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  <div class="section" id="kubernetes">
<span id="kubernetes"></span><h1>Kubernetes 简介<a class="headerlink" href="#kubernetes" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h1>
<p><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/"><em>Kubernetes</em></a>是Google开源的容器集群管理系统，其提供应用部署、维护、扩展机制等功能，利用Kubernetes能方便地管理跨机器运行容器化的应用。Kubernetes可以在物理机或虚拟机上运行，且支持部署到<a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/aws">AWS</a>，<a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/azure/">Azure</a>，<a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/gce">GCE</a>等多种公有云环境。介绍分布式训练之前，需要对<a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/">Kubernetes</a>有一个基本的认识，下面先简要介绍一下本文用到的几个Kubernetes概念。</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/node/"><em>Node</em></a> 表示一个Kubernetes集群中的一个工作节点，这个节点可以是物理机或者虚拟机，Kubernetes集群就是由node节点与master节点组成的。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/pods/"><em>Pod</em></a> 是一组(一个或多个)容器，pod是Kubernetes的最小调度单元，一个pod中的所有容器会被调度到同一个node上。Pod中的容器共享NET，PID，IPC，UTS等Linux namespace。由于容器之间共享NET namespace，所以它们使用同一个IP地址，可以通过<em>localhost</em>互相通信。不同pod之间可以通过IP地址访问。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/jobs/"><em>Job</em></a> 描述Kubernetes上运行的作业，一次作业称为一个job，通常每个job包括一个或者多个pods，job启动后会创建这些pod并开始执行一个程序，等待这个程序执行成功并返回0则成功退出，如果执行失败，也可以配置不同的重试机制。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/volumes/"><em>Volume</em></a> 存储卷，是pod内的容器都可以访问的共享目录，也是容器与node之间共享文件的方式，因为容器内的文件都是暂时存在的，当容器因为各种原因被销毁时，其内部的文件也会随之消失。通过volume，就可以将这些文件持久化存储。Kubernetes支持多种volume，例如hostPath(宿主机目录)，gcePersistentDisk，awsElasticBlockStore等。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/namespaces/"><em>Namespaces</em></a> 命名空间，在kubernetes中创建的所有资源对象(例如上文的pod，job)等都属于一个命名空间，在同一个命名空间中，资源对象的名字是唯一的，不同空间的资源名可以重复，命名空间主要为了对象进行逻辑上的分组便于管理。本文只使用了默认命名空间。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/"><em>PersistentVolume</em></a>: 和<a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/persistent-volumes/#persistentvolumeclaims"><em>PersistentVolumeClaim</em></a>结合，将外部的存储服务在Kubernetes中描述成为统一的资源形式，便于存储资源管理和Pod引用。</li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="kubernetes">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>部署Kubernetes集群<a class="headerlink" href="#kubernetes" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>Kubernetes提供了多种集群部署的方案，本文档内不重复介绍。这里给出集中常见的部署方法：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/minikube/"><em>minikube</em></a>: 快速在本地启动一个单机的kubernetes服务器，便于本地验证和测试。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/kubeadm/"><em>kubeadm</em></a>: 在不同操作系统，不同主机(Bare-Metal, AWS, GCE)条件下，快速部署集群。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/aws/"><em>AWS EC2</em></a>: 在aws上快速部署集群。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/centos/centos_manual_config/"><em>Bare-Metal</em></a>: 在物理机上手动部署。</li>
</ul>
<p>可以参考<a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/#table-of-solutions">这个表格</a>选择适合您的场景的合适方案。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>选择存储方案<a class="headerlink" href="#" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<p>容器不会保留在运行时生成的数据，job或者应用程序在容器中运行时生成的数据会在容器销毁时消失。为了完成分布式机器学习训练任务，需要有一个外部的存储服务来保存训练所需数据和训练输出。
常见的可选存储服务包括：</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/examples/volumes/nfs"><em>NFS</em></a>: 可以将磁盘上某个目录共享给网络中其他机器访问。部署和配置比较简单，可以用于小量数据的验证。不提供分布式存储，高可用，冗余等功能。NFS的部署方法可以参考<a class="reference external" href="http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-setup-nfs-server-in-linux/">这里</a>。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://gluster.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Quick-Start-Guide/Quickstart/"><em>GlusterFS</em></a>: 网络分布式文件系统，可以在Kubernetes中按照<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/tree/master/examples/volumes/glusterfs">这个</a>例子使用。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.ceph.com/docs/master/"><em>Ceph</em></a>: 分布式文件系统，支持rbd，POSIX API接口(ceph fs)和对象存储API，参考<a class="reference external" href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/volumes/#rbd">这里</a>。</li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="https://moosefs.com/documentation.html"><em>MooseFS</em></a>: 一个分布式的存储系统。需要先挂载到服务器Node上再通过kubernetes hostPath Volume挂载到容器中。</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="kubectl">
<span id="kubectl"></span><h2>配置kubectl<a class="headerlink" href="#kubectl" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="kubectl">
<span id="id3"></span><h3>安装kubectl<a class="headerlink" href="#kubectl" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># OS X
curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/darwin/amd64/kubectl

# Linux
curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/linux/amd64/kubectl

# Windows
curl -LO https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/$(curl -s https://storage.googleapis.com/kubernetes-release/release/stable.txt)/bin/windows/amd64/kubectl.exe
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="kubectlkubernetes">
<span id="kubectlkubernetes"></span><h3>配置kubectl访问你的kubernetes集群<a class="headerlink" href="#kubectlkubernetes" title="永久链接至标题">¶</a></h3>
<p>编辑<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">~/.kube/config</span></code>这个配置文件，修改<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Master-IP</span></code>的地址。如果使用SSL认证，则需要配置<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">certificate-authority</span></code>和<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">users</span></code>中的用户证书。如果是使用非SSL方式访问（比如通过8080端口），也可以去掉这些证书的配置。</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">apiVersion</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">v1</span>
<span class="n">clusters</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">cluster</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">certificate</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">authority</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ca</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crt</span>
    <span class="n">server</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Master</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">IP</span><span class="p">]:</span><span class="mi">443</span>
  <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">minikube</span>
<span class="n">contexts</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">context</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">cluster</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">minikube</span>
    <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">minikube</span>
  <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">minikube</span>
<span class="n">current</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">context</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">minikube</span>
<span class="n">kind</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Config</span>
<span class="n">preferences</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
<span class="n">users</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">minikube</span>
  <span class="n">user</span><span class="p">:</span>
    <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">certificate</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">to</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">apiserver</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">crt</span>
    <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Users</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">wuyi</span><span class="o">/.</span><span class="n">minikube</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">apiserver</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">key</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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