The source code for this tutorial is live at [book/recognize_digits](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/02.recognize_digits). For instructions on getting started with Paddle, please refer to [installation instructions](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst).
The source code for this tutorial is live at [book/recognize_digits](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/02.recognize_digits). To get started with Paddle, please refer to [installation instructions](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst).
## Introduction
When one learns to program, the first task is usually to write a program that prints "Hello World!". In Machine Learning or Deep Learning, the equivalent task is to train a model to recognize hand-written digits on the dataset [MNIST](http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/). Handwriting recognition is a classic image classification problem. The problem is relatively easy and MNIST is a complete dataset. As a simple Computer Vision dataset, MNIST contains images of handwritten digits and their corresponding labels (Fig. 1). The input image is a $28\times28$ matrix, and the label is one of the digits from $0$ to $9$. All images are normalized, meaning that they are both rescaled and centered.
Handwriting recognition is a classic image classification problem. In particular, recognizing hand-written digits on [MNIST](http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/) is the deep learning equivalence to a 'Hello World!' program.
### MNIST
MNIST is a complete dataset containing images of handwritten digits and their corresponding labels. Each of the input image is a $28\times28$ matrix, and the label is one of the digits from $0$ to $9$ (Fig. 1). All images are normalized, meaning that they are both scaled and centered.
The source code for this tutorial is live at [book/recognize_digits](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/02.recognize_digits). For instructions on getting started with Paddle, please refer to [installation instructions](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst).
The source code for this tutorial is live at [book/recognize_digits](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/02.recognize_digits). To get started with Paddle, please refer to [installation instructions](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst).
## Introduction
When one learns to program, the first task is usually to write a program that prints "Hello World!". In Machine Learning or Deep Learning, the equivalent task is to train a model to recognize hand-written digits on the dataset [MNIST](http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/). Handwriting recognition is a classic image classification problem. The problem is relatively easy and MNIST is a complete dataset. As a simple Computer Vision dataset, MNIST contains images of handwritten digits and their corresponding labels (Fig. 1). The input image is a $28\times28$ matrix, and the label is one of the digits from $0$ to $9$. All images are normalized, meaning that they are both rescaled and centered.
Handwriting recognition is a classic image classification problem. In particular, recognizing hand-written digits on [MNIST](http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/) is the deep learning equivalence to a 'Hello World!' program.
### MNIST
MNIST is a complete dataset containing images of handwritten digits and their corresponding labels. Each of the input image is a $28\times28$ matrix, and the label is one of the digits from $0$ to $9$ (Fig. 1). All images are normalized, meaning that they are both scaled and centered.
The source codes is located at [book/machine_translation](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/07.machine_translation). Please refer to the PaddlePaddle [installation tutorial](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst) if you are a first time user.
The source code of this tutorial is live at [book/machine_translation](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/07.machine_translation). Please refer to the [installation tutorial](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst) for getting started with Paddle.
## Background
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@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ cd pretrained
### BLEU Evaluation
BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation understudy) is a metric widely used for automatic machine translation proposed by IBM Watson Research Center in 2002\[[5](#References)\]. The closer the translation produced by a machine is to the translation produced by a human expert, the better the performance of the translation system.
Bilingual Evaluation understudy (BLEU) is a metric widely used for automatic machine translation proposed by IBM Watson Research Center in 2002\[[5](#References)\]. The closer the translation produced by a machine is to the translation produced by a human expert, the better the performance of the translation system.
To measure the closeness between machine translation and human translation, sentence precision is used. It compares the number of matched n-grams. More matches will lead to higher BLEU scores.
[Moses](http://www.statmt.org/moses/) is an open-source machine translation system, we used [multi-bleu.perl](https://github.com/moses-smt/mosesdecoder/blob/master/scripts/generic/multi-bleu.perl) for BLEU evaluation. Run the following command for downloading:
The source codes is located at [book/machine_translation](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/07.machine_translation). Please refer to the PaddlePaddle [installation tutorial](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst) if you are a first time user.
The source code of this tutorial is live at [book/machine_translation](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/tree/develop/07.machine_translation). Please refer to the [installation tutorial](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/doc/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.rst) for getting started with Paddle.
## Background
...
...
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ cd pretrained
### BLEU Evaluation
BLEU (Bilingual Evaluation understudy) is a metric widely used for automatic machine translation proposed by IBM Watson Research Center in 2002\[[5](#References)\]. The closer the translation produced by a machine is to the translation produced by a human expert, the better the performance of the translation system.
Bilingual Evaluation understudy (BLEU) is a metric widely used for automatic machine translation proposed by IBM Watson Research Center in 2002\[[5](#References)\]. The closer the translation produced by a machine is to the translation produced by a human expert, the better the performance of the translation system.
To measure the closeness between machine translation and human translation, sentence precision is used. It compares the number of matched n-grams. More matches will lead to higher BLEU scores.
[Moses](http://www.statmt.org/moses/) is an open-source machine translation system, we used [multi-bleu.perl](https://github.com/moses-smt/mosesdecoder/blob/master/scripts/generic/multi-bleu.perl) for BLEU evaluation. Run the following command for downloading: