bias_attr=False)
+
+        #l2_normalize
+        transformed_clip = fluid.layers.l2_normalize(x=transformed_clip, axis=1)
+
+        # sentenct2semantic
+        transformed_sentence = fluid.layers.fc(
+            input=sentences,
+            size=self.semantic_size,
+            act=None,
+            name='s2s_lt',
+            param_attr=fluid.ParamAttr(
+                name='s2s_lt_weights',
+                initializer=fluid.initializer.NormalInitializer(
+                    loc=0.0, scale=1.0, seed=0)),
+            bias_attr=False)
+
+        #l2_normalize
+        transformed_sentence = fluid.layers.l2_normalize(
+            x=transformed_sentence, axis=1)
+
+        cross_modal_vec = self.cross_modal_comb(transformed_clip,
+                                                transformed_sentence)
+        cross_modal_vec = fluid.layers.unsqueeze(
+            input=cross_modal_vec, axes=[0])
+        cross_modal_vec = fluid.layers.transpose(
+            cross_modal_vec, perm=[0, 3, 1, 2])
+
+        mid_output = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+            input=cross_modal_vec,
+            num_filters=self.hidden_size,
+            filter_size=1,
+            stride=1,
+            act="relu",
+            param_attr=fluid.param_attr.ParamAttr(name="mid_out_weights"),
+            bias_attr=False)
+
+        sim_score_mat = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+            input=mid_output,
+            num_filters=self.output_size,
+            filter_size=1,
+            stride=1,
+            act=None,
+            param_attr=fluid.param_attr.ParamAttr(name="sim_mat_weights"),
+            bias_attr=False)
+        sim_score_mat = fluid.layers.squeeze(input=sim_score_mat, axes=[0])
+        return sim_score_mat
+
+    def loss(self, outs, offs):
+        sim_score_mat = outs[0]
+        p_reg_mat = outs[1]
+        l_reg_mat = outs[2]
+        # loss cls, not considering iou
+        input_size = outs.shape[1]
+        I = fluid.layers.diag(np.array([1] * input_size).astype('float32'))
+        I_2 = -2 * I
+        all1 = fluid.layers.ones(
+            shape=[input_size, input_size], dtype="float32")
+
+        mask_mat = I_2 + all1
+
+        alpha = 1.0 / input_size
+        lambda_regression = 0.01
+        batch_para_mat = alpha * all1
+        para_mat = I + batch_para_mat
+
+        sim_mask_mat = fluid.layers.exp(mask_mat * sim_score_mat)
+        loss_mat = fluid.layers.log(all1 + sim_mask_mat)
+        loss_mat = loss_mat * para_mat
+        loss_align = fluid.layers.mean(loss_mat)
+
+        # regression loss
+        reg_ones = fluid.layers.ones(shape=[input_size, 1], dtype="float32")
+        l_reg_diag = fluid.layers.matmul(
+            l_reg_mat * I, reg_ones, transpose_x=True, transpose_y=False)
+        p_reg_diag = fluid.layers.matmul(
+            p_reg_mat * I, reg_ones, transpose_x=True, transpose_y=False)
+        offset_pred = fluid.layers.concat(
+            input=[p_reg_diag, l_reg_diag], axis=1)
+        loss_reg = fluid.layers.mean(
+            fluid.layers.abs(offset_pred - offs))  # L1 loss
+        loss = lambda_regression * loss_reg + loss_align
+        avg_loss = fluid.layers.mean(loss)
+
+        return [avg_loss]

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/models/tsn/README.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 Temporal Segment Network (TSN) 是视频分类领域经典的基于2D-CNN的解决方案。该方法主要解决视频的长时间行为判断问题，通过稀疏采样视频帧的方式代替稠密采样，既能捕获视频全局信息，也能去除冗余，降低计算量。最终将每帧特征平均融合后得到视频的整体特征，并用于分类。本代码实现的模型为基于单路RGB图像的TSN网络结构，Backbone采用ResNet-50结构。
 
-详细内容请参考ECCV 2016年论文[StNet:Local and Global Spatial-Temporal Modeling for Human Action Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00859)
+详细内容请参考ECCV 2016年论文[Temporal Segment Networks: Towards Good Practices for Deep Action Recognition](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00859)
 
 ## 数据准备
 

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/predict.py

@@ -142,11 +142,19 @@ def infer(args):
         if args.model_name == 'ETS':
             data_feed_in = [items[:3] for items in data]
             vinfo = [items[3:] for items in data]
-            video_id = [items[0] for items in vinfo]
+            video_id = [items[6] for items in vinfo]
             infer_outs = exe.run(fetch_list=fetch_list,
                                  feed=infer_feeder.feed(data_feed_in),
                                  return_numpy=False)
             infer_result_list = infer_outs + [vinfo]
+        elif args.model_name == 'TALL':
+            data_feed_in = [items[:2] for items in data]
+            vinfo = [items[2:] for items in data]
+            video_id = [items[0] for items in vinfo]
+            infer_outs = exe.run(fetch_list=fetch_list,
+                                 feed=infer_feeder.feed(data_feed_in),
+                                 return_numpy=True)
+            infer_result_list = infer_outs + [vinfo]
         elif args.model_name == 'BsnPem':
             data_feed_in = [items[:1] for items in data]
             vinfo = [items[1:] for items in data]
@@ -155,7 +163,6 @@ def infer(args):
                                  feed=infer_feeder.feed(data_feed_in),
                                  return_numpy=False)
             infer_result_list = infer_outs + [vinfo]
-
         else:
             data_feed_in = [items[:-1] for items in data]
             video_id = [items[-1] for items in data]

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/reader/__init__.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from .bmn_reader import BMNReader
 from .bsn_reader import BSNVideoReader
 from .bsn_reader import BSNProposalReader
 from .ets_reader import ETSReader
+from .tall_reader import TALLReader
 
 # regist reader, sort by alphabet
 regist_reader("ATTENTIONCLUSTER", FeatureReader)
@@ -21,3 +22,4 @@ regist_reader("BMN", BMNReader)
 regist_reader("BSNTEM", BSNVideoReader)
 regist_reader("BSNPEM", BSNProposalReader)
 regist_reader("ETS", ETSReader)
+regist_reader("TALL", TALLReader)

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/reader/tall_reader.py

+#  Copyright (c) 2019 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserve.
+#
+#Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+#you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+#You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+#Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+#distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+#WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+#See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+#limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+import random
+import sys
+import numpy as np
+import h5py
+import multiprocessing
+import functools
+import paddle
+
+random.seed(0)
+
+import logging
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+try:
+    import cPickle as pickle
+except:
+    import pickle
+
+from .reader_utils import DataReader
+
+python_ver = sys.version_info
+
+
+class TALLReader(DataReader):
+    """
+    Data reader for TALL model, which was stored as features extracted by prior networks
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode, cfg):
+        self.name = name
+        self.mode = mode
+
+        self.visual_feature_dim = cfg.MODEL.visual_feature_dim
+        self.movie_length_info = cfg.TRAIN.movie_length_info
+
+        self.feats_dimen = cfg[mode.upper()]['feats_dimen']
+        self.context_num = cfg[mode.upper()]['context_num']
+        self.context_size = cfg[mode.upper()]['context_size']
+        self.sent_vec_dim = cfg[mode.upper()]['sent_vec_dim']
+        self.sliding_clip_path = cfg[mode.upper()]['sliding_clip_path']
+        self.clip_sentvec = cfg[mode.upper()]['clip_sentvec']
+        self.semantic_size = cfg[mode.upper()]['semantic_size']
+
+        self.batch_size = cfg[mode.upper()]['batch_size']
+        self.init_data()
+
+    def get_context_window(self, clip_name):
+        # compute left (pre) and right (post) context features based on read_unit_level_feats().
+        movie_name = clip_name.split("_")[0]
+        start = int(clip_name.split("_")[1])
+        end = int(clip_name.split("_")[2].split(".")[0])
+        clip_length = self.context_size
+        left_context_feats = np.zeros(
+            [self.context_num, self.feats_dimen], dtype=np.float32)
+        right_context_feats = np.zeros(
+            [self.context_num, self.feats_dimen], dtype=np.float32)
+        last_left_feat = np.load(
+            os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path, clip_name))
+        last_right_feat = np.load(
+            os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path, clip_name))
+        for k in range(self.context_num):
+            left_context_start = start - clip_length * (k + 1)
+            left_context_end = start - clip_length * k
+            right_context_start = end + clip_length * k
+            right_context_end = end + clip_length * (k + 1)
+            left_context_name = movie_name + "_" + str(
+                left_context_start) + "_" + str(left_context_end) + ".npy"
+            right_context_name = movie_name + "_" + str(
+                right_context_start) + "_" + str(right_context_end) + ".npy"
+            if os.path.exists(
+                    os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path, left_context_name)):
+                left_context_feat = np.load(
+                    os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path, left_context_name))
+                last_left_feat = left_context_feat
+            else:
+                left_context_feat = last_left_feat
+            if os.path.exists(
+                    os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path, right_context_name)):
+                right_context_feat = np.load(
+                    os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path, right_context_name))
+                last_right_feat = right_context_feat
+            else:
+                right_context_feat = last_right_feat
+            left_context_feats[k] = left_context_feat
+            right_context_feats[k] = right_context_feat
+        return np.mean(
+            left_context_feats, axis=0), np.mean(
+                right_context_feats, axis=0)
+
+    def init_data(self):
+        def calculate_IoU(i0, i1):
+            # calculate temporal intersection over union
+            union = (min(i0[0], i1[0]), max(i0[1], i1[1]))
+            inter = (max(i0[0], i1[0]), min(i0[1], i1[1]))
+            iou = 1.0 * (inter[1] - inter[0]) / (union[1] - union[0])
+            return iou
+
+        def calculate_nIoL(base, sliding_clip):
+            # calculate the non Intersection part over Length ratia, make sure the input IoU is larger than 0
+            inter = (max(base[0], sliding_clip[0]), min(base[1],
+                                                        sliding_clip[1]))
+            inter_l = inter[1] - inter[0]
+            length = sliding_clip[1] - sliding_clip[0]
+            nIoL = 1.0 * (length - inter_l) / length
+            return nIoL
+
+        # load file
+        if (self.mode == 'train') or (self.mode == 'valid'):
+            if python_ver < (3, 0):
+                cs = pickle.load(open(self.clip_sentvec, 'rb'))
+                movie_length_info = pickle.load(
+                    open(self.movie_length_info, 'rb'))
+            else:
+                cs = pickle.load(
+                    open(self.clip_sentvec, 'rb'), encoding='bytes')
+                movie_length_info = pickle.load(
+                    open(self.movie_length_info, 'rb'), encoding='bytes')
+        elif (self.mode == 'test') or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            if python_ver < (3, 0):
+                cs = pickle.load(open(self.clip_sentvec, 'rb'))
+            else:
+                cs = pickle.load(
+                    open(self.clip_sentvec, 'rb'), encoding='bytes')
+
+        self.clip_sentence_pairs = []
+        for l in cs:
+            clip_name = l[0]
+            sent_vecs = l[1]
+            for sent_vec in sent_vecs:
+                self.clip_sentence_pairs.append((clip_name, sent_vec))  #10146
+        logger.info(self.mode.upper() + ':' + str(
+            len(self.clip_sentence_pairs)) + " clip-sentence pairs are readed")
+
+        movie_names_set = set()
+        movie_clip_names = {}
+        # read groundtruth sentence-clip pairs
+        for k in range(len(self.clip_sentence_pairs)):
+            clip_name = self.clip_sentence_pairs[k][0]
+            movie_name = clip_name.split("_")[0]
+            if not movie_name in movie_names_set:
+                movie_names_set.add(movie_name)
+                movie_clip_names[movie_name] = []
+            movie_clip_names[movie_name].append(k)
+        self.movie_names = list(movie_names_set)
+        logger.info(self.mode.upper() + ':' + str(len(self.movie_names)) +
+                    " movies.")
+
+        # read sliding windows, and match them with the groundtruths to make training samples
+        sliding_clips_tmp = os.listdir(self.sliding_clip_path)  #161396
+        self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou = []
+        if self.mode == 'valid':
+            # TALL model doesn't take validation during training, it will test after all the training epochs finish.
+            return
+        if self.mode == 'train':
+            for clip_name in sliding_clips_tmp:
+                if clip_name.split(".")[2] == "npy":
+                    movie_name = clip_name.split("_")[0]
+                    for clip_sentence in self.clip_sentence_pairs:
+                        original_clip_name = clip_sentence[0]
+                        original_movie_name = original_clip_name.split("_")[0]
+                        if original_movie_name == movie_name:
+                            start = int(clip_name.split("_")[1])
+                            end = int(clip_name.split("_")[2].split(".")[0])
+                            o_start = int(original_clip_name.split("_")[1])
+                            o_end = int(
+                                original_clip_name.split("_")[2].split(".")[0])
+                            iou = calculate_IoU((start, end), (o_start, o_end))
+                            if iou > 0.5:
+                                nIoL = calculate_nIoL((o_start, o_end),
+                                                      (start, end))
+                                if nIoL < 0.15:
+                                    movie_length = movie_length_info[
+                                        movie_name.split(".")[0]]
+                                    start_offset = o_start - start
+                                    end_offset = o_end - end
+                                    self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou.append(
+                                        (clip_sentence[0], clip_sentence[1],
+                                         clip_name, start_offset, end_offset))
+            logger.info('TRAIN:' + str(len(self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou)) +
+                        " iou clip-sentence pairs are readed")
+
+        elif (self.mode == 'test') or (self.mode == 'infer'):
+            for clip_name in sliding_clips_tmp:
+                if clip_name.split(".")[2] == "npy":
+                    movie_name = clip_name.split("_")[0]
+                    if movie_name in movie_clip_names:
+                        self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou.append(
+                            clip_name.split(".")[0] + "." + clip_name.split(".")
+                            [1])
+
+            logger.info('TEST:' + str(len(self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou)) +
+                        " iou clip-sentence pairs are readed")
+
+    def load_movie_slidingclip(self, clip_sentence_pairs,
+                               clip_sentence_pairs_iou, movie_name):
+        # load unit level feats and sentence vector
+        movie_clip_sentences = []
+        movie_clip_featmap = []
+        for k in range(len(clip_sentence_pairs)):
+            if movie_name in clip_sentence_pairs[k][0]:
+                movie_clip_sentences.append(
+                    (clip_sentence_pairs[k][0],
+                     clip_sentence_pairs[k][1][:self.semantic_size]))
+        for k in range(len(clip_sentence_pairs_iou)):
+            if movie_name in clip_sentence_pairs_iou[k]:
+                visual_feature_path = os.path.join(
+                    self.sliding_clip_path, clip_sentence_pairs_iou[k] + ".npy")
+                left_context_feat, right_context_feat = self.get_context_window(
+                    clip_sentence_pairs_iou[k] + ".npy")
+                feature_data = np.load(visual_feature_path)
+                comb_feat = np.hstack(
+                    (left_context_feat, feature_data, right_context_feat))
+                movie_clip_featmap.append(
+                    (clip_sentence_pairs_iou[k], comb_feat))
+        return movie_clip_featmap, movie_clip_sentences
+
+    def create_reader(self):
+        """reader creator for ets model"""
+        if self.mode == 'infer':
+            return self.make_infer_reader()
+        else:
+            return self.make_reader()
+
+    def make_infer_reader(self):
+        """reader for inference"""
+
+        def reader():
+            batch_out = []
+            idx = 0
+            for movie_name in self.movie_names:
+                idx += 1
+                movie_clip_featmaps, movie_clip_sentences = self.load_movie_slidingclip(
+                    self.clip_sentence_pairs, self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou,
+                    movie_name)
+                for k in range(len(movie_clip_sentences)):
+                    sent_vec = movie_clip_sentences[k][1]
+                    sent_vec = np.reshape(sent_vec, [1, sent_vec.shape[0]])
+                    for t in range(len(movie_clip_featmaps)):
+                        featmap = movie_clip_featmaps[t][1]
+                        visual_clip_name = movie_clip_featmaps[t][0]
+                        start = float(visual_clip_name.split("_")[1])
+                        end = float(
+                            visual_clip_name.split("_")[2].split("_")[0])
+                        featmap = np.reshape(featmap, [1, featmap.shape[0]])
+
+                        batch_out.append((featmap, sent_vec, start, end, k, t,
+                                          movie_clip_sentences,
+                                          movie_clip_featmaps, movie_name))
+                        if len(batch_out) == self.batch_size:
+                            yield batch_out
+                            batch_out = []
+
+        return reader
+
+    def make_reader(self):
+        def reader():
+            batch_out = []
+            if self.mode == 'valid':
+                return
+            elif self.mode == 'train':
+                random.shuffle(self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou)
+                for clip_sentence_pair in self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou:
+                    offset = np.zeros(2, dtype=np.float32)
+                    clip_name = clip_sentence_pair[0]
+                    feat_path = os.path.join(self.sliding_clip_path,
+                                             clip_sentence_pair[2])
+                    featmap = np.load(feat_path)
+                    left_context_feat, right_context_feat = self.get_context_window(
+                        clip_sentence_pair[2])
+                    image = np.hstack(
+                        (left_context_feat, featmap, right_context_feat))
+                    sentence = clip_sentence_pair[1][:self.sent_vec_dim]
+                    p_offset = clip_sentence_pair[3]
+                    l_offset = clip_sentence_pair[4]
+                    offset[0] = p_offset
+                    offset[1] = l_offset
+                    batch_out.append((image, sentence, offset))
+                    if len(batch_out) == self.batch_size:
+                        yield batch_out
+                        batch_out = []
+
+            elif self.mode == 'test':
+                for movie_name in self.movie_names:
+                    movie_clip_featmaps, movie_clip_sentences = self.load_movie_slidingclip(
+                        self.clip_sentence_pairs, self.clip_sentence_pairs_iou,
+                        movie_name)
+                    for k in range(len(movie_clip_sentences)):
+                        sent_vec = movie_clip_sentences[k][1]
+                        sent_vec = np.reshape(sent_vec, [1, sent_vec.shape[0]])
+                        for t in range(len(movie_clip_featmaps)):
+                            featmap = movie_clip_featmaps[t][1]
+                            visual_clip_name = movie_clip_featmaps[t][0]
+                            start = float(visual_clip_name.split("_")[1])
+                            end = float(
+                                visual_clip_name.split("_")[2].split("_")[0])
+                            featmap = np.reshape(featmap, [1, featmap.shape[0]])
+
+                            batch_out.append((featmap, sent_vec, start, end, k,
+                                              t, movie_clip_sentences,
+                                              movie_clip_featmaps, movie_name))
+                            if len(batch_out) == self.batch_size:
+                                yield batch_out
+                                batch_out = []
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError('mode {} not implemented'.format(
+                    self.mode))
+
+        return reader

PaddleCV/PaddleVideo/utils/utility.py

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #limitations under the License.
 
 import os
+import sys
 import signal
 import logging
 import paddle
@@ -22,6 +23,7 @@ __all__ = ['AttrDict']
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+
 def _term(sig_num, addition):
     print('current pid is %s, group id is %s' % (os.getpid(), os.getpgrp()))
     os.killpg(os.getpgid(os.getpid()), signal.SIGKILL)
@@ -52,17 +54,18 @@ def check_cuda(use_cuda, err = \
     except Exception as e:
         pass
 
+
 def check_version():
-     """
+    """
      Log error and exit when the installed version of paddlepaddle is
      not satisfied.
      """
-     err = "PaddlePaddle version 1.6 or higher is required, " \
-           "or a suitable develop version is satisfied as well. \n" \
-           "Please make sure the version is good with your code." \
+    err = "PaddlePaddle version 1.6 or higher is required, " \
+          "or a suitable develop version is satisfied as well. \n" \
+          "Please make sure the version is good with your code." \
 
-     try:
-         fluid.require_version('1.6.0')
-     except Exception as e:
-         logger.error(err)
-         sys.exit(1)
+    try:
+        fluid.require_version('1.6.0')
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(err)
+        sys.exit(1)