一般来说,图像分类通过手工特征或特征学习方法对整个图像进行全部描述,然后使用分类器判别物体类别,因此如何提取图像的特征至关重要。在深度学习算法之前使用较多的是基于词袋(Bag of Words)模型的物体分类方法。词袋方法从自然语言处理中引入,即一句话可以用一个装了词的袋子表示其特征,袋子中的词为句子中的单词、短语或字。对于图像而言,词袋方法需要构建字典。最简单的词袋模型框架可以设计为**底层特征抽取**、**特征编码**、**分类器设计**三个过程。
Alex Krizhevsky在2012年ILSVRC提出的CNN模型 \[[9](#参考文献)\] 取得了历史性的突破,效果大幅度超越传统方法,获得了ILSVRC2012冠军,该模型被称作AlexNet。这也是首次将深度学习用于大规模图像分类中。从AlexNet之后,涌现了一系列CNN模型,不断地在ImageNet上刷新成绩,如图4展示。随着模型变得越来越深以及精妙的结构设计,Top-5的错误率也越来越低,降到了3.5%附近。而在同样的ImageNet数据集上,人眼的辨识错误率大概在5.1%,也就是目前的深度学习模型的识别能力已经超过了人眼。
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