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  <div class="section" id="distributed-training">
<span id="distributed-training"></span><h1>Distributed Training<a class="headerlink" href="#distributed-training" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="introduction">
<span id="introduction"></span><h2>Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>In this article, we&#8217;ll explain how to run distributed training jobs with PaddlePaddle on different types of clusters. The diagram below shows the main architecture of a distributed trainning job:</p>
<p><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/13348433/31772146-41523d84-b511-11e7-8a12-a69fd136c283.png" width="500"></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Data shard: training data will be split into multiple partitions, trainers use the partitions of the whole dataset to do the training job.</li>
<li>Trainer: each trainer reads the data shard, and train the neural network. Then the trainer will upload calculated &#8220;gradients&#8221; to parameter servers, and wait for parameters to be optimized on the parameter server side. When that finishes, the trainer download optimized parameters and continues its training.</li>
<li>Parameter server: every parameter server stores part of the whole neural network model data. They will do optimization calculations when gradients are uploaded from trainers, and then send updated parameters to trainers.</li>
</ul>
<p>PaddlePaddle can support both synchronize stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and asynchronous SGD.</p>
<p>When training with synchronize SGD, PaddlePaddle uses an internal &#8220;synchronize barrier&#8221; which makes gradients update and parameter download in strict order. On the other hand, asynchronous SGD won&#8217;t wait for all trainers to finish upload at a single step, this will increase the parallelism of distributed training: parameter servers do not depend on each other, they&#8217;ll do parameter optimization concurrently. Parameter servers will not wait for trainers, so trainers will also do their work concurrently. But asynchronous SGD will introduce more randomness and noises in the gradient.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="preparations">
<span id="preparations"></span><h2>Preparations<a class="headerlink" href="#preparations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ol class="simple">
<li>Prepare your computer cluster. It&#8217;s normally a bunch of Linux servers connected by LAN. Each server will be assigned a unique IP address. The computers in the cluster can be called &#8220;nodes&#8221;.</li>
<li>Install PaddlePaddle on every node. If you are going to take advantage of GPU cards, you&#8217;ll also need to install proper driver and CUDA libraries. To install PaddlePaddle please read <a class="reference external" href="http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/en/getstarted/build_and_install/index_en.html">this build and install</a> document. We strongly recommend using <a class="reference external" href="http://www.paddlepaddle.org/docs/develop/documentation/en/getstarted/build_and_install/docker_install_en.html">Docker installation</a>.</li>
</ol>
<p>After installation, you can check the version by typing the below command (run a docker container  if using docker: <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">docker</span> <span class="pre">run</span> <span class="pre">-it</span> <span class="pre">paddlepaddle/paddle:[tag]</span> <span class="pre">/bin/bash</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ paddle version
PaddlePaddle <span class="m">0</span>.10.0rc, compiled with
    with_avx: ON
    with_gpu: OFF
    with_double: OFF
    with_python: ON
    with_rdma: OFF
    with_timer: OFF
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>We&#8217;ll take <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doc/howto/usage/cluster/src/word2vec</span></code> as an example to introduce distributed training using PaddlePaddle v2 API.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="command-line-arguments">
<span id="command-line-arguments"></span><h2>Command-line arguments<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-arguments" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="starting-parameter-server">
<span id="starting-parameter-server"></span><h3>Starting parameter server<a class="headerlink" href="#starting-parameter-server" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Type the below command to start a parameter server which will wait for trainers to connect:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ paddle pserver --port<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">7164</span> --ports_num<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span> --ports_num_for_sparse<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span> --num_gradient_servers<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you wish to run parameter servers in background, and save a log file, you can type:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ stdbuf -oL /usr/bin/nohup paddle pserver --port<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">7164</span> --ports_num<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span> --ports_num_for_sparse<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span> --num_gradient_servers<span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span> <span class="p">&amp;</span>&gt; pserver.log
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Parameter Description</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>port: <strong>required, default 7164</strong>, port which parameter server will listen on. If ports_num greater than 1, parameter server will listen on multiple ports for more network throughput.</li>
<li>ports_num: <strong>required, default 1</strong>, total number of ports will listen on.</li>
<li>ports_num_for_sparse: <strong>required, default 0</strong>, number of ports which serves sparse parameter update.</li>
<li>num_gradient_servers: <strong>required, default 1</strong>, total number of gradient servers.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="starting-trainer">
<span id="starting-trainer"></span><h3>Starting trainer<a class="headerlink" href="#starting-trainer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Type the command below to start the trainer(name the file whatever you want, like &#8220;train.py&#8221;)</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ python train.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Trainers&#8217; network need to be connected with parameter servers&#8217; network to finish the job. Trainers need to know port and IPs to locate parameter servers. You can pass arguments to trainers through <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable">environment variables</a> or pass to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">paddle.init()</span></code> function. Arguments passed to the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">paddle.init()</span></code> function will overwrite environment variables.</p>
<p>Use environment viriables:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_USE_GPU</span><span class="o">=</span>False
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_TRAINER_COUNT</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_PORT</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">7164</span>
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_PORTS_NUM</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_PORTS_NUM_FOR_SPARSE</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_NUM_GRADIENT_SERVERS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">1</span>
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_TRAINER_ID</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">0</span>
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PADDLE_INIT_PSERVERS</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="m">127</span>.0.0.1
python train.py
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Pass arguments:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">paddle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">init</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="n">use_gpu</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">trainer_count</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">7164</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">ports_num</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">ports_num_for_sparse</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">num_gradient_servers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">trainer_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="n">pservers</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;127.0.0.1&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Parameter Description</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>use_gpu: <strong>optional, default False</strong>, set to &#8220;True&#8221; to enable GPU training.</li>
<li>trainer_count: <strong>required, default 1</strong>, number of threads in current trainer.</li>
<li>port: <strong>required, default 7164</strong>, port to connect to parameter server.</li>
<li>ports_num: <strong>required, default 1</strong>, number of ports for communication.</li>
<li>ports_num_for_sparse: <strong>required, default 0</strong>, number of ports for sparse type caculation.</li>
<li>num_gradient_servers: <strong>required, default 1</strong>, number of trainers in current job.</li>
<li>trainer_id: <strong>required, default 0</strong>, ID for every trainer, start from 0.</li>
<li>pservers: <strong>required, default 127.0.0.1</strong>, list of IPs of parameter servers, separated by &#8221;,&#8221;.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="prepare-training-dataset">
<span id="prepare-training-dataset"></span><h3>Prepare Training Dataset<a class="headerlink" href="#prepare-training-dataset" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>Here&#8217;s some example code <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/tree/develop/doc/howto/usage/cluster/src/word2vec/prepare.py">prepare.py</a>, it will download public <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">imikolov</span></code> dataset and split it into multiple files according to job parallelism(trainers count). Modify <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SPLIT_COUNT</span></code> at the begining of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prepare.py</span></code> to change the count of output files.</p>
<p>In the real world, we often use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">MapReduce</span></code> job&#8217;s output as training data, so there will be lots of files. You can use <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mod</span></code> to assign training file to trainers:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="n">train_list</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="n">flist</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;/train_data/&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">f</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">flist</span><span class="p">:</span>
  <span class="n">suffix</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;-&quot;</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">suffix</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">TRAINER_COUNT</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">TRAINER_ID</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">train_list</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example code <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">prepare.py</span></code> will split training data and testing data into 3 files with digital suffix like <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-00000</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-00001</span></code> and<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-00002</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
<span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">00000</span>
<span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">00001</span>
<span class="n">train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">00002</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">00000</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">00001</span>
<span class="n">test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">00002</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When job started, every trainer needs to get it&#8217;s own part of data. In some distributed systems a storage service will be provided, so the date under that path can be accessed by all the trainer nodes. Without the storage service, you must copy the training data to each trainer node.</p>
<p>Different training jobs may have different data format and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reader()</span></code> function, developers may need to write different data prepare scripts and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reader()</span></code> functions for their job.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="prepare-training-program">
<span id="prepare-training-program"></span><h3>Prepare Training program<a class="headerlink" href="#prepare-training-program" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>We&#8217;ll create a <em>workspace</em> directory on each node, storing your training program, dependencies, mounted or downloaded dataset directory.</p>
<p>Your workspace may looks like:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>.
|-- my_lib.py
|-- word_dict.pickle
|-- train.py
|-- train_data_dir/
|   |-- train.txt-00000
|   |-- train.txt-00001
|   |-- train.txt-00002
`-- test_data_dir/
    |-- test.txt-00000
    |-- test.txt-00001
    `-- test.txt-00002
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">my_lib.py</span></code>: user defined libraries, like PIL libs. This is optional.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">word_dict.pickle</span></code>: dict file for training word embeding.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">train.py</span></code>: training program. Sample code: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/tree/develop/doc/howto/usage/cluster/src/word2vec/api_train_v2_cluster.py">api_train_v2_cluster.py</a>. <strong><em>NOTE:</em></strong> You may need to modify the head part of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">train.py</span></code> when using different cluster platform to retrive configuration environment variables:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cluster_train_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;./train_data_dir/train/train.txt&quot;</span>
<span class="n">cluster_test_file</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;./test_data_dir/test/test.txt&quot;</span>
<span class="n">node_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;OMPI_COMM_WORLD_RANK&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">node_id</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">EnvironmentError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;must provied OMPI_COMM_WORLD_RANK&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">train_data_dir</span></code>: containing training data. Mount from storage service or copy trainning data to here.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_data_dir</span></code>: containing testing data.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="use-cluster-platforms-or-cluster-management-tools">
<span id="use-cluster-platforms-or-cluster-management-tools"></span><h2>Use cluster platforms or cluster management tools<a class="headerlink" href="#use-cluster-platforms-or-cluster-management-tools" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>PaddlePaddle supports running jobs on several platforms including:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io">Kubernetes</a> open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications from Google.</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://www.open-mpi.org">OpenMPI</a> Mature high performance parallel computing framework.</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.fabfile.org">Fabric</a> A cluster management tool. Write scripts to submit jobs or manage the cluster.</li>
</ul>
<p>We&#8217;ll introduce cluster job management on these platforms. The examples can be found under <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/Paddle/tree/develop/paddle/scripts/cluster_train_v2">cluster_train_v2</a>.</p>
<p>These cluster platforms provide API or environment variables for training processes, when the job is dispatched to different nodes. Like node ID, IP or total number of nodes etc.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="use-different-clusters">
<span id="use-different-clusters"></span><h2>Use different clusters<a class="headerlink" href="#use-different-clusters" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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