Merge branch 'public-dev' into develop

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -213,9 +213,11 @@ include(configure)          # add paddle env configuration
 if(WITH_GPU)
     include(cuda)
     include(tensorrt)
+endif()
+if(WITH_MKL OR WITH_MKLML)
     include(external/anakin)
 elseif()
-    set(WITH_ANAKIN OFF CACHE STRING "Anakin is used in GPU only now." FORCE)
+    set(WITH_ANAKIN OFF CACHE STRING "Anakin is used in MKL only now." FORCE)
 endif()
 
 include(generic)            # simplify cmake module

Dockerfile

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ RUN curl -s -q https://glide.sh/get | sh
 #    and its size is only one-third of the official one.
 # 2. Manually add ~IPluginFactory() in IPluginFactory class of NvInfer.h, otherwise, it couldn't work in paddle.
 #    See https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/issues/10129 for details.
-RUN wget -qO- http://paddlepaddledeps.bj.bcebos.com/TensorRT-4.0.0.3.Ubuntu-16.04.4.x86_64-gnu.cuda-8.0.cudnn7.0.tar.gz | \
+RUN wget -qO- http://paddlepaddledeps.cdn.bcebos.com/TensorRT-4.0.0.3.Ubuntu-16.04.4.x86_64-gnu.cuda-8.0.cudnn7.0.tar.gz | \
     tar -xz -C /usr/local && \
     cp -rf /usr/local/TensorRT/include /usr && \
     cp -rf /usr/local/TensorRT/lib /usr

README.md

@@ -76,33 +76,26 @@ pip install paddlepaddle-gpu==0.14.0.post85
 
 ## Installation
 
-It is recommended to check out the
-[Docker installation guide](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/fluid/en/build_and_install/docker_install_en.html)
-before looking into the
-[build from source guide](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/fluid/en/build_and_install/build_from_source_en.html).
+It is recommended to read [this doc](http://paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/zh/0.14.0/new_docs/beginners_guide/install/install_doc.html) on our website.
 
 ## Documentation
 
-We provide [English](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/en/getstarted/index_en.html) and
-[Chinese](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/zh/getstarted/index_cn.html) documentation.
+We provide [English](http://paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/en/0.14.0/getstarted/index_en.html) and
+[Chinese](http://paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/zh/0.14.0/new_docs/beginners_guide/index.html) documentation.
 
-- [Deep Learning 101](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/book/01.fit_a_line/index.html)
+- [Deep Learning 101](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book)
 
   You might want to start from this online interactive book that can run in a Jupyter Notebook.
 
-- [Distributed Training](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/en/howto/cluster/index_en.html)
+- [Distributed Training](http://paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/zh/0.14.0/new_docs/user_guides/howto/training/cluster_howto.html)
 
   You can run distributed training jobs on MPI clusters.
 
-- [Distributed Training on Kubernetes](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/en/howto/cluster/multi_cluster/k8s_en.html)
-
-   You can also run distributed training jobs on Kubernetes clusters.
-
-- [Python API](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/api/en/overview.html)
+- [Python API](http://paddlepaddle.org/documentation/api/zh/0.14.0/fluid.html)
 
    Our new API enables much shorter programs.
 
-- [How to Contribute](http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/fluid/en/dev/contribute_to_paddle_en.html)
+- [How to Contribute](http://paddlepaddle.org/documentation/docs/zh/0.14.0/new_docs/advanced_usage/development/contribute_to_paddle.html)
 
    We appreciate your contributions!
 

benchmark/fluid/Dockerfile

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ RUN ln -s /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libcudnn.so.7 /usr/lib/libcudnn.so && ln -s
 # Add "ENV http_proxy=http://ip:port" if your download is slow, and don't forget to unset it at runtime.
 # exmaple: unset http_proxy && unset https_proxy && python fluid_benchmark.py ...
 
+
 RUN pip install -U pip
 RUN pip install -U kubernetes paddlepaddle
 
@@ -27,5 +28,6 @@ ADD *.whl /
 RUN pip install /*.whl && rm -f /*.whl 
 
 ENV LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
-ADD fluid_benchmark.py recordio_converter.py args.py recordio_converter.py run.sh run_fluid_benchmark.sh /workspace/
+ADD fluid_benchmark.py recordio_converter.py args.py recordio_converter.py run.sh run_fluid_benchmark.sh imagenet_reader.py /workspace/
 ADD models/ /workspace/models/
+

benchmark/fluid/args.py

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ import argparse
 __all__ = ['parse_args', ]
 
 BENCHMARK_MODELS = [
-    "machine_translation", "resnet", "vgg", "mnist", "stacked_dynamic_lstm"
+    "machine_translation", "resnet", "se_resnext", "vgg", "mnist",
+    "stacked_dynamic_lstm", "resnet_with_preprocess"
 ]
 
 
@@ -67,12 +68,12 @@ def parse_args():
         '--cpus',
         type=int,
         default=1,
-        help='If cpus > 1, will use ParallelDo to run, else use Executor.')
+        help='If cpus > 1, will set ParallelExecutor to use multiple threads.')
     parser.add_argument(
         '--data_set',
         type=str,
         default='flowers',
-        choices=['cifar10', 'flowers'],
+        choices=['cifar10', 'flowers', 'imagenet'],
         help='Optional dataset for benchmark.')
     parser.add_argument(
         '--infer_only', action='store_true', help='If set, run forward only.')
@@ -122,6 +123,11 @@ def parse_args():
         type=str,
         default="",
         help='Directory that contains all the training recordio files.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--test_data_path',
+        type=str,
+        default="",
+        help='Directory that contains all the test data (NOT recordio).')
     parser.add_argument(
         '--use_inference_transpiler',
         action='store_true',
@@ -130,5 +136,9 @@ def parse_args():
         '--no_random',
         action='store_true',
         help='If set, keep the random seed and do not shuffle the data.')
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--use_lars',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='If set, use lars for optimizers, ONLY support resnet module.')
     args = parser.parse_args()
     return args

benchmark/fluid/fluid_benchmark.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import argparse
 import cProfile
 import time
 import os
+import traceback
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ import paddle.fluid.transpiler.distribute_transpiler as distribute_transpiler
 from args import *
 
 
-def append_nccl2_prepare(trainer_id):
+def append_nccl2_prepare(trainer_id, startup_prog):
     if trainer_id >= 0:
         # append gen_nccl_id at the end of startup program
         trainer_id = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINER_ID"))
@@ -40,11 +41,11 @@ def append_nccl2_prepare(trainer_id):
         current_endpoint = os.getenv("PADDLE_CURRENT_IP") + ":" + port
         worker_endpoints.remove(current_endpoint)
 
-        nccl_id_var = fluid.default_startup_program().global_block().create_var(
+        nccl_id_var = startup_prog.global_block().create_var(
             name="NCCLID",
             persistable=True,
             type=fluid.core.VarDesc.VarType.RAW)
-        fluid.default_startup_program().global_block().append_op(
+        startup_prog.global_block().append_op(
             type="gen_nccl_id",
             inputs={},
             outputs={"NCCLID": nccl_id_var},
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ def append_nccl2_prepare(trainer_id):
                         "nccl-based dist train.")
 
 
-def dist_transpile(trainer_id, args):
+def dist_transpile(trainer_id, args, train_prog, startup_prog):
     if trainer_id < 0:
         return None, None
 
@@ -80,132 +81,69 @@ def dist_transpile(trainer_id, args):
     # the role, should be either PSERVER or TRAINER
     training_role = os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINING_ROLE")
 
-    t = distribute_transpiler.DistributeTranspiler()
+    config = distribute_transpiler.DistributeTranspilerConfig()
+    config.slice_var_up = not args.no_split_var
+    t = distribute_transpiler.DistributeTranspiler(config=config)
     t.transpile(
         trainer_id,
+        # NOTE: *MUST* use train_prog, for we are using with guard to
+        # generate different program for train and test.
+        program=train_prog,
         pservers=pserver_endpoints,
         trainers=trainers,
         sync_mode=not args.async_mode)
     if training_role == "PSERVER":
         pserver_program = t.get_pserver_program(current_endpoint)
-        pserver_startup_program = t.get_startup_program(current_endpoint,
-                                                        pserver_program)
+        pserver_startup_program = t.get_startup_program(
+            current_endpoint, pserver_program, startup_program=startup_prog)
         return pserver_program, pserver_startup_program
     elif training_role == "TRAINER":
         train_program = t.get_trainer_program()
-        return train_program, fluid.default_startup_program()
+        return train_program, startup_prog
     else:
         raise ValueError(
             'PADDLE_TRAINING_ROLE environment variable must be either TRAINER or PSERVER'
         )
 
 
-def test(exe, inference_program, test_reader, feeder, batch_acc):
-    accuracy_evaluator = fluid.metrics.Accuracy()
-    for batch_id, data in enumerate(test_reader()):
-        acc = exe.run(inference_program,
-                      feed=feeder.feed(data),
-                      fetch_list=[batch_acc])
-        accuracy_evaluator.update(value=np.array(acc), weight=len(data))
-
-    return accuracy_evaluator.eval()
-
-
-# TODO(wuyi): replace train, train_parallel, test functions with new trainer
-# API once it is ready.
-def train(avg_loss, infer_prog, optimizer, train_reader, test_reader, batch_acc,
-          args, train_prog, startup_prog):
-    if os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINING_ROLE") == "PSERVER":
-        place = core.CPUPlace()
-        exe = fluid.Executor(place)
-        exe.run(startup_prog)
-        exe.run(train_prog)
-        return
-
-    if args.use_fake_data:
-        raise Exception(
-            "fake data is not supported in single GPU test for now.")
-
-    place = core.CPUPlace() if args.device == 'CPU' else core.CUDAPlace(0)
-    exe = fluid.Executor(place)
-    exe.run(startup_prog)
-
-    # Use inference_transpiler to speedup
-    if not args.use_reader_op:
-        feed_var_list = [
-            var for var in train_prog.global_block().vars.itervalues()
-            if var.is_data
-        ]
-        feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_var_list, place)
-
-    iters, num_samples, start_time = 0, 0, time.time()
-    for pass_id in range(args.pass_num):
-        train_losses = []
-        if not args.use_reader_op:
-            reader_generator = train_reader()
-        batch_id = 0
-        data = None
-        while True:
-            if not args.use_reader_op:
-                data = next(reader_generator, None)
-                if data == None:
-                    break
-            if iters == args.iterations:
-                break
-            if iters == args.skip_batch_num:
-                start_time = time.time()
-                num_samples = 0
+def test_parallel(exe, test_args, args, test_prog, feeder):
+    acc_evaluators = []
+    for i in xrange(len(test_args[2])):
+        acc_evaluators.append(fluid.metrics.Accuracy())
 
+    to_fetch = [v.name for v in test_args[2]]
     if args.use_reader_op:
+        test_args[4].start()
+        while True:
             try:
-                    loss = exe.run(train_prog, fetch_list=[avg_loss])
-                except fluid.core.EnforceNotMet as ex:
+                acc_rets = exe.run(fetch_list=to_fetch)
+                for i, e in enumerate(acc_evaluators):
+                    e.update(
+                        value=np.array(acc_rets[i]), weight=args.batch_size)
+            except fluid.core.EOFException as eof:
+                test_args[4].reset()
                 break
     else:
-                loss = exe.run(train_prog,
-                               feed=feeder.feed(data),
-                               fetch_list=[avg_loss])
-            iters += 1
-            batch_id += 1
-            # FIXME(wuyi): For use_reader_op, if the current
-            # pass is not the last, the last batch of this pass
-            # is also equal to args.batch_size.
-            if args.use_reader_op:
-                num_samples += args.batch_size * args.gpus
-            else:
-                num_samples += len(data)
-            train_losses.append(loss)
-            print("Pass: %d, Iter: %d, Loss: %f\n" %
-                  (pass_id, iters, np.mean(train_losses)))
-        print_train_time(start_time, time.time(), num_samples)
-        print("Pass: %d, Loss: %f" % (pass_id, np.mean(train_losses))),
-        # evaluation
-        if not args.no_test and batch_acc and not args.use_reader_op:
-            if args.use_inference_transpiler:
-                t = fluid.InferenceTranspiler()
-                t.transpile(infer_prog, place)
-
-            pass_test_acc = test(exe, infer_prog, test_reader, feeder,
-                                 batch_acc)
-            print(", Test Accuracy: %f" % pass_test_acc)
-        print("\n")
-        # TODO(wuyi): add warmup passes to get better perf data.
-        exit(0)
+        for batch_id, data in enumerate(test_args[3]()):
+            acc_rets = exe.run(feed=feeder.feed(data), fetch_list=to_fetch)
+            for i, e in enumerate(acc_evaluators):
+                e.update(value=np.array(acc_rets[i]), weight=len(data))
+
+    return [e.eval() for e in acc_evaluators]
 
 
-# TODO(wuyi): replace train, train_parallel, test functions with new trainer
-# API once it is ready.
-def train_parallel(avg_loss, infer_prog, optimizer, train_reader, test_reader,
-                   batch_acc, args, train_prog, startup_prog, nccl_id_var,
-                   num_trainers, trainer_id):
+# NOTE: only need to benchmark using parallelexe
+def train_parallel(train_args, test_args, args, train_prog, test_prog,
+                   startup_prog, nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id):
+    over_all_start = time.time()
     place = core.CPUPlace() if args.device == 'CPU' else core.CUDAPlace(0)
+    feeder = None
     if not args.use_reader_op:
         feed_var_list = [
             var for var in train_prog.global_block().vars.itervalues()
             if var.is_data
         ]
         feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(feed_var_list, place)
-
     # generate fake:
     if args.use_fake_data:
         for var in feed_var_list:
@@ -229,62 +167,110 @@ def train_parallel(avg_loss, infer_prog, optimizer, train_reader, test_reader,
     startup_exe = fluid.Executor(place)
     startup_exe.run(startup_prog)
     strategy = fluid.ExecutionStrategy()
-    strategy.num_threads = 1
+    strategy.num_threads = args.cpus
     strategy.allow_op_delay = False
+    avg_loss = train_args[0]
+
+    if args.update_method == "pserver":
+        # parameter server mode distributed training, merge
+        # gradients on local server, do not initialize
+        # ParallelExecutor with multi server all-reduce mode.
+        num_trainers = 1
+        trainer_id = 0
+
     exe = fluid.ParallelExecutor(
         True,
         avg_loss.name,
+        main_program=train_prog,
         exec_strategy=strategy,
         num_trainers=num_trainers,
         trainer_id=trainer_id)
 
+    if not args.no_test:
+        if args.update_method == "pserver":
+            test_scope = None
+        else:
+            # NOTE: use an empty scope to avoid test exe using NCCLID
+            test_scope = fluid.Scope()
+        test_exe = fluid.ParallelExecutor(
+            True, main_program=test_prog, share_vars_from=exe)
+
     for pass_id in range(args.pass_num):
         num_samples = 0
         iters = 0
         start_time = time.time()
         if not args.use_reader_op:
-            reader_generator = train_reader()
+            reader_generator = train_args[3]()  #train_reader
         batch_id = 0
         data = None
+        if args.use_reader_op:
+            train_args[4].start()
         while True:
             if not args.use_reader_op:
                 data = next(reader_generator, None)
                 if data == None:
                     break
+            if args.profile and batch_id == 5:
+                profiler.start_profiler("All")
+                profiler.reset_profiler()
+            elif args.profile and batch_id == 10:
+                print("profiling total time: ", time.time() - start_time)
+                profiler.stop_profiler("total", "/tmp/profile_%d_pass%d" %
+                                       (trainer_id, pass_id))
             if iters == args.iterations:
+                reader_generator.close()
                 break
-            if args.profile and pass_id == 0 and batch_id == 5:
-                profiler.start_profiler("All")
-            elif args.profile and pass_id == 0 and batch_id == 10:
-                profiler.stop_profiler("total", "/tmp/profile_%d" % trainer_id)
 
             if iters == args.skip_batch_num:
                 start_time = time.time()
                 num_samples = 0
+            fetch_list = [avg_loss.name]
+            acc_name_list = [v.name for v in train_args[2]]
+            fetch_list.extend(acc_name_list)
+
             if args.use_fake_data or args.use_reader_op:
                 try:
-                    loss, = exe.run([avg_loss.name])
+
+                    fetch_ret = exe.run(fetch_list)
+                except fluid.core.EOFException as eof:
+                    break
                 except fluid.core.EnforceNotMet as ex:
+                    traceback.print_exc()
                     break
             else:
-                loss, = exe.run([avg_loss.name], feed=feeder.feed(data))
+                fetch_ret = exe.run(fetch_list, feed=feeder.feed(data))
             if args.use_reader_op:
                 num_samples += args.batch_size * args.gpus
             else:
                 num_samples += len(data)
+
             iters += 1
             if batch_id % 1 == 0:
-                print("Pass %d, batch %d, loss %s" %
-                      (pass_id, batch_id, np.array(loss)))
+                fetched_data = [np.mean(np.array(d)) for d in fetch_ret]
+                print("Pass %d, batch %d, loss %s, accucacys: %s" %
+                      (pass_id, batch_id, fetched_data[0], fetched_data[1:]))
             batch_id += 1
 
         print_train_time(start_time, time.time(), num_samples)
-        if not args.no_test and batch_acc and not args.use_reader_op:
-            # we have not implement record io for test
-            # skip test when use args.use_reader_op
-            test_acc = test(startup_exe, infer_prog, test_reader, feeder,
-                            batch_acc)
-            print("Pass: %d, Test Accuracy: %f\n" % (pass_id, test_acc))
+        if args.use_reader_op:
+            train_args[4].reset()  # reset reader handle
+        else:
+            del reader_generator
+
+        if not args.no_test and test_args[2]:
+            test_feeder = None
+            if not args.use_reader_op:
+                test_feed_var_list = [
+                    var for var in test_prog.global_block().vars.itervalues()
+                    if var.is_data
+                ]
+                test_feeder = fluid.DataFeeder(test_feed_var_list, place)
+            test_ret = test_parallel(test_exe, test_args, args, test_prog,
+                                     test_feeder)
+            print("Pass: %d, Test Accuracy: %s\n" %
+                  (pass_id, [np.mean(np.array(v)) for v in test_ret]))
+
+    print("total train time: ", time.time() - over_all_start)
 
 
 def print_arguments(args):
@@ -326,44 +312,46 @@ def main():
     if args.use_cprof:
         pr = cProfile.Profile()
         pr.enable()
+
     model_def = __import__("models.%s" % args.model, fromlist=["models"])
-    train_args = list(model_def.get_model(args))
-    train_args.append(args)
-    # Run optimizer.minimize(avg_loss)
-    train_args[2].minimize(train_args[0])
-    if args.memory_optimize:
-        fluid.memory_optimize(fluid.default_main_program())
+
+    train_prog = fluid.Program()
+    test_prog = fluid.Program()
+    startup_prog = fluid.Program()
+
+    train_args = list(model_def.get_model(args, True, train_prog, startup_prog))
+    test_args = list(model_def.get_model(args, False, test_prog, startup_prog))
+
+    all_args = [train_args, test_args, args]
 
     if args.update_method == "pserver":
-        train_prog, startup_prog = dist_transpile(trainer_id, args)
+        train_prog, startup_prog = dist_transpile(trainer_id, args, train_prog,
+                                                  startup_prog)
         if not train_prog:
             raise Exception(
                 "Must configure correct environments to run dist train.")
-        train_args.extend([train_prog, startup_prog])
+        all_args.extend([train_prog, test_prog, startup_prog])
         if args.gpus > 1 and os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINING_ROLE") == "TRAINER":
-            train_args.extend([nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id])
-            train_parallel(*train_args)
-        train(*train_args)
+            all_args.extend([nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id])
+            train_parallel(*all_args)
+        elif os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINING_ROLE") == "PSERVER":
+            # start pserver with Executor
+            server_exe = fluid.Executor(fluid.CPUPlace())
+            server_exe.run(startup_prog)
+            server_exe.run(train_prog)
         exit(0)
 
     # for other update methods, use default programs
-    train_args.append(fluid.default_main_program())
-    train_args.append(fluid.default_startup_program())
+    all_args.extend([train_prog, test_prog, startup_prog])
 
     if args.update_method == "nccl2":
-        nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id = append_nccl2_prepare(trainer_id)
-    if args.gpus == 1:
-        # NOTE: parallel executor use profiler interanlly
-        if args.use_nvprof and args.device == 'GPU':
-            with profiler.cuda_profiler("cuda_profiler.txt", 'csv') as nvprof:
-                train(*train_args)
-        else:
-            train(*train_args)
-    else:
+        nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id = append_nccl2_prepare(
+            trainer_id, startup_prog)
+
     if args.device == "CPU":
         raise Exception("Only support GPU perf with parallel exe")
-        train_args.extend([nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id])
-        train_parallel(*train_args)
+    all_args.extend([nccl_id_var, num_trainers, trainer_id])
+    train_parallel(*all_args)
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

benchmark/fluid/imagenet_reader.py

+# Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+import math
+import random
+import functools
+import numpy as np
+from threading import Thread
+import subprocess
+import time
+
+from Queue import Queue
+import paddle
+from PIL import Image, ImageEnhance
+
+random.seed(0)
+
+DATA_DIM = 224
+
+THREAD = int(os.getenv("PREPROCESS_THREADS", "10"))
+BUF_SIZE = 5120
+
+DATA_DIR = '/mnt/ImageNet'
+TRAIN_LIST = '/mnt/ImageNet/train.txt'
+TEST_LIST = '/mnt/ImageNet/val.txt'
+
+img_mean = np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
+img_std = np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).reshape((3, 1, 1))
+
+
+def resize_short(img, target_size):
+    percent = float(target_size) / min(img.size[0], img.size[1])
+    resized_width = int(round(img.size[0] * percent))
+    resized_height = int(round(img.size[1] * percent))
+    img = img.resize((resized_width, resized_height), Image.LANCZOS)
+    return img
+
+
+def crop_image(img, target_size, center):
+    width, height = img.size
+    size = target_size
+    if center == True:
+        w_start = (width - size) / 2
+        h_start = (height - size) / 2
+    else:
+        w_start = random.randint(0, width - size)
+        h_start = random.randint(0, height - size)
+    w_end = w_start + size
+    h_end = h_start + size
+    img = img.crop((w_start, h_start, w_end, h_end))
+    return img
+
+
+def random_crop(img, size, scale=[0.08, 1.0], ratio=[3. / 4., 4. / 3.]):
+    aspect_ratio = math.sqrt(random.uniform(*ratio))
+    w = 1. * aspect_ratio
+    h = 1. / aspect_ratio
+
+    bound = min((float(img.size[0]) / img.size[1]) / (w**2),
+                (float(img.size[1]) / img.size[0]) / (h**2))
+    scale_max = min(scale[1], bound)
+    scale_min = min(scale[0], bound)
+
+    target_area = img.size[0] * img.size[1] * random.uniform(scale_min,
+                                                             scale_max)
+    target_size = math.sqrt(target_area)
+    w = int(target_size * w)
+    h = int(target_size * h)
+
+    i = random.randint(0, img.size[0] - w)
+    j = random.randint(0, img.size[1] - h)
+
+    img = img.crop((i, j, i + w, j + h))
+    img = img.resize((size, size), Image.LANCZOS)
+    return img
+
+
+def rotate_image(img):
+    angle = random.randint(-10, 10)
+    img = img.rotate(angle)
+    return img
+
+
+def distort_color(img):
+    def random_brightness(img, lower=0.5, upper=1.5):
+        e = random.uniform(lower, upper)
+        return ImageEnhance.Brightness(img).enhance(e)
+
+    def random_contrast(img, lower=0.5, upper=1.5):
+        e = random.uniform(lower, upper)
+        return ImageEnhance.Contrast(img).enhance(e)
+
+    def random_color(img, lower=0.5, upper=1.5):
+        e = random.uniform(lower, upper)
+        return ImageEnhance.Color(img).enhance(e)
+
+    ops = [random_brightness, random_contrast, random_color]
+    random.shuffle(ops)
+
+    img = ops[0](img)
+    img = ops[1](img)
+    img = ops[2](img)
+
+    return img
+
+
+def process_image(sample, mode, color_jitter, rotate):
+    img_path = sample[0]
+
+    img = Image.open(img_path)
+    if mode == 'train':
+        if rotate: img = rotate_image(img)
+        img = random_crop(img, DATA_DIM)
+    else:
+        img = resize_short(img, target_size=256)
+        img = crop_image(img, target_size=DATA_DIM, center=True)
+    if mode == 'train':
+        if color_jitter:
+            img = distort_color(img)
+        if random.randint(0, 1) == 1:
+            img = img.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT)
+
+    if img.mode != 'RGB':
+        img = img.convert('RGB')
+
+    img = np.array(img).astype('float32').transpose((2, 0, 1)) / 255
+    img -= img_mean
+    img /= img_std
+
+    if mode == 'train' or mode == 'val':
+        return img, sample[1]
+    elif mode == 'test':
+        return [img]
+
+
+class XmapEndSignal():
+    pass
+
+
+def xmap_readers(mapper,
+                 reader,
+                 process_num,
+                 buffer_size,
+                 order=False,
+                 print_queue_state=True):
+    end = XmapEndSignal()
+
+    # define a worker to read samples from reader to in_queue
+    def read_worker(reader, in_queue):
+        for i in reader():
+            in_queue.put(i)
+        in_queue.put(end)
+
+    # define a worker to read samples from reader to in_queue with order flag
+    def order_read_worker(reader, in_queue, file_queue):
+        in_order = 0
+        for i in reader():
+            in_queue.put((in_order, i))
+            in_order += 1
+        in_queue.put(end)
+
+    # define a worker to handle samples from in_queue by mapper
+    # and put mapped samples into out_queue
+    def handle_worker(in_queue, out_queue, mapper):
+        sample = in_queue.get()
+        while not isinstance(sample, XmapEndSignal):
+            r = mapper(sample)
+            out_queue.put(r)
+            sample = in_queue.get()
+        in_queue.put(end)
+        out_queue.put(end)
+
+    # define a worker to handle samples from in_queue by mapper
+    # and put mapped samples into out_queue by order
+    def order_handle_worker(in_queue, out_queue, mapper, out_order):
+        ins = in_queue.get()
+        while not isinstance(ins, XmapEndSignal):
+            order, sample = ins
+            r = mapper(sample)
+            while order != out_order[0]:
+                pass
+            out_queue.put(r)
+            out_order[0] += 1
+            ins = in_queue.get()
+        in_queue.put(end)
+        out_queue.put(end)
+
+    def xreader():
+        file_queue = Queue()
+        in_queue = Queue(buffer_size)
+        out_queue = Queue(buffer_size)
+        out_order = [0]
+        # start a read worker in a thread
+        target = order_read_worker if order else read_worker
+        t = Thread(target=target, args=(reader, in_queue))
+        t.daemon = True
+        t.start()
+        # start several handle_workers
+        target = order_handle_worker if order else handle_worker
+        args = (in_queue, out_queue, mapper, out_order) if order else (
+            in_queue, out_queue, mapper)
+        workers = []
+        for i in xrange(process_num):
+            worker = Thread(target=target, args=args)
+            worker.daemon = True
+            workers.append(worker)
+        for w in workers:
+            w.start()
+
+        sample = out_queue.get()
+        start_t = time.time()
+        while not isinstance(sample, XmapEndSignal):
+            yield sample
+            sample = out_queue.get()
+            if time.time() - start_t > 3:
+                if print_queue_state:
+                    print("queue sizes: ", in_queue.qsize(), out_queue.qsize())
+                start_t = time.time()
+        finish = 1
+        while finish < process_num:
+            sample = out_queue.get()
+            if isinstance(sample, XmapEndSignal):
+                finish += 1
+            else:
+                yield sample
+
+    return xreader
+
+
+def _reader_creator(file_list,
+                    mode,
+                    shuffle=False,
+                    color_jitter=False,
+                    rotate=False,
+                    xmap=True):
+    def reader():
+        with open(file_list) as flist:
+            full_lines = [line.strip() for line in flist]
+            if shuffle:
+                random.shuffle(full_lines)
+            if mode == 'train':
+                trainer_id = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINER_ID"))
+                trainer_count = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINERS"))
+                per_node_lines = len(full_lines) / trainer_count
+                lines = full_lines[trainer_id * per_node_lines:(trainer_id + 1)
+                                   * per_node_lines]
+                print(
+                    "read images from %d, length: %d, lines length: %d, total: %d"
+                    % (trainer_id * per_node_lines, per_node_lines, len(lines),
+                       len(full_lines)))
+            else:
+                lines = full_lines
+
+            for line in lines:
+                if mode == 'train':
+                    img_path, label = line.split()
+                    img_path = img_path.replace("JPEG", "jpeg")
+                    img_path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "train", img_path)
+                    yield (img_path, int(label))
+                elif mode == 'val':
+                    img_path, label = line.split()
+                    img_path = img_path.replace("JPEG", "jpeg")
+                    img_path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "val", img_path)
+                    yield (img_path, int(label))
+                elif mode == 'test':
+                    img_path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, line)
+                    yield [img_path]
+
+    mapper = functools.partial(
+        process_image, mode=mode, color_jitter=color_jitter, rotate=rotate)
+
+    return paddle.reader.xmap_readers(mapper, reader, THREAD, BUF_SIZE)
+
+
+def load_raw_image_uint8(sample):
+    img_arr = np.array(Image.open(sample[0])).astype('int64')
+    return img_arr, int(sample[1])
+
+
+def train_raw(file_list=TRAIN_LIST, shuffle=True):
+    def reader():
+        with open(file_list) as flist:
+            full_lines = [line.strip() for line in flist]
+            if shuffle:
+                random.shuffle(full_lines)
+
+            trainer_id = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINER_ID"))
+            trainer_count = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINERS"))
+            per_node_lines = len(full_lines) / trainer_count
+            lines = full_lines[trainer_id * per_node_lines:(trainer_id + 1) *
+                               per_node_lines]
+            print("read images from %d, length: %d, lines length: %d, total: %d"
+                  % (trainer_id * per_node_lines, per_node_lines, len(lines),
+                     len(full_lines)))
+
+            for line in lines:
+                img_path, label = line.split()
+                img_path = img_path.replace("JPEG", "jpeg")
+                img_path = os.path.join(DATA_DIR, "train", img_path)
+                yield (img_path, int(label))
+
+    return paddle.reader.xmap_readers(load_raw_image_uint8, reader, THREAD,
+                                      BUF_SIZE)
+
+
+def train(file_list=TRAIN_LIST, xmap=True):
+    return _reader_creator(
+        file_list,
+        'train',
+        shuffle=True,
+        color_jitter=False,
+        rotate=False,
+        xmap=xmap)
+
+
+def val(file_list=TEST_LIST, xmap=True):
+    return _reader_creator(file_list, 'val', shuffle=False, xmap=xmap)
+
+
+def test(file_list=TEST_LIST):
+    return _reader_creator(file_list, 'test', shuffle=False)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    c = 0
+    start_t = time.time()
+    for d in train()():
+        c += 1
+        if c >= 10000:
+            break
+    spent = time.time() - start_t
+    print("read 10000 speed: ", 10000 / spent, spent)

benchmark/fluid/kube_gen_job.py

@@ -163,6 +163,19 @@ def gen_job():
         volumes.append({"name": "dshm", "emptyDir": {"medium": "Memory"}})
         volumeMounts.append({"mountPath": "/dev/shm", "name": "dshm"})
 
+    # add ceph volumes
+    volumes.append({
+        "name": "ceph-data",
+        "cephfs": {
+            "monitors": ["192.168.16.23:6789"],
+            "secretRef": {
+                "name": "ceph-secret"
+            },
+            "user": "admin",
+        }
+    })
+    volumeMounts.append({"mountPath": "/mnt/data", "name": "ceph-data"})
+
     tn["spec"]["template"]["spec"]["volumes"] = volumes
     tn_container["volumeMounts"] = volumeMounts
 

benchmark/fluid/models/__init__.py

@@ -13,5 +13,6 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 
 __all__ = [
-    "machine_translation", "resnet", "vgg", "mnist", "stacked_dynamic_lstm"
+    "machine_translation", "resnet", "vgg", "mnist", "stacked_dynamic_lstm",
+    "resnet_with_preprocess"
 ]

benchmark/fluid/models/machine_translation.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 """seq2seq model for fluid."""
+
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from __future__ import division
 from __future__ import print_function
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ def lodtensor_to_ndarray(lod_tensor):
     return ndarray
 
 
-def get_model(args):
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
     if args.use_reader_op:
         raise Exception("machine_translation do not support reader op for now.")
     embedding_dim = 512
@@ -190,6 +191,9 @@ def get_model(args):
     dict_size = 30000
     beam_size = 3
     max_length = 250
+
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
             avg_cost, feeding_list = seq_to_seq_net(
                 embedding_dim,
                 encoder_size,
@@ -199,21 +203,15 @@ def get_model(args):
                 False,
                 beam_size=beam_size,
                 max_length=max_length)
-
-    # clone from default main program
-    inference_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone()
-
+    if is_train:
         optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=args.learning_rate)
+        optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
-    train_batch_generator = paddle.batch(
+    batch_generator = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            paddle.dataset.wmt14.train(dict_size), buf_size=1000),
+            paddle.dataset.wmt14.train(dict_size)
+            if is_train else paddle.dataset.wmt14.test(dict_size),
+            buf_size=1000),
         batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus)
 
-    test_batch_generator = paddle.batch(
-        paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            paddle.dataset.wmt14.test(dict_size), buf_size=1000),
-        batch_size=args.batch_size)
-
-    return avg_cost, inference_program, optimizer, train_batch_generator, \
-           test_batch_generator, None
+    return avg_cost, optimizer, [], batch_generator, None

benchmark/fluid/models/mnist.py

@@ -65,61 +65,50 @@ def cnn_model(data):
     return predict
 
 
-def get_model(args):
-    if args.use_reader_op:
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
+    # NOTE: mnist is small, we don't implement data sharding yet.
     filelist = [
         os.path.join(args.data_path, f) for f in os.listdir(args.data_path)
     ]
-        data_file = fluid.layers.open_files(
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        if args.use_reader_op:
+            data_file_handle = fluid.layers.open_files(
                 filenames=filelist,
                 shapes=[[-1, 1, 28, 28], (-1, 1)],
                 lod_levels=[0, 0],
                 dtypes=["float32", "int64"],
-            thread_num=args.gpus,
-            pass_num=args.pass_num)
+                thread_num=1,
+                pass_num=1)
             data_file = fluid.layers.double_buffer(
                 fluid.layers.batch(
-                data_file, batch_size=args.batch_size))
-        images, label = fluid.layers.read_file(data_file)
+                    data_file_handle, batch_size=args.batch_size))
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+            if args.use_reader_op:
+                input, label = fluid.layers.read_file(data_file)
             else:
-        images = fluid.layers.data(name='pixel', shape=[1, 28, 28], dtype=DTYPE)
-        label = fluid.layers.data(name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
-
-    if args.device == 'CPU' and args.cpus > 1:
-        places = fluid.layers.get_places(args.cpus)
-        pd = fluid.layers.ParallelDo(places)
-        with pd.do():
-            predict = cnn_model(pd.read_input(images))
-            label = pd.read_input(label)
-            cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
-            avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
-            batch_acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
+                images = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='pixel', shape=[1, 28, 28], dtype='float32')
+                label = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
 
-            pd.write_output(avg_cost)
-            pd.write_output(batch_acc)
-
-        avg_cost, batch_acc = pd()
-        avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(avg_cost)
-        batch_acc = fluid.layers.mean(batch_acc)
-    else:
-        # Train program
             predict = cnn_model(images)
             cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
             avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
-
             # Evaluator
             batch_acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
-
-    # inference program
-    inference_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone()
-
             # Optimization
+            if is_train:
                 opt = fluid.optimizer.AdamOptimizer(
                     learning_rate=0.001, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.999)
+                opt.minimize()
+                if args.memory_optimize:
+                    fluid.memory_optimize(main_prog)
 
     # Reader
-    train_reader = paddle.batch(
-        paddle.dataset.mnist.train(), batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus)
-    test_reader = paddle.batch(
-        paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=args.batch_size)
-    return avg_cost, inference_program, opt, train_reader, test_reader, batch_acc
+    if is_train:
+        reader = paddle.dataset.mnist.train()
+    else:
+        reader = paddle.dataset.mnist.test()
+    batched_reader = paddle.batch(
+        reader, batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus)
+    return avg_cost, opt, [batch_acc], batched_reader, data_file_handle

benchmark/fluid/models/resnet.py

@@ -27,10 +27,17 @@ import paddle
 import paddle.fluid as fluid
 import paddle.fluid.core as core
 import paddle.fluid.profiler as profiler
-from recordio_converter import imagenet_train, imagenet_test
+# from recordio_converter import imagenet_train, imagenet_test
+from imagenet_reader import train, val
 
 
-def conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, filter_size, stride, padding, act='relu'):
+def conv_bn_layer(input,
+                  ch_out,
+                  filter_size,
+                  stride,
+                  padding,
+                  act='relu',
+                  is_train=True):
     conv1 = fluid.layers.conv2d(
         input=input,
         filter_size=filter_size,
@@ -39,29 +46,31 @@ def conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, filter_size, stride, padding, act='relu'):
         padding=padding,
         act=None,
         bias_attr=False)
-    return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=conv1, act=act)
+    return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=conv1, act=act, is_test=not is_train)
 
 
-def shortcut(input, ch_out, stride):
+def shortcut(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=True):
     ch_in = input.shape[1]  # if args.data_format == 'NCHW' else input.shape[-1]
     if ch_in != ch_out:
-        return conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, None)
+        return conv_bn_layer(
+            input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, None, is_train=is_train)
     else:
         return input
 
 
-def basicblock(input, ch_out, stride):
-    short = shortcut(input, ch_out, stride)
-    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 3, stride, 1)
-    conv2 = conv_bn_layer(conv1, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, act=None)
+def basicblock(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=True):
+    short = shortcut(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=is_train)
+    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 3, stride, 1, is_train=is_train)
+    conv2 = conv_bn_layer(conv1, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, act=None, is_train=is_train)
     return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=short, y=conv2, act='relu')
 
 
-def bottleneck(input, ch_out, stride):
-    short = shortcut(input, ch_out * 4, stride)
-    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0)
-    conv2 = conv_bn_layer(conv1, ch_out, 3, 1, 1)
-    conv3 = conv_bn_layer(conv2, ch_out * 4, 1, 1, 0, act=None)
+def bottleneck(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=True):
+    short = shortcut(input, ch_out * 4, stride, is_train=is_train)
+    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, is_train=is_train)
+    conv2 = conv_bn_layer(conv1, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, is_train=is_train)
+    conv3 = conv_bn_layer(
+        conv2, ch_out * 4, 1, 1, 0, act=None, is_train=is_train)
     return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=short, y=conv3, act='relu')
 
 
@@ -72,7 +81,11 @@ def layer_warp(block_func, input, ch_out, count, stride):
     return res_out
 
 
-def resnet_imagenet(input, class_dim, depth=50, data_format='NCHW'):
+def resnet_imagenet(input,
+                    class_dim,
+                    depth=50,
+                    data_format='NCHW',
+                    is_train=True):
 
     cfg = {
         18: ([2, 2, 2, 1], basicblock),
@@ -115,8 +128,9 @@ def resnet_cifar10(input, class_dim, depth=32, data_format='NCHW'):
     return out
 
 
-def get_model(args):
+def _model_reader_dshape_classdim(args, is_train):
     model = resnet_cifar10
+    reader = None
     if args.data_set == "cifar10":
         class_dim = 10
         if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
@@ -124,8 +138,10 @@ def get_model(args):
         else:
             dshape = [32, 32, 3]
         model = resnet_cifar10
-        train_reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.train10()
-        test_reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.test10()
+        if is_train:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.train10()
+        else:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.test10()
     elif args.data_set == "flowers":
         class_dim = 102
         if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
@@ -133,8 +149,10 @@ def get_model(args):
         else:
             dshape = [224, 224, 3]
         model = resnet_imagenet
-        train_reader = paddle.dataset.flowers.train()
-        test_reader = paddle.dataset.flowers.test()
+        if is_train:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.flowers.train()
+        else:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.flowers.test()
     elif args.data_set == "imagenet":
         class_dim = 1000
         if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
@@ -145,64 +163,89 @@ def get_model(args):
         if not args.data_path:
             raise Exception(
                 "Must specify --data_path when training with imagenet")
-        train_reader = imagenet_train(args.data_path)
-        test_reader = imagenet_test(args.data_path)
-
-    if args.use_reader_op:
-        filelist = [
-            os.path.join(args.data_path, f) for f in os.listdir(args.data_path)
-        ]
-        data_file = fluid.layers.open_files(
-            filenames=filelist,
-            shapes=[[-1] + dshape, (-1, 1)],
-            lod_levels=[0, 0],
-            dtypes=["float32", "int64"],
-            thread_num=args.gpus,
-            pass_num=args.pass_num)
-        data_file = fluid.layers.double_buffer(
-            fluid.layers.batch(
-                data_file, batch_size=args.batch_size))
-        input, label = fluid.layers.read_file(data_file)
+        if not args.use_reader_op:
+            if is_train:
+                reader = train()
             else:
-        input = fluid.layers.data(name='data', shape=dshape, dtype='float32')
-        label = fluid.layers.data(name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
-
-    if args.device == 'CPU' and args.cpus > 1:
-        places = fluid.layers.get_places(args.cpus)
-        pd = fluid.layers.ParallelDo(places)
-        with pd.do():
-            predict = model(pd.read_input(input), class_dim)
-            label = pd.read_input(label)
-            cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
-            avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
-            batch_acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
+                reader = val()
+        else:
+            if is_train:
+                reader = train(xmap=False)
+            else:
+                reader = val(xmap=False)
+    return model, reader, dshape, class_dim
 
-            pd.write_output(avg_cost)
-            pd.write_output(batch_acc)
 
-        avg_cost, batch_acc = pd()
-        avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(avg_cost)
-        batch_acc = fluid.layers.mean(batch_acc)
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
+    model, reader, dshape, class_dim = _model_reader_dshape_classdim(args,
+                                                                     is_train)
+
+    pyreader = None
+    trainer_count = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINERS"))
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+            if args.use_reader_op:
+                pyreader = fluid.layers.py_reader(
+                    capacity=args.batch_size * args.gpus,
+                    shapes=([-1] + dshape, (-1, 1)),
+                    dtypes=('float32', 'int64'),
+                    name="train_reader" if is_train else "test_reader",
+                    use_double_buffer=True)
+                input, label = fluid.layers.read_file(pyreader)
             else:
-        predict = model(input, class_dim)
+                input = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='data', shape=dshape, dtype='float32')
+                label = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
+
+            predict = model(input, class_dim, is_train=is_train)
             cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
             avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
-        batch_acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label)
-
-    inference_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone()
-    with fluid.program_guard(inference_program):
-        inference_program = fluid.io.get_inference_program(
-            target_vars=[batch_acc])
 
-    optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum(learning_rate=0.01, momentum=0.9)
+            batch_acc1 = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label, k=1)
+            batch_acc5 = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label, k=5)
 
-    batched_train_reader = paddle.batch(
-        train_reader if args.no_random else paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            train_reader, buf_size=5120),
+            # configure optimize
+            optimizer = None
+            if is_train:
+                if args.use_lars:
+                    lars_decay = 1.0
+                else:
+                    lars_decay = 0.0
+
+                total_images = 1281167 / trainer_count
+
+                step = int(total_images / args.batch_size + 1)
+                epochs = [30, 60, 80, 90]
+                bd = [step * e for e in epochs]
+                base_lr = args.learning_rate
+                lr = []
+                lr = [base_lr * (0.1**i) for i in range(len(bd) + 1)]
+                optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum(
+                    learning_rate=base_lr,
+                    #learning_rate=fluid.layers.piecewise_decay(
+                    #    boundaries=bd, values=lr),
+                    momentum=0.9,
+                    regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(1e-4))
+                optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+
+                if args.memory_optimize:
+                    fluid.memory_optimize(main_prog)
+
+    # config readers
+    if not args.use_reader_op:
+        batched_reader = paddle.batch(
+            reader if args.no_random else paddle.reader.shuffle(
+                reader, buf_size=5120),
             batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus,
             drop_last=True)
-    batched_test_reader = paddle.batch(
-        test_reader, batch_size=args.batch_size, drop_last=True)
-
-    return avg_cost, inference_program, optimizer, batched_train_reader,\
-                   batched_test_reader, batch_acc
+    else:
+        batched_reader = None
+        pyreader.decorate_paddle_reader(
+            paddle.batch(
+                reader if args.no_random else paddle.reader.shuffle(
+                    reader, buf_size=5120),
+                batch_size=args.batch_size))
+
+    return avg_cost, optimizer, [batch_acc1,
+                                 batch_acc5], batched_reader, pyreader

benchmark/fluid/models/resnet_with_preprocess.py

+#   Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import functools
+import numpy as np
+import time
+import os
+
+import cProfile, pstats, StringIO
+
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import paddle.fluid.core as core
+import paddle.fluid.profiler as profiler
+# from recordio_converter import imagenet_train, imagenet_test
+from imagenet_reader import train_raw, val
+
+
+def conv_bn_layer(input,
+                  ch_out,
+                  filter_size,
+                  stride,
+                  padding,
+                  act='relu',
+                  is_train=True):
+    conv1 = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+        input=input,
+        filter_size=filter_size,
+        num_filters=ch_out,
+        stride=stride,
+        padding=padding,
+        act=None,
+        bias_attr=False)
+    return fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=conv1, act=act, is_test=not is_train)
+
+
+def shortcut(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=True):
+    ch_in = input.shape[1]  # if args.data_format == 'NCHW' else input.shape[-1]
+    if ch_in != ch_out:
+        return conv_bn_layer(
+            input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, None, is_train=is_train)
+    else:
+        return input
+
+
+def basicblock(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=True):
+    short = shortcut(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=is_train)
+    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 3, stride, 1, is_train=is_train)
+    conv2 = conv_bn_layer(conv1, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, act=None, is_train=is_train)
+    return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=short, y=conv2, act='relu')
+
+
+def bottleneck(input, ch_out, stride, is_train=True):
+    short = shortcut(input, ch_out * 4, stride, is_train=is_train)
+    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, 1, stride, 0, is_train=is_train)
+    conv2 = conv_bn_layer(conv1, ch_out, 3, 1, 1, is_train=is_train)
+    conv3 = conv_bn_layer(
+        conv2, ch_out * 4, 1, 1, 0, act=None, is_train=is_train)
+    return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=short, y=conv3, act='relu')
+
+
+def layer_warp(block_func, input, ch_out, count, stride):
+    res_out = block_func(input, ch_out, stride)
+    for i in range(1, count):
+        res_out = block_func(res_out, ch_out, 1)
+    return res_out
+
+
+def resnet_imagenet(input,
+                    class_dim,
+                    depth=50,
+                    data_format='NCHW',
+                    is_train=True):
+
+    cfg = {
+        18: ([2, 2, 2, 1], basicblock),
+        34: ([3, 4, 6, 3], basicblock),
+        50: ([3, 4, 6, 3], bottleneck),
+        101: ([3, 4, 23, 3], bottleneck),
+        152: ([3, 8, 36, 3], bottleneck)
+    }
+    stages, block_func = cfg[depth]
+    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out=64, filter_size=7, stride=2, padding=3)
+    pool1 = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+        input=conv1, pool_type='avg', pool_size=3, pool_stride=2)
+    res1 = layer_warp(block_func, pool1, 64, stages[0], 1)
+    res2 = layer_warp(block_func, res1, 128, stages[1], 2)
+    res3 = layer_warp(block_func, res2, 256, stages[2], 2)
+    res4 = layer_warp(block_func, res3, 512, stages[3], 2)
+    pool2 = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+        input=res4,
+        pool_size=7,
+        pool_type='avg',
+        pool_stride=1,
+        global_pooling=True)
+    out = fluid.layers.fc(input=pool2, size=class_dim, act='softmax')
+    return out
+
+
+def resnet_cifar10(input, class_dim, depth=32, data_format='NCHW'):
+    assert (depth - 2) % 6 == 0
+
+    n = (depth - 2) // 6
+
+    conv1 = conv_bn_layer(
+        input=input, ch_out=16, filter_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
+    res1 = layer_warp(basicblock, conv1, 16, n, 1)
+    res2 = layer_warp(basicblock, res1, 32, n, 2)
+    res3 = layer_warp(basicblock, res2, 64, n, 2)
+    pool = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+        input=res3, pool_size=8, pool_type='avg', pool_stride=1)
+    out = fluid.layers.fc(input=pool, size=class_dim, act='softmax')
+    return out
+
+
+def _model_reader_dshape_classdim(args, is_train):
+    model = resnet_cifar10
+    reader = None
+    if args.data_set == "cifar10":
+        class_dim = 10
+        if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
+            dshape = [3, 32, 32]
+        else:
+            dshape = [32, 32, 3]
+        model = resnet_cifar10
+        if is_train:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.train10()
+        else:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.test10()
+    elif args.data_set == "flowers":
+        class_dim = 102
+        if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
+            dshape = [3, 224, 224]
+        else:
+            dshape = [224, 224, 3]
+        model = resnet_imagenet
+        if is_train:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.flowers.train()
+        else:
+            reader = paddle.dataset.flowers.test()
+    elif args.data_set == "imagenet":
+        class_dim = 1000
+        if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
+            dshape = [3, 224, 224]
+        else:
+            dshape = [224, 224, 3]
+        model = resnet_imagenet
+        if not args.data_path:
+            raise Exception(
+                "Must specify --data_path when training with imagenet")
+        if not args.use_reader_op:
+            if is_train:
+                reader = train_raw()
+            else:
+                reader = val()
+        else:
+            if is_train:
+                reader = train_raw()
+            else:
+                reader = val(xmap=False)
+    return model, reader, dshape, class_dim
+
+
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
+    model, reader, dshape, class_dim = _model_reader_dshape_classdim(args,
+                                                                     is_train)
+
+    pyreader = None
+    trainer_count = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINERS"))
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+            if args.use_reader_op:
+                pyreader = fluid.layers.py_reader(
+                    capacity=args.batch_size * args.gpus,
+                    shapes=([-1] + dshape, (-1, 1)),
+                    dtypes=('uint8', 'int64'),
+                    name="train_reader" if is_train else "test_reader",
+                    use_double_buffer=True)
+                input, label = fluid.layers.read_file(pyreader)
+            else:
+                input = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='data', shape=dshape, dtype='uint8')
+                label = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
+
+            # add imagenet preprocessors
+            random_crop = fluid.layers.random_crop(input, dshape)
+            casted = fluid.layers.cast(random_crop, 'float32')
+            # input is HWC
+            trans = fluid.layers.transpose(casted, [0, 3, 1, 2]) / 255.0
+            img_mean = fluid.layers.tensor.assign(
+                np.array([0.485, 0.456, 0.406]).astype('float32').reshape((3, 1,
+                                                                           1)))
+            img_std = fluid.layers.tensor.assign(
+                np.array([0.229, 0.224, 0.225]).astype('float32').reshape((3, 1,
+                                                                           1)))
+            h1 = fluid.layers.elementwise_sub(trans, img_mean, axis=1)
+            h2 = fluid.layers.elementwise_div(h1, img_std, axis=1)
+
+            # pre_out = (trans - img_mean) / img_std
+
+            predict = model(h2, class_dim, is_train=is_train)
+            cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
+            avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
+
+            batch_acc1 = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label, k=1)
+            batch_acc5 = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=predict, label=label, k=5)
+
+            # configure optimize
+            optimizer = None
+            if is_train:
+                if args.use_lars:
+                    lars_decay = 1.0
+                else:
+                    lars_decay = 0.0
+
+                total_images = 1281167 / trainer_count
+
+                step = int(total_images / args.batch_size + 1)
+                epochs = [30, 60, 80, 90]
+                bd = [step * e for e in epochs]
+                base_lr = args.learning_rate
+                lr = []
+                lr = [base_lr * (0.1**i) for i in range(len(bd) + 1)]
+                optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum(
+                    learning_rate=base_lr,
+                    #learning_rate=fluid.layers.piecewise_decay(
+                    #    boundaries=bd, values=lr),
+                    momentum=0.9,
+                    regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(1e-4))
+                optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+
+                if args.memory_optimize:
+                    fluid.memory_optimize(main_prog)
+
+    # config readers
+    if not args.use_reader_op:
+        batched_reader = paddle.batch(
+            reader if args.no_random else paddle.reader.shuffle(
+                reader, buf_size=5120),
+            batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus,
+            drop_last=True)
+    else:
+        batched_reader = None
+        pyreader.decorate_paddle_reader(
+            paddle.batch(
+                # reader if args.no_random else paddle.reader.shuffle(
+                #     reader, buf_size=5120),
+                reader,
+                batch_size=args.batch_size))
+
+    return avg_cost, optimizer, [batch_acc1,
+                                 batch_acc5], batched_reader, pyreader

benchmark/fluid/models/se_resnext.py

+# Copyright (c) 2018 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import paddle
+import paddle.fluid as fluid
+import math
+import os
+from imagenet_reader import train, val
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SE_ResNeXt", "SE_ResNeXt50_32x4d", "SE_ResNeXt101_32x4d",
+    "SE_ResNeXt152_32x4d", "get_model"
+]
+
+train_parameters = {
+    "input_size": [3, 224, 224],
+    "input_mean": [0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
+    "input_std": [0.229, 0.224, 0.225],
+    "learning_strategy": {
+        "name": "piecewise_decay",
+        "batch_size": 256,
+        "epochs": [30, 60, 90],
+        "steps": [0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001]
+    }
+}
+
+
+class SE_ResNeXt():
+    def __init__(self, layers=50, is_train=True):
+        self.params = train_parameters
+        self.layers = layers
+        self.is_train = is_train
+
+    def net(self, input, class_dim=1000):
+        layers = self.layers
+        supported_layers = [50, 101, 152]
+        assert layers in supported_layers, \
+            "supported layers are {} but input layer is {}".format(supported_layers, layers)
+        if layers == 50:
+            cardinality = 32
+            reduction_ratio = 16
+            depth = [3, 4, 6, 3]
+            num_filters = [128, 256, 512, 1024]
+
+            conv = self.conv_bn_layer(
+                input=input,
+                num_filters=64,
+                filter_size=7,
+                stride=2,
+                act='relu')
+            conv = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+                input=conv,
+                pool_size=3,
+                pool_stride=2,
+                pool_padding=1,
+                pool_type='max')
+        elif layers == 101:
+            cardinality = 32
+            reduction_ratio = 16
+            depth = [3, 4, 23, 3]
+            num_filters = [128, 256, 512, 1024]
+
+            conv = self.conv_bn_layer(
+                input=input,
+                num_filters=64,
+                filter_size=7,
+                stride=2,
+                act='relu')
+            conv = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+                input=conv,
+                pool_size=3,
+                pool_stride=2,
+                pool_padding=1,
+                pool_type='max')
+        elif layers == 152:
+            cardinality = 64
+            reduction_ratio = 16
+            depth = [3, 8, 36, 3]
+            num_filters = [128, 256, 512, 1024]
+
+            conv = self.conv_bn_layer(
+                input=input,
+                num_filters=64,
+                filter_size=3,
+                stride=2,
+                act='relu')
+            conv = self.conv_bn_layer(
+                input=conv, num_filters=64, filter_size=3, stride=1, act='relu')
+            conv = self.conv_bn_layer(
+                input=conv,
+                num_filters=128,
+                filter_size=3,
+                stride=1,
+                act='relu')
+            conv = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+                input=conv, pool_size=3, pool_stride=2, pool_padding=1, \
+                pool_type='max')
+
+        for block in range(len(depth)):
+            for i in range(depth[block]):
+                conv = self.bottleneck_block(
+                    input=conv,
+                    num_filters=num_filters[block],
+                    stride=2 if i == 0 and block != 0 else 1,
+                    cardinality=cardinality,
+                    reduction_ratio=reduction_ratio)
+
+        pool = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+            input=conv, pool_size=7, pool_type='avg', global_pooling=True)
+        drop = fluid.layers.dropout(x=pool, dropout_prob=0.5)
+        stdv = 1.0 / math.sqrt(drop.shape[1] * 1.0)
+        out = fluid.layers.fc(input=drop,
+                              size=class_dim,
+                              act='softmax',
+                              param_attr=fluid.param_attr.ParamAttr(
+                                  initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(-stdv,
+                                                                        stdv)))
+        return out
+
+    def shortcut(self, input, ch_out, stride):
+        ch_in = input.shape[1]
+        if ch_in != ch_out or stride != 1:
+            filter_size = 1
+            return self.conv_bn_layer(input, ch_out, filter_size, stride)
+        else:
+            return input
+
+    def bottleneck_block(self, input, num_filters, stride, cardinality,
+                         reduction_ratio):
+        conv0 = self.conv_bn_layer(
+            input=input, num_filters=num_filters, filter_size=1, act='relu')
+        conv1 = self.conv_bn_layer(
+            input=conv0,
+            num_filters=num_filters,
+            filter_size=3,
+            stride=stride,
+            groups=cardinality,
+            act='relu')
+        conv2 = self.conv_bn_layer(
+            input=conv1, num_filters=num_filters * 2, filter_size=1, act=None)
+        scale = self.squeeze_excitation(
+            input=conv2,
+            num_channels=num_filters * 2,
+            reduction_ratio=reduction_ratio)
+
+        short = self.shortcut(input, num_filters * 2, stride)
+
+        return fluid.layers.elementwise_add(x=short, y=scale, act='relu')
+
+    def conv_bn_layer(self,
+                      input,
+                      num_filters,
+                      filter_size,
+                      stride=1,
+                      groups=1,
+                      act=None):
+        conv = fluid.layers.conv2d(
+            input=input,
+            num_filters=num_filters,
+            filter_size=filter_size,
+            stride=stride,
+            padding=(filter_size - 1) / 2,
+            groups=groups,
+            act=None,
+            bias_attr=False)
+        return fluid.layers.batch_norm(
+            input=conv, act=act, is_test=not self.is_train)
+
+    def squeeze_excitation(self, input, num_channels, reduction_ratio):
+        pool = fluid.layers.pool2d(
+            input=input, pool_size=0, pool_type='avg', global_pooling=True)
+        stdv = 1.0 / math.sqrt(pool.shape[1] * 1.0)
+        squeeze = fluid.layers.fc(input=pool,
+                                  size=num_channels / reduction_ratio,
+                                  act='relu',
+                                  param_attr=fluid.param_attr.ParamAttr(
+                                      initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                                          -stdv, stdv)))
+        stdv = 1.0 / math.sqrt(squeeze.shape[1] * 1.0)
+        excitation = fluid.layers.fc(input=squeeze,
+                                     size=num_channels,
+                                     act='sigmoid',
+                                     param_attr=fluid.param_attr.ParamAttr(
+                                         initializer=fluid.initializer.Uniform(
+                                             -stdv, stdv)))
+        scale = fluid.layers.elementwise_mul(x=input, y=excitation, axis=0)
+        return scale
+
+
+def SE_ResNeXt50_32x4d():
+    model = SE_ResNeXt(layers=50)
+    return model
+
+
+def SE_ResNeXt101_32x4d():
+    model = SE_ResNeXt(layers=101)
+    return model
+
+
+def SE_ResNeXt152_32x4d():
+    model = SE_ResNeXt(layers=152)
+    return model
+
+
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
+    model = SE_ResNeXt(layers=50)
+    batched_reader = None
+    pyreader = None
+    trainer_count = int(os.getenv("PADDLE_TRAINERS"))
+    dshape = train_parameters["input_size"]
+
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+            if args.use_reader_op:
+                pyreader = fluid.layers.py_reader(
+                    capacity=10,
+                    shapes=([-1] + dshape, (-1, 1)),
+                    dtypes=('float32', 'int64'),
+                    name="train_reader" if is_train else "test_reader",
+                    use_double_buffer=True)
+                input, label = fluid.layers.read_file(pyreader)
+            else:
+                input = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='data', shape=dshape, dtype='float32')
+                label = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
+
+            out = model.net(input=input)
+            cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=out, label=label)
+            avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
+            acc_top1 = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=out, label=label, k=1)
+            acc_top5 = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=out, label=label, k=5)
+
+            optimizer = None
+            if is_train:
+                if args.use_lars:
+                    lars_decay = 1.0
+                else:
+                    lars_decay = 0.0
+
+                total_images = 1281167 / trainer_count
+
+                step = int(total_images / args.batch_size + 1)
+                epochs = [40, 80, 100]
+                bd = [step * e for e in epochs]
+                base_lr = args.learning_rate
+                lr = []
+                lr = [base_lr * (0.1**i) for i in range(len(bd) + 1)]
+                optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Momentum(
+                    # learning_rate=base_lr,
+                    learning_rate=fluid.layers.piecewise_decay(
+                        boundaries=bd, values=lr),
+                    momentum=0.9,
+                    regularization=fluid.regularizer.L2Decay(1e-4),
+                    LARS_weight_decay=lars_decay)
+                optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
+
+                if args.memory_optimize:
+                    fluid.memory_optimize(main_prog)
+
+    # config readers
+    if is_train:
+        reader = train()
+    else:
+        reader = val()
+
+    if not args.use_reader_op:
+        batched_reader = paddle.batch(
+            reader, batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus, drop_last=True)
+    else:
+        pyreader.decorate_paddle_reader(
+            paddle.batch(
+                reader, batch_size=args.batch_size))
+
+    return avg_cost, optimizer, [acc_top1, acc_top5], batched_reader, pyreader

benchmark/fluid/models/stacked_dynamic_lstm.py

@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ import numpy
 import paddle
 import paddle.dataset.imdb as imdb
 import paddle.fluid as fluid
-import paddle.batch as batch
 import paddle.fluid.profiler as profiler
 
 word_dict = imdb.word_dict()
@@ -43,19 +42,7 @@ def crop_sentence(reader, crop_size):
     return __impl__
 
 
-def get_model(args):
-    if args.use_reader_op:
-        raise Exception(
-            "stacked_dynamic_lstm do not support reader op for now.")
-    lstm_size = 512
-    emb_dim = 512
-    crop_size = 1500
-
-    data = fluid.layers.data(
-        name="words", shape=[1], lod_level=1, dtype='int64')
-    sentence = fluid.layers.embedding(
-        input=data, size=[len(word_dict), emb_dim])
-
+def lstm_net(sentence, lstm_size):
     sentence = fluid.layers.fc(input=sentence, size=lstm_size, act='tanh')
 
     rnn = fluid.layers.DynamicRNN()
@@ -97,6 +84,24 @@ def get_model(args):
 
     last = fluid.layers.sequence_pool(rnn(), 'last')
     logit = fluid.layers.fc(input=last, size=2, act='softmax')
+    return logit
+
+
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
+    if args.use_reader_op:
+        raise Exception(
+            "stacked_dynamic_lstm do not support reader op for now.")
+    lstm_size = 512
+    emb_dim = 512
+    crop_size = 1500
+
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+            data = fluid.layers.data(
+                name="words", shape=[1], lod_level=1, dtype='int64')
+            sentence = fluid.layers.embedding(
+                input=data, size=[len(word_dict), emb_dim])
+            logit = lstm_net(sentence, lstm_size)
             loss = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(
                 input=logit,
                 label=fluid.layers.data(
@@ -108,20 +113,18 @@ def get_model(args):
             batch_acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(input=logit, label=fluid.layers.data(name='label', \
                         shape=[1], dtype='int64'), total=batch_size_tensor)
 
-    inference_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone()
-    with fluid.program_guard(inference_program):
-        inference_program = fluid.io.get_inference_program(
-            target_vars=[batch_acc, batch_size_tensor])
-
+            if is_train:
                 adam = fluid.optimizer.Adam()
+                adam.minimize(loss)
+
+    if is_train:
+        reader = crop_sentence(imdb.train(word_dict), crop_size)
+    else:
+        reader = crop_sentence(imdb.test(word_dict), crop_size)
 
-    train_reader = batch(
+    batched_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            crop_sentence(imdb.train(word_dict), crop_size), buf_size=25000),
+            reader, buf_size=25000),
         batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus)
-    test_reader = batch(
-        paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            crop_sentence(imdb.test(word_dict), crop_size), buf_size=25000),
-        batch_size=args.batch_size)
 
-    return loss, inference_program, adam, train_reader, test_reader, batch_acc
+    return loss, adam, [batch_acc], batched_reader, None

benchmark/fluid/models/vgg.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ import functools
 import os
 
 
-def vgg16_bn_drop(input):
+def vgg16_bn_drop(input, is_train=True):
     def conv_block(input, num_filter, groups, dropouts):
         return fluid.nets.img_conv_group(
             input=input,
@@ -46,13 +46,13 @@ def vgg16_bn_drop(input):
 
     drop = fluid.layers.dropout(x=conv5, dropout_prob=0.5)
     fc1 = fluid.layers.fc(input=drop, size=512, act=None)
-    bn = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=fc1, act='relu')
+    bn = fluid.layers.batch_norm(input=fc1, act='relu', is_test=not is_train)
     drop2 = fluid.layers.dropout(x=bn, dropout_prob=0.5)
     fc2 = fluid.layers.fc(input=drop2, size=512, act=None)
     return fc2
 
 
-def get_model(args):
+def get_model(args, is_train, main_prog, startup_prog):
     if args.data_set == "cifar10":
         classdim = 10
         if args.data_format == 'NCHW':
@@ -65,29 +65,31 @@ def get_model(args):
             data_shape = [3, 224, 224]
         else:
             data_shape = [224, 224, 3]
-
-    if args.use_reader_op:
     filelist = [
         os.path.join(args.data_path, f) for f in os.listdir(args.data_path)
     ]
-        data_file = fluid.layers.open_files(
+    with fluid.program_guard(main_prog, startup_prog):
+        if args.use_reader_op:
+            data_file_handle = fluid.layers.open_files(
                 filenames=filelist,
                 shapes=[[-1] + data_shape, (-1, 1)],
                 lod_levels=[0, 0],
                 dtypes=["float32", "int64"],
-            thread_num=args.gpus,
-            pass_num=args.pass_num)
+                thread_num=1,
+                pass_num=1)
             data_file = fluid.layers.double_buffer(
                 fluid.layers.batch(
-                data_file, batch_size=args.batch_size))
+                    data_file_handle, batch_size=args.batch_size))
+        with fluid.unique_name.guard():
+            if args.use_reader_op:
                 images, label = fluid.layers.read_file(data_file)
             else:
                 images = fluid.layers.data(
                     name='data', shape=data_shape, dtype='float32')
-        label = fluid.layers.data(name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
-
+                label = fluid.layers.data(
+                    name='label', shape=[1], dtype='int64')
             # Train program
-    net = vgg16_bn_drop(images)
+            net = vgg16_bn_drop(images, is_train=is_train)
             predict = fluid.layers.fc(input=net, size=classdim, act='softmax')
             cost = fluid.layers.cross_entropy(input=predict, label=label)
             avg_cost = fluid.layers.mean(x=cost)
@@ -96,26 +98,23 @@ def get_model(args):
             batch_size_tensor = fluid.layers.create_tensor(dtype='int64')
             batch_acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(
                 input=predict, label=label, total=batch_size_tensor)
-
-    # inference program
-    inference_program = fluid.default_main_program().clone()
-    with fluid.program_guard(inference_program):
-        inference_program = fluid.io.get_inference_program(
-            target_vars=[batch_acc, batch_size_tensor])
-
             # Optimization
-    optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(learning_rate=args.learning_rate)
+            if is_train:
+                optimizer = fluid.optimizer.Adam(
+                    learning_rate=args.learning_rate)
+                optimizer.minimize(avg_cost)
 
     # data reader
-    train_reader = paddle.batch(
+    if is_train:
+        reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.train10() \
+            if args.data_set == 'cifar10' else paddle.dataset.flowers.train()
+    else:
+        reader = paddle.dataset.cifar.test10() \
+            if args.data_set == 'cifar10' else paddle.dataset.flowers.test()
+
+    batched_reader = paddle.batch(
         paddle.reader.shuffle(
-            paddle.dataset.cifar.train10()
-            if args.data_set == 'cifar10' else paddle.dataset.flowers.train(),
-            buf_size=5120),
+            reader, buf_size=5120),
         batch_size=args.batch_size * args.gpus)
-    test_reader = paddle.batch(
-        paddle.dataset.cifar.test10()
-        if args.data_set == 'cifar10' else paddle.dataset.flowers.test(),
-        batch_size=args.batch_size)
 
-    return avg_cost, inference_program, optimizer, train_reader, test_reader, batch_acc
+    return avg_cost, optimizer, [batch_acc], batched_reader, data_file_handle

cmake/cuda.cmake

@@ -169,14 +169,19 @@ set(CUDA_PROPAGATE_HOST_FLAGS OFF)
 
 # Release/Debug flags set by cmake. Such as -O3 -g -DNDEBUG etc.
 # So, don't set these flags here.
+if (NOT WIN32) # windows msvc2015 support c++11 natively. 
+# -std=c++11 -fPIC not recoginize by msvc, -Xcompiler will be added by cmake.
 list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "-std=c++11")
-list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "--use_fast_math")
 list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "-Xcompiler -fPIC")
+endif(NOT WIN32)
+
+list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "--use_fast_math")
 # in cuda9, suppress cuda warning on eigen 
 list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "-w")
 # Set :expt-relaxed-constexpr to suppress Eigen warnings
 list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "--expt-relaxed-constexpr")
 
+if (NOT WIN32)
 if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE  STREQUAL "Debug")
     list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS  ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG})
 elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE  STREQUAL "Release")
@@ -187,6 +192,13 @@ elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE  STREQUAL "MinSizeRel")
     # nvcc 9 does not support -Os. Use Release flags instead
     list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS  ${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE})
 endif()
+else(NOT WIN32)
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
+  list(APPEND CUDA_NVCC_FLAGS "-O3 -DNDEBUG")
+else()
+  message(FATAL "Windows only support Release build now. Please set visual studio build type to Release, x64 build.")
+endif()
+endif(NOT WIN32)
 
 mark_as_advanced(CUDA_BUILD_CUBIN CUDA_BUILD_EMULATION CUDA_VERBOSE_BUILD)
 mark_as_advanced(CUDA_SDK_ROOT_DIR CUDA_SEPARABLE_COMPILATION)

cmake/external/anakin.cmake

@@ -16,16 +16,6 @@ set(ANAKIN_LIBRARY     ${ANAKIN_INSTALL_DIR})
 set(ANAKIN_SHARED_LIB  ${ANAKIN_LIBRARY}/libanakin.so)
 set(ANAKIN_SABER_LIB   ${ANAKIN_LIBRARY}/libanakin_saber_common.so)
 
-# TODO(luotao): ANAKIN_MODLE_URL etc will move to demo ci later.
-set(INFERENCE_URL "http://paddle-inference-dist.bj.bcebos.com")
-set(ANAKIN_MODLE_URL "${INFERENCE_URL}/mobilenet_v2.anakin.bin")
-set(ANAKIN_RNN_MODLE_URL "${INFERENCE_URL}/anakin_test%2Fditu_rnn.anakin2.model.bin")
-set(ANAKIN_RNN_DATA_URL "${INFERENCE_URL}/anakin_test%2Fditu_rnn_data.txt")
-execute_process(COMMAND bash -c "mkdir -p ${ANAKIN_SOURCE_DIR}")
-execute_process(COMMAND bash -c "cd ${ANAKIN_SOURCE_DIR}; wget -q --no-check-certificate ${ANAKIN_MODLE_URL} -N")
-execute_process(COMMAND bash -c "cd ${ANAKIN_SOURCE_DIR}; wget -q --no-check-certificate ${ANAKIN_RNN_MODLE_URL} -N")
-execute_process(COMMAND bash -c "cd ${ANAKIN_SOURCE_DIR}; wget -q --no-check-certificate ${ANAKIN_RNN_DATA_URL} -N")
-
 include_directories(${ANAKIN_INCLUDE})
 include_directories(${ANAKIN_INCLUDE}/saber/)
 include_directories(${ANAKIN_INCLUDE}/saber/core/)
@@ -48,21 +38,24 @@ set(ANAKIN_COMPILE_EXTRA_FLAGS
     -Wno-reorder
     -Wno-error=cpp)
 
+if(WITH_GPU)
+    set(CMAKE_ARGS_PREFIX -DUSE_GPU_PLACE=YES -DCUDNN_ROOT=${CUDNN_ROOT} -DCUDNN_INCLUDE_DIR=${CUDNN_INCLUDE_DIR})
+else()
+    set(CMAKE_ARGS_PREFIX -DUSE_GPU_PLACE=NO)
+endif()
 ExternalProject_Add(
     extern_anakin
     ${EXTERNAL_PROJECT_LOG_ARGS}
     DEPENDS             ${MKLML_PROJECT}
     GIT_REPOSITORY      "https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Anakin"
-    GIT_TAG             "9424277cf9ae180a14aff09560d3cd60a49c76d2"
+    GIT_TAG             "3c8554f4978628183566ab7dd6c1e7e66493c7cd"
     PREFIX              ${ANAKIN_SOURCE_DIR}
     UPDATE_COMMAND      ""
-    CMAKE_ARGS          -DUSE_GPU_PLACE=YES
+    CMAKE_ARGS          ${CMAKE_ARGS_PREFIX}
                         -DUSE_X86_PLACE=YES
                         -DBUILD_WITH_UNIT_TEST=NO
                         -DPROTOBUF_ROOT=${THIRD_PARTY_PATH}/install/protobuf
                         -DMKLML_ROOT=${THIRD_PARTY_PATH}/install/mklml
-                        -DCUDNN_ROOT=${CUDNN_ROOT}
-                        -DCUDNN_INCLUDE_DIR=${CUDNN_INCLUDE_DIR}
                         -DENABLE_OP_TIMER=${ANAKIN_ENABLE_OP_TIMER}
                         ${EXTERNAL_OPTIONAL_ARGS}
     CMAKE_CACHE_ARGS    -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=${ANAKIN_INSTALL_DIR}

cmake/external/grpc.cmake

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ ExternalProject_Add(
     # 3. keep only zlib, cares, protobuf, boringssl under "third_party",
     #    checkout and clean other dirs under third_party
     # 4. remove .git, and package the directory.
-    URL "http://paddlepaddledeps.bj.bcebos.com/grpc-v1.10.x.tar.gz"
+    URL "http://paddlepaddledeps.cdn.bcebos.com/grpc-v1.10.x.tar.gz"
     URL_MD5  "1f268a2aff6759839dccd256adcc91cf"
     PREFIX          ${GRPC_SOURCES_DIR}
     UPDATE_COMMAND  ""

cmake/inference_lib.cmake

@@ -128,16 +128,13 @@ set(src_dir "${PADDLE_SOURCE_DIR}/paddle/fluid")
 set(dst_dir "${FLUID_INSTALL_DIR}/paddle/fluid")
 set(module "framework")
 if (NOT WIN32)
-copy(framework_lib DEPS framework_py_proto 
-  SRCS ${src_dir}/${module}/*.h ${src_dir}/${module}/details/*.h ${PADDLE_BINARY_DIR}/paddle/fluid/framework/framework.pb.h
-  DSTS ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module}/details ${dst_dir}/${module}
-)
-else()
-copy(framework_lib
+set(framework_lib_deps framework_py_proto)
+endif(NOT WIN32)
+copy(framework_lib DEPS ${framework_lib_deps}
   SRCS ${src_dir}/${module}/*.h ${src_dir}/${module}/details/*.h ${PADDLE_BINARY_DIR}/paddle/fluid/framework/framework.pb.h
-  DSTS ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module}/details ${dst_dir}/${module}
+       ${src_dir}/${module}/ir/*.h
+  DSTS ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module}/details ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module}/ir
 )
-endif(NOT WIN32)
 
 set(module "memory")
 copy(memory_lib
@@ -148,12 +145,12 @@ copy(memory_lib
 set(inference_deps paddle_fluid_shared paddle_fluid)
 
 set(module "inference/api")
-if (WITH_ANAKIN AND WITH_GPU)
+if (WITH_ANAKIN AND WITH_MKL)
     copy(anakin_inference_lib DEPS paddle_inference_api inference_anakin_api
         SRCS
         ${PADDLE_BINARY_DIR}/paddle/fluid/inference/api/libinference_anakin_api* # compiled anakin api
         ${ANAKIN_INSTALL_DIR} # anakin release
-        DSTS ${dst_dir}/inference/anakin ${dst_dir}/inference/anakin)
+        DSTS ${dst_dir}/inference/anakin ${FLUID_INSTALL_DIR}/third_party/install/anakin)
      list(APPEND inference_deps anakin_inference_lib)
 endif()
 
@@ -161,7 +158,8 @@ set(module "inference")
 copy(inference_lib DEPS ${inference_deps}
   SRCS ${src_dir}/${module}/*.h ${PADDLE_BINARY_DIR}/paddle/fluid/inference/libpaddle_fluid.*
        ${src_dir}/${module}/api/paddle_inference_api.h ${src_dir}/${module}/api/demo_ci
-  DSTS ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module}
+       ${PADDLE_BINARY_DIR}/paddle/fluid/inference/api/paddle_inference_pass.h
+  DSTS ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module} ${dst_dir}/${module}
 )
 
 set(module "platform")

doc/fluid/api/layers.rst

@@ -822,6 +822,14 @@ pad
 ..  autofunction:: paddle.fluid.layers.pad
     :noindex:
 
+.. _api_fluid_layers_pad_constant_like:
+
+pad_constant_like
+---
+
+..  autofunction:: paddle.fluid.layers.pad_constant_like
+    :noindex:
+
 .. _api_fluid_layers_label_smooth:
 
 label_smooth
@@ -1145,6 +1153,14 @@ sigmoid
 ..  autofunction:: paddle.fluid.layers.sigmoid
     :noindex:
 
+.. _api_fluid_layers_hsigmoid:
+
+hsigmoid
+-------
+
+..  autofunction:: paddle.fluid.layers.hsigmoid
+    :noindex:
+
 .. _api_fluid_layers_logsigmoid:
 
 logsigmoid

doc/fluid/new_docs/advanced_usage/deploy/index_anakin.rst

-服务器端部署 - Anakin
-#####################
+Anakin - 服务器端加速引擎
+#######################
 
 
 使用文档

doc/fluid/new_docs/advanced_usage/deploy/index_native.rst

-服务器端部署 - 原生引擎
-#######################
-
-..  toctree::
-    :maxdepth: 2
-
-    build_and_install_lib_cn.rst
-    native_infer.rst

doc/fluid/new_docs/advanced_usage/index.rst

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 ..  toctree::
     :maxdepth: 2
 
-    deploy/index_native.rst
     deploy/index_anakin.rst
     deploy/index_mobile.rst
     development/contribute_to_paddle.md

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/image_classification/.gitignore

+*.pyc
+train.log
+output
+data/cifar-10-batches-py/
+data/cifar-10-python.tar.gz
+data/*.txt
+data/*.list
+data/mean.meta

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/image_classification/README.cn.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 图像分类包括通用图像分类、细粒度图像分类等。图1展示了通用图像分类效果，即模型可以正确识别图像上的主要物体。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/dog_cat.png "  width="350" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/dog_cat.png?raw=true"  width="350" ><br/>
 图1. 通用图像分类展示
 </p>
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/flowers.png" width="400" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/flowers.png?raw=true" width="400" ><br/>
 图2. 细粒度图像分类展示
 </p>
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 一个好的模型既要对不同类别识别正确，同时也应该能够对不同视角、光照、背景、变形或部分遮挡的图像正确识别(这里我们统一称作图像扰动)。图3展示了一些图像的扰动，较好的模型会像聪明的人类一样能够正确识别。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/variations.png" width="550" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/variations.png?raw=true" width="550" ><br/>
 图3. 扰动图片展示[22]
 </p>
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 Alex Krizhevsky在2012年ILSVRC提出的CNN模型 \[[9](#参考文献)\] 取得了历史性的突破，效果大幅度超越传统方法，获得了ILSVRC2012冠军，该模型被称作AlexNet。这也是首次将深度学习用于大规模图像分类中。从AlexNet之后，涌现了一系列CNN模型，不断地在ImageNet上刷新成绩，如图4展示。随着模型变得越来越深以及精妙的结构设计，Top-5的错误率也越来越低，降到了3.5%附近。而在同样的ImageNet数据集上，人眼的辨识错误率大概在5.1%，也就是目前的深度学习模型的识别能力已经超过了人眼。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/ilsvrc.png" width="500" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/ilsvrc.png?raw=true" width="500" ><br/>
 图4. ILSVRC图像分类Top-5错误率
 </p>
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Alex Krizhevsky在2012年ILSVRC提出的CNN模型 \[[9](#参考文献)\] 取得
 传统CNN包含卷积层、全连接层等组件，并采用softmax多类别分类器和多类交叉熵损失函数，一个典型的卷积神经网络如图5所示，我们先介绍用来构造CNN的常见组件。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/lenet.png"><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/lenet.png?raw=true"><br/>
 图5. CNN网络示例[20]
 </p>
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Alex Krizhevsky在2012年ILSVRC提出的CNN模型 \[[9](#参考文献)\] 取得
 牛津大学VGG(Visual Geometry Group)组在2014年ILSVRC提出的模型被称作VGG模型 \[[11](#参考文献)\] 。该模型相比以往模型进一步加宽和加深了网络结构，它的核心是五组卷积操作，每两组之间做Max-Pooling空间降维。同一组内采用多次连续的3X3卷积，卷积核的数目由较浅组的64增多到最深组的512，同一组内的卷积核数目是一样的。卷积之后接两层全连接层，之后是分类层。由于每组内卷积层的不同，有11、13、16、19层这几种模型，下图展示一个16层的网络结构。VGG模型结构相对简洁，提出之后也有很多文章基于此模型进行研究，如在ImageNet上首次公开超过人眼识别的模型\[[19](#参考文献)\]就是借鉴VGG模型的结构。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/vgg16.png" width="750" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/vgg16.png?raw=true" width="750" ><br/>
 图6. 基于ImageNet的VGG16模型
 </p>
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ NIN模型主要有两个特点：
 Inception模块如下图7所示，图(a)是最简单的设计，输出是3个卷积层和一个池化层的特征拼接。这种设计的缺点是池化层不会改变特征通道数，拼接后会导致特征的通道数较大，经过几层这样的模块堆积后，通道数会越来越大，导致参数和计算量也随之增大。为了改善这个缺点，图(b)引入3个1x1卷积层进行降维，所谓的降维就是减少通道数，同时如NIN模型中提到的1x1卷积也可以修正线性特征。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/inception.png" width="800" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/inception.png?raw=ture" width="800" ><br/>
 图7. Inception模块
 </p>
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ GoogleNet由多组Inception模块堆积而成。另外，在网络最后也没
 GoogleNet整体网络结构如图8所示，总共22层网络：开始由3层普通的卷积组成；接下来由三组子网络组成，第一组子网络包含2个Inception模块，第二组包含5个Inception模块，第三组包含2个Inception模块；然后接均值池化层、全连接层。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/googlenet.jpeg" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/googlenet.jpeg?raw=true" ><br/>
 图8. GoogleNet[12]
 </p>
 
@@ -130,14 +130,14 @@ ResNet(Residual Network) \[[15](#参考文献)\] 是2015年ImageNet图像分类
 残差模块如图9所示，左边是基本模块连接方式，由两个输出通道数相同的3x3卷积组成。右边是瓶颈模块(Bottleneck)连接方式，之所以称为瓶颈，是因为上面的1x1卷积用来降维(图示例即256->64)，下面的1x1卷积用来升维(图示例即64->256)，这样中间3x3卷积的输入和输出通道数都较小(图示例即64->64)。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/resnet_block.jpg" width="400"><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/resnet_block.jpg?raw=true" width="400"><br/>
 图9. 残差模块
 </p>
 
 图10展示了50、101、152层网络连接示意图，使用的是瓶颈模块。这三个模型的区别在于每组中残差模块的重复次数不同(见图右上角)。ResNet训练收敛较快，成功的训练了上百乃至近千层的卷积神经网络。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/resnet.png"><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/resnet.png?raw=true"><br/>
 图10. 基于ImageNet的ResNet模型
 </p>
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ ResNet(Residual Network) \[[15](#参考文献)\] 是2015年ImageNet图像分类
 由于ImageNet数据集较大，下载和训练较慢，为了方便大家学习，我们使用[CIFAR10](<https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~kriz/cifar.html>)数据集。CIFAR10数据集包含60,000张32x32的彩色图片，10个类别，每个类包含6,000张。其中50,000张图片作为训练集，10000张作为测试集。图11从每个类别中随机抽取了10张图片，展示了所有的类别。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/cifar.png" width="350"><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/cifar.png?raw=true" width="350"><br/>
 图11. CIFAR10数据集[21]
 </p>
 
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ test_reader = paddle.batch(
 `event_handler_plot`可以用来利用回调数据来打点画图:
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/train_and_test.png" width="350"><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/train_and_test.png?raw=true" width="350"><br/>
 图12. 训练结果
 </p>
 
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ Test with Pass 0, Loss 1.1, Acc 0.6
 图13是训练的分类错误率曲线图，运行到第200个pass后基本收敛，最终得到测试集上分类错误率为8.54%。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/plot.png" width="400" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/03.image_classification/image/plot.png?raw=true" width="400" ><br/>
 图13. CIFAR10数据集上VGG模型的分类错误率
 </p>
 

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/label_semantic_roles/.gitignore

+data/train.list
+data/test.*
+data/conll05st-release.tar.gz
+data/conll05st-release
+data/predicate_dict
+data/label_dict
+data/word_dict
+data/emb
+data/feature
+output
+predict.res
+train.log

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/label_semantic_roles/README.cn.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ $$\mbox{[小明]}_{\mbox{Agent}}\mbox{[昨天]}_{\mbox{Time}}\mbox{[晚上]}_\mb
 5. 对第4步的结果，通过多分类得到论元的语义角色标签。可以看到，句法分析是基础，并且后续步骤常常会构造的一些人工特征，这些特征往往也来自句法分析。
 
 <div  align="center">
-<img src="image/dependency_parsing.png" width = "80%" align=center /><br>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/07.label_semantic_roles/image/dependency_parsing.png?raw=true" width = "80%" align=center /><br>
 图1. 依存句法分析句法树示例
 </div>
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ $$\mbox{[小明]}_{\mbox{Agent}}\mbox{[昨天]}_{\mbox{Time}}\mbox{[晚上]}_\mb
 我们继续以上面的这句话为例，图1展示了BIO表示方法。
 
 <div  align="center">
-<img src="image/bio_example.png" width = "90%"  align=center /><br>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/07.label_semantic_roles/image/bio_example.png?raw=true" width = "90%"  align=center /><br>
 图2. BIO标注方法示例
 </div>
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ $$\mbox{[小明]}_{\mbox{Agent}}\mbox{[昨天]}_{\mbox{Time}}\mbox{[晚上]}_\mb
 图3是最终得到的栈式循环神经网络结构示意图。
 
 <p align="center">  
-<img src="./image/stacked_lstm.png" width = "40%"  align=center><br>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/07.label_semantic_roles/image/stacked_lstm.png?raw=true" width = "40%"  align=center><br>
 图3. 基于LSTM的栈式循环神经网络结构示意图
 </p>
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ $$\mbox{[小明]}_{\mbox{Agent}}\mbox{[昨天]}_{\mbox{Time}}\mbox{[晚上]}_\mb
 为了克服这一缺陷，我们可以设计一种双向循环网络单元，它的思想简单且直接：对上一节的栈式循环神经网络进行一个小小的修改，堆叠多个LSTM单元，让每一层LSTM单元分别以：正向、反向、正向 …… 的顺序学习上一层的输出序列。于是，从第2层开始，$t$时刻我们的LSTM单元便总是可以看到历史和未来的信息。图4是基于LSTM的双向循环神经网络结构示意图。
 
 <p align="center">  
-<img src="./image/bidirectional_stacked_lstm.png" width = "60%" align=center><br>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/07.label_semantic_roles/image/bidirectional_stacked_lstm.png?raw=true" width = "60%" align=center><br>
 图4. 基于LSTM的双向循环神经网络结构示意图
 </p>
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ CRF是一种概率化结构模型，可以看作是一个概率无向图模型
 序列标注任务只需要考虑输入和输出都是一个线性序列，并且由于我们只是将输入序列作为条件，不做任何条件独立假设，因此输入序列的元素之间并不存在图结构。综上，在序列标注任务中使用的是如图5所示的定义在链式图上的CRF，称之为线性链条件随机场（Linear Chain Conditional Random Field）。
 
 <p align="center">  
-<img src="./image/linear_chain_crf.png" width = "35%" align=center><br>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/07.label_semantic_roles/image/linear_chain_crf.png?raw=true" width = "35%" align=center><br>
 图5. 序列标注任务中使用的线性链条件随机场
 </p>
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ $$\DeclareMathOperator*{\argmax}{arg\,max} L(\lambda, D) = - \text{log}\left(\pr
 4. CRF以第3步中LSTM学习到的特征为输入，以标记序列为监督信号，完成序列标注；
 
 <div  align="center">  
-<img src="image/db_lstm_network.png" width = "60%"  align=center /><br>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/07.label_semantic_roles/image/db_lstm_network.png?raw=true" width = "60%"  align=center /><br>
 图6. SRL任务上的深层双向LSTM模型
 </div>
 

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/machine_translation/.gitignore

+data/wmt14
+data/pre-wmt14
+pretrained/wmt14_model
+gen.log
+gen_result
+train.log
+dataprovider_copy_1.py
+*.pyc
+multi-bleu.perl

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/machine_translation/README.cn.md

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
 为解决以上问题，统计机器翻译（Statistical Machine Translation, SMT）技术应运而生。在统计机器翻译技术中，转化规则是由机器自动从大规模的语料中学习得到的，而非我们人主动提供规则。因此，它克服了基于规则的翻译系统所面临的知识获取瓶颈的问题，但仍然存在许多挑战：1）人为设计许多特征（feature），但永远无法覆盖所有的语言现象；2）难以利用全局的特征；3）依赖于许多预处理环节，如词语对齐、分词或符号化（tokenization）、规则抽取、句法分析等，而每个环节的错误会逐步累积，对翻译的影响也越来越大。
 
 近年来，深度学习技术的发展为解决上述挑战提供了新的思路。将深度学习应用于机器翻译任务的方法大致分为两类：1）仍以统计机器翻译系统为框架，只是利用神经网络来改进其中的关键模块，如语言模型、调序模型等（见图1的左半部分）；2）不再以统计机器翻译系统为框架，而是直接用神经网络将源语言映射到目标语言，即端到端的神经网络机器翻译（End-to-End Neural Machine Translation, End-to-End NMT）（见图1的右半部分），简称为NMT模型。
-![nmt](./image/nmt.png)
-<p align="center">
+<div align="center">
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/08.machine_translation/image/nmt.png?raw=true" width = "400" align=center/><br/>
 图1. 基于神经网络的机器翻译系统
-</p>
+</div>
 
 本教程主要介绍NMT模型，以及如何用PaddlePaddle来训练一个NMT模型。
 
@@ -45,19 +45,22 @@
 
 具体来说，该双向循环神经网络分别在时间维以顺序和逆序——即前向（forward）和后向（backward）——依次处理输入序列，并将每个时间步RNN的输出拼接成为最终的输出层。这样每个时间步的输出节点，都包含了输入序列中当前时刻完整的过去和未来的上下文信息。下图展示的是一个按时间步展开的双向循环神经网络。该网络包含一个前向和一个后向RNN，其中有六个权重矩阵：输入到前向隐层和后向隐层的权重矩阵（`$W_1, W_3$`），隐层到隐层自己的权重矩阵（`$W_2,W_5$`），前向隐层和后向隐层到输出层的权重矩阵（`$W_4, W_6$`）。注意，该网络的前向隐层和后向隐层之间没有连接。
 
-![bi_rnn](./image/bi_rnn.png)
-<p align="center">
-图3. 按时间步展开的双向循环神经网络
-</p>
+
+<div align="center">
+<img src = "https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/08.machine_translation/image/bi_rnn.png?raw=true" width="400"><br/>
+图2. 按时间步展开的双向循环神经网络
+</div>
 
 ### 编码器-解码器框架
 
 编码器-解码器（Encoder-Decoder）\[[2](#参考文献)\]框架用于解决由一个任意长度的源序列到另一个任意长度的目标序列的变换问题。即编码阶段将整个源序列编码成一个向量，解码阶段通过最大化预测序列概率，从中解码出整个目标序列。编码和解码的过程通常都使用RNN实现。
 ![encoder_decoder](./image/encoder_decoder.png)
-<p align="center">
-图4. 编码器-解码器框架
-</p>
+<div align="center">
+<img src ="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/08.machine_translation/image/encoder_decoder.png?raw=true" width="400"><br/>
+图3. 编码器-解码器框架
+</div>
 
+<a name="编码器"></a>
 #### 编码器
 
 编码阶段分为三步：
@@ -69,19 +72,17 @@
 3. 用RNN编码源语言词序列：这一过程的计算公式为`$h_i=\varnothing _\theta \left ( h_{i-1}, s_i \right )$`，其中`$h_0$`是一个全零的向量，`$\varnothing _\theta$`是一个非线性激活函数，最后得到的`$\mathbf{h}=\left \{ h_1,..., h_T \right \}$`就是RNN依次读入源语言`$T$`个词的状态编码序列。整句话的向量表示可以采用`$\mathbf{h}$`在最后一个时间步`$T$`的状态编码，或使用时间维上的池化（pooling）结果。
 
 第3步也可以使用双向循环神经网络实现更复杂的句编码表示，具体可以用双向GRU实现。前向GRU按照词序列`$(x_1,x_2,...,x_T)$`的顺序依次编码源语言端词，并得到一系列隐层状态`$(\overrightarrow{h_1},\overrightarrow{h_2},...,\overrightarrow{h_T})$`。类似的，后向GRU按照`$(x_T,x_{T-1},...,x_1)$`的顺序依次编码源语言端词，得到`$(\overleftarrow{h_1},\overleftarrow{h_2},...,\overleftarrow{h_T})$`。最后对于词`$x_i$`，通过拼接两个GRU的结果得到它的隐层状态，即`$h_i=\left [ \overrightarrow{h_i^T},\overleftarrow{h_i^T} \right ]^{T}$`。
-
-![encoder_attention](./image/encoder_attention.png)
-<p align="center">
-图5. 使用双向GRU的编码器
-</p>
+<div align="center">
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/08.machine_translation/image/encoder_attention.png?raw=true" width="400"><br/>
+图4. 使用双向GRU的编码器
+</div>
 
 #### 解码器
 
 机器翻译任务的训练过程中，解码阶段的目标是最大化下一个正确的目标语言词的概率。思路是：
-
 1. 每一个时刻，根据源语言句子的编码信息（又叫上下文向量，context vector）`$c$`、真实目标语言序列的第`$i$`个词`$u_i$`和`$i$`时刻RNN的隐层状态`$z_i$`，计算出下一个隐层状态`$z_{i+1}$`。计算公式如下：
 $$z_{i+1}=\phi_{\theta '} \left ( c,u_i,z_i \right )$$
-其中`$\phi _{\theta '}$`是一个非线性激活函数；`$c=q\mathbf{h}$`是源语言句子的上下文向量，在不使用[注意力机制](#注意力机制)时，如果[编码器](#编码器)的输出是源语言句子编码后的最后一个元素，则可以定义`$c=h_T$`；`$u_i$`是目标语言序列的第`$i$`个单词，`$u_0$`是目标语言序列的开始标记`<s>`，表示解码开始；`$z_i$`是`$i$`时刻解码RNN的隐层状态，`$z_0$`是一个全零的向量。
+其中`$\phi _{\theta '}$`是一个非线性激活函数；`$c=q\mathbf{h}$`是源语言句子的上下文向量，在不使用注意力机制时，如果[编码器](#编码器)的输出是源语言句子编码后的最后一个元素，则可以定义`$c=h_T$`；`$u_i$`是目标语言序列的第`$i$`个单词，`$u_0$`是目标语言序列的开始标记`<s>`，表示解码开始；`$z_i$`是`$i$`时刻解码RNN的隐层状态，`$z_0$`是一个全零的向量。
 
 2. 将`$z_{i+1}$`通过`softmax`归一化，得到目标语言序列的第`$i+1$`个单词的概率分布`$p_{i+1}$`。概率分布公式如下：
 $$p\left ( u_{i+1}|u_{&lt;i+1},\mathbf{x} \right )=softmax(W_sz_{i+1}+b_z)$$
@@ -93,6 +94,7 @@ $$p\left ( u_{i+1}|u_{&lt;i+1},\mathbf{x} \right )=softmax(W_sz_{i+1}+b_z)$$
 
 机器翻译任务的生成过程，通俗来讲就是根据预先训练的模型来翻译源语言句子。生成过程中的解码阶段和上述训练过程的有所差异，具体介绍请见[柱搜索算法](#柱搜索算法)。
 
+<a name="柱搜索算法"></a>
 ### 柱搜索算法
 
 柱搜索（[beam search](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_search)）是一种启发式图搜索算法，用于在图或树中搜索有限集合中的最优扩展节点，通常用在解空间非常大的系统（如机器翻译、语音识别）中，原因是内存无法装下图或树中所有展开的解。如在机器翻译任务中希望翻译“`<s>你好<e>`”，就算目标语言字典中只有3个词（`<s>`, `<e>`, `hello`），也可能生成无限句话（`hello`循环出现的次数不定），为了找到其中较好的翻译结果，我们可采用柱搜索算法。
@@ -100,7 +102,6 @@ $$p\left ( u_{i+1}|u_{&lt;i+1},\mathbf{x} \right )=softmax(W_sz_{i+1}+b_z)$$
 柱搜索算法使用广度优先策略建立搜索树，在树的每一层，按照启发代价（heuristic cost）（本教程中，为生成词的log概率之和）对节点进行排序，然后仅留下预先确定的个数（文献中通常称为beam width、beam size、柱宽度等）的节点。只有这些节点会在下一层继续扩展，其他节点就被剪掉了，也就是说保留了质量较高的节点，剪枝了质量较差的节点。因此，搜索所占用的空间和时间大幅减少，但缺点是无法保证一定获得最优解。
 
 使用柱搜索算法的解码阶段，目标是最大化生成序列的概率。思路是：
-
 1. 每一个时刻，根据源语言句子的编码信息`$c$`、生成的第`$i$`个目标语言序列单词`$u_i$`和`$i$`时刻RNN的隐层状态`$z_i$`，计算出下一个隐层状态`$z_{i+1}$`。
 
 2. 将`$z_{i+1}$`通过`softmax`归一化，得到目标语言序列的第`$i+1$`个单词的概率分布`$p_{i+1}$`。

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/recommender_system/.gitignore

+.idea
+.ipynb_checkpoints

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/recommender_system/README.cn.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Prediction Score is 4.25
 YouTube是世界上最大的视频上传、分享和发现网站，YouTube推荐系统为超过10亿用户从不断增长的视频库中推荐个性化的内容。整个系统由两个神经网络组成：候选生成网络和排序网络。候选生成网络从百万量级的视频库中生成上百个候选，排序网络对候选进行打分排序，输出排名最高的数十个结果。系统结构如图1所示：
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/YouTube_Overview.png" width="70%" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/05.recommender_system/image/YouTube_Overview.png?raw=true" width="70%" ><br/>
 图1. YouTube 推荐系统结构
 </p>
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ YouTube是世界上最大的视频上传、分享和发现网站，YouTube推荐
 首先，将观看历史及搜索词记录这类历史信息，映射为向量后取平均值得到定长表示；同时，输入人口学特征以优化新用户的推荐效果，并将二值特征和连续特征归一化处理到[0, 1]范围。接下来，将所有特征表示拼接为一个向量，并输入给非线形多层感知器（MLP，详见[识别数字](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/02.recognize_digits/README.cn.md)教程）处理。最后，训练时将MLP的输出给softmax做分类，预测时计算用户的综合特征（MLP的输出）与所有视频的相似度，取得分最高的$k$个作为候选生成网络的筛选结果。图2显示了候选生成网络结构。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/Deep_candidate_generation_model_architecture.png" width="70%" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/05.recommender_system/image/Deep_candidate_generation_model_architecture.png?raw=true" width="70%" ><br/>
 图2. 候选生成网络结构
 </p>
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ $$P(\omega=i|u)=\frac{e^{v_{i}u}}{\sum_{j \in V}e^{v_{j}u}}$$
 卷积神经网络主要由卷积（convolution）和池化（pooling）操作构成，其应用及组合方式灵活多变，种类繁多。本小结我们以如图3所示的网络进行讲解：
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/text_cnn.png" width = "80%" align="center"/><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/05.recommender_system/image/text_cnn.png?raw=true" width = "80%" align="center"/><br/>
 图3. 卷积神经网络文本分类模型
 </p>
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ $$\hat c=max(c)$$
 
 <p align="center">
 
-<img src="image/rec_regression_network.png" width="90%" ><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/05.recommender_system/image/rec_regression_network.png?raw=true" width="90%" ><br/>
 图4. 融合推荐模型
 </p>
 

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/understand_sentiment/.gitignore

+data/aclImdb
+data/imdb
+data/pre-imdb
+data/mosesdecoder-master
+*.log
+model_output
+dataprovider_copy_1.py
+model.list
+*.pyc
+.DS_Store

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/understand_sentiment/README.cn.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 循环神经网络是一种能对序列数据进行精确建模的有力工具。实际上，循环神经网络的理论计算能力是图灵完备的\[[4](#参考文献)\]。自然语言是一种典型的序列数据（词序列），近年来，循环神经网络及其变体（如long short term memory\[[5](#参考文献)\]等）在自然语言处理的多个领域，如语言模型、句法解析、语义角色标注（或一般的序列标注）、语义表示、图文生成、对话、机器翻译等任务上均表现优异甚至成为目前效果最好的方法。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/rnn.png" width = "60%" align="center"/><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/06.understand_sentiment/image/rnn.png?raw=true" width = "60%" align="center"/><br/>
 图1. 循环神经网络按时间展开的示意图
 </p>
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ $$ h_t = o_t\odot tanh(c_t) $$
 其中，$i_t, f_t, c_t, o_t$分别表示输入门，遗忘门，记忆单元及输出门的向量值，带角标的$W$及$b$为模型参数，$tanh$为双曲正切函数，$\odot$表示逐元素（elementwise）的乘法操作。输入门控制着新输入进入记忆单元$c$的强度，遗忘门控制着记忆单元维持上一时刻值的强度，输出门控制着输出记忆单元的强度。三种门的计算方式类似，但有着完全不同的参数，它们各自以不同的方式控制着记忆单元$c$，如图2所示：
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/lstm.png" width = "65%" align="center"/><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/06.understand_sentiment/image/lstm.png?raw=true" width = "65%" align="center"/><br/>
 图2. 时刻$t$的LSTM [7]
 </p>
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ $$ h_t=Recrurent(x_t,h_{t-1})$$
 如图3所示（以三层为例），奇数层LSTM正向，偶数层LSTM反向，高一层的LSTM使用低一层LSTM及之前所有层的信息作为输入，对最高层LSTM序列使用时间维度上的最大池化即可得到文本的定长向量表示（这一表示充分融合了文本的上下文信息，并且对文本进行了深层次抽象），最后我们将文本表示连接至softmax构建分类模型。
 
 <p align="center">
-<img src="image/stacked_lstm.jpg" width=450><br/>
+<img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/06.understand_sentiment/image/stacked_lstm.jpg?raw=true" width=450><br/>
 图3. 栈式双向LSTM用于文本分类
 </p>
 
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ def convolution_net(data, input_dim, class_dim, emb_dim, hid_dim):
 
 网络的输入`input_dim`表示的是词典的大小，`class_dim`表示类别数。这里，我们使用[`sequence_conv_pool`](https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/blob/develop/python/paddle/trainer_config_helpers/networks.py) API实现了卷积和池化操作。
 
+<a name="栈值双向LSTM"></a>
+
 ### 栈式双向LSTM
 
 栈式双向神经网络`stacked_lstm_net`的代码片段如下：

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/word2vec/.gitignore

+data/train.list
+data/test.list
+data/simple-examples*

doc/fluid/new_docs/beginners_guide/basics/word2vec/README.cn.md

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ $$X = USV^T$$
 本章中，当词向量训练好后，我们可以用数据可视化算法t-SNE\[[4](#参考文献)\]画出词语特征在二维上的投影（如下图所示）。从图中可以看出，语义相关的词语（如a, the, these; big, huge）在投影上距离很近，语意无关的词（如say, business; decision, japan）在投影上的距离很远。
 
 <p align="center">
-    <img src = "image/2d_similarity.png" width=400><br/>
+    <img src = "https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/04.word2vec/image/2d_similarity.png?raw=true" width=400><br/>
     图1. 词向量的二维投影
 </p>
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ similarity: -0.0997506977351
 
 ```
 
-以上结果可以通过运行`calculate_dis.py`, 加载字典里的单词和对应训练特征结果得到，我们将在[应用模型](#应用模型)中详细描述用法。
+以上结果可以通过运行`calculate_dis.py`, 加载字典里的单词和对应训练特征结果得到，我们将在[模型应用](#模型应用)中详细描述用法。
 
 
 ## 模型概览
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ $$\frac{1}{T}\sum_t f(w_t, w_{t-1}, ..., w_{t-n+1};\theta) + R(\theta)$$
 其中$f(w_t, w_{t-1}, ..., w_{t-n+1})$表示根据历史n-1个词得到当前词$w_t$的条件概率，$R(\theta)$表示参数正则项。
 
 <p align="center">
-       <img src="image/nnlm.png" width=500><br/>
+       <img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/04.word2vec/image/nnlm.png?raw=true" width=500><br/>
        图2. N-gram神经网络模型
 </p>
 
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ $$\frac{1}{T}\sum_t f(w_t, w_{t-1}, ..., w_{t-n+1};\theta) + R(\theta)$$
 CBOW模型通过一个词的上下文（各N个词）预测当前词。当N=2时，模型如下图所示：
 
 <p align="center">
-    <img src="image/cbow.png" width=250><br/>
+    <img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/04.word2vec/image/cbow.png?raw=true" width=250><br/>
     图3. CBOW模型
 </p>
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ $$context = \frac{x_{t-1} + x_{t-2} + x_{t+1} + x_{t+2}}{4}$$
 CBOW的好处是对上下文词语的分布在词向量上进行了平滑，去掉了噪声，因此在小数据集上很有效。而Skip-gram的方法中，用一个词预测其上下文，得到了当前词上下文的很多样本，因此可用于更大的数据集。
 
 <p align="center">
-    <img src="image/skipgram.png" width=250><br/>
+    <img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/04.word2vec/image/skipgram.png?raw=true" width=250><br/>
     图4. Skip-gram模型
 </p>
 
@@ -189,12 +189,13 @@ dream that one day <e>
 
 最后，每个输入会按其单词次在字典里的位置，转化成整数的索引序列，作为PaddlePaddle的输入。
 
+<a name="训练模型"></a>
 ## 编程实现
 
 本配置的模型结构如下图所示：
 
 <p align="center">
-    <img src="image/ngram.png" width=400><br/>
+    <img src="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/book/blob/develop/04.word2vec/image/ngram.png?raw=true" width=400><br/>
     图5. 模型配置中的N-gram神经网络模型
 </p>
 
@@ -349,6 +350,7 @@ Step 20: Average Cost 5.766995
 ...
 ```
 
+<a name="模型应用"></a>
 ## 模型应用
 在模型训练后，我们可以用它做一些预测。