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    <title>PyDataProvider2的使用 &#8212; PaddlePaddle  documentation</title>
    
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  <div class="section" id="pydataprovider2">
<h1>PyDataProvider2的使用<a class="headerlink" href="#pydataprovider2" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>PyDataProvider是PaddlePaddle使用Python提供数据的推荐接口。使用该接口用户可以只关注如何
从文件中读取每一条数据，而不用关心数据如何传输给PaddlePaddle，数据如何存储等等。该数据
接口使用多线程读取数据，并提供了简单的Cache功能。</p>
<div class="section" id="id1">
<h2>简单的使用场景<a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>这里以MNIST手写识别为例，来说明简单的PyDataProvider如何使用。MNIST是一个包含有
70,000张灰度图片的数字分类数据集。对于MNIST而言，标签是0-9的数字，而特征即为
28*28的像素灰度值。这里我们使用简单的文本文件表示MNIST图片，样例数据如下。</p>
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class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.588235</span> <span class="mf">0.776471</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.945098</span> <span class="mf">0.560784</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.054902</span> <span class="mf">0.952941</span> <span class="mf">0.356863</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.337255</span> <span class="mf">0.917647</span> <span class="mf">0.109804</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.698039</span> <span class="mf">0.701961</span> <span class="mf">0.019608</span> <span class="mf">0.4</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.662745</span> <span class="mf">0.376471</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.090196</span> <span class="mf">0.639216</span> <span class="mf">0.972549</span> <span class="mf">0.945098</span> <span class="mf">0.913725</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.007843</span> <span class="mf">0.105882</span> <span class="mf">0.717647</span> <span class="mf">0.776471</span> <span class="mf">0.905882</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.988235</span> <span class="mf">0.980392</span> <span class="mf">0.862745</span> <span class="mf">0.537255</span> <span class="mf">0.223529</span> <span class="mf">0.223529</span> <span class="mf">0.368627</span> <span class="mf">0.376471</span> <span class="mf">0.6</span> <span class="mf">0.6</span> <span class="mf">0.6</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.262745</span> <span class="mf">0.470588</span> <span class="mf">0.6</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.996078</span> <span class="mf">0.847059</span> <span class="mf">0.356863</span> <span class="mf">0.156863</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.909804</span> <span class="mf">0.705882</span> <span class="mf">0.823529</span> <span class="mf">0.635294</span> <span class="mf">0.490196</span> <span class="mf">0.219608</span> <span class="mf">0.113725</span> <span class="mf">0.062745</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mf">0.152941</span> <span class="mf">0.152941</span> <span class="mf">0.156863</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>其数据使用;间隔，第一段数据为这张图片的label，第二段数据为这个图片的像素值。
首先我们将这个数据文件(例如文件名是&#8217;mnist_train.txt&#8217;)写入train.list。那么
train.list即为</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">mnist_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">txt</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>那么对应的dataprovider既为</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre> 1
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22</pre></div></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>


<span class="c1"># Define a py data provider</span>
<span class="nd">@provider</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">input_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">dense_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">28</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">integer_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>  <span class="c1"># settings is not used currently.</span>
    <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># open one of training file</span>

    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>  <span class="c1"># read each line</span>
        <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pixel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c1"># get features and label</span>
        <span class="n">pixels_str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pixel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">pixels_float</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">each_pixel_str</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pixels_str</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">pixels_float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">each_pixel_str</span><span class="p">))</span>

        <span class="c1"># give data to paddle.</span>
        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">pixels_float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># close file</span>
</pre></div>
</td></tr></table></div>
<p>其中第一行是引入PaddlePaddle的PyDataProvider2包。主要函数是process函数。process函数
具有两个参数，第一个参数是 settings 。这个参数在这个样例里没有使用，具
体可以参考 settings 。第二个参数是filename，这个参数被PaddlePaddle进程传入，为
train.list中的一行(即train.list若干数据文件路径的某一个路径)。</p>
<p><code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;provider</span></code> 是一个Python的 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.learnpython.org/en/Decorators">Decorator</a>
。这行的作用是设置DataProvider的一些属性，并且标记process函数是一个DataProvider。
如果不了解 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.learnpython.org/en/Decorators">Decorator</a> 是什么也没关系，
只需要知道这只是一个标记属性的方法就可以了。</p>
<p>属性 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 是设置这个DataProvider返回什么样的数据。这里设置的是返回一个
28*28的稠密向量和一个[0-9]，10维的整数值。 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 具体可以设置成什么其他格
式，请参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 的文档。</p>
<p>process函数是实现数据输入的主函数，在这个函数中，实现了打开文本文件，从文本文件中读取
每一行，并将每行转换成和 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 一致的特征，并在23行返回给PaddlePaddle进程。需要注意
的是， 返回的顺序需要和 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 中定义的顺序一致。</p>
<p>同时，返回数据在PaddlePaddle中是仅仅返回一条完整的训练样本，并且使用关键词 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> 。
在PyDataProvider中，可以为一个数据文件返回多条训练样本(就像这个样例一样)，只需要在
process函数调用多次 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> 即可。 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">yield</span></code> 是Python的一个关键词，相关的概
念是 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">generator</span></code> 。使用这个关键词，可以在一个函数里，多次返回变量。</p>
<p>在训练配置里，只需要使用一行代码即可以设置训练引用这个DataProvider。这个设置为</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer_config_helpers</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>

<span class="n">define_py_data_sources2</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">train_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;train.list&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">test_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;mnist_provider&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;process&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">img</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_layer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;pixel&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">784</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">label</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_layer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这里说明了训练数据是 &#8216;train.list&#8217;，而没有测试数据。引用的DataProvider是 &#8216;mnist_provider&#8217;
这个模块中的 &#8216;process&#8217; 函数。</p>
<p>同时，根据模型配置文件中 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">data_layer</span></code> 的名字，用户也可以显式指定返回的数据对应关系。例如:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><table class="highlighttable"><tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre> 1
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24</pre></div></td><td class="code"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>


<span class="c1"># Define a py data provider</span>
<span class="nd">@provider</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">input_types</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;pixel&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dense_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">28</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">28</span><span class="p">),</span>
                 <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">integer_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)})</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>  <span class="c1"># settings is not used currently.</span>
    <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># open one of training file</span>

    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>  <span class="c1"># read each line</span>
        <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pixel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;;&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="c1"># get features and label</span>
        <span class="n">pixels_str</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">pixel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

        <span class="n">pixels_float</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">each_pixel_str</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">pixels_str</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="n">pixels_float</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">each_pixel_str</span><span class="p">))</span>

        <span class="c1"># give data to paddle.</span>
        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;pixel&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">pixels_float</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;label&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)}</span>

    <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># close file</span>
</pre></div>
</td></tr></table></div>
<p>如果用户不指定返回数据的对应关系，那么PaddlePaddle会粗略的根据layer的声明顺序，
来确定对应关系。这个对应关系可能不正确。所以推荐使用显式指定返回值和数据对应关系。</p>
<p>至此，简单的PyDataProvider样例就说明完毕了。对于用户来说，讲数据发送给PaddlePaddle，仅仅需要
知道如何从 <strong>一个文件</strong> 里面读取 <strong>一条</strong> 样本。而PaddlePaddle进程帮助用户做了</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>将数据组合成Batch训练</li>
<li>Shuffle训练数据</li>
<li>多线程数据读取</li>
<li>缓存训练数据到内存(可选)</li>
<li>CPU-&gt;GPU双缓存</li>
</ul>
<p>是不是很简单呢？</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id3">
<h2>序列模型数据提供<a class="headerlink" href="#id3" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>序列模型是指数据的某一维度是一个序列形式，即包含时间步信息。所谓时间步信息，
不一定和时间有关系，只是说明数据的顺序是重要的。例如，文本信息就是一个序列
数据。</p>
<p>这里举例的数据是英文情感分类的数据。数据是给一段英文文本，分类成正面情绪和
负面情绪两类(用0和1表示)。样例数据为</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">0</span>       <span class="n">I</span> <span class="n">saw</span> <span class="n">this</span> <span class="n">movie</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">AFI</span> <span class="n">Dallas</span> <span class="n">festival</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">It</span> <span class="nb">all</span> <span class="n">takes</span> <span class="n">place</span> <span class="n">at</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">lake</span> <span class="n">house</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="n">looks</span> <span class="n">wonderful</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="mi">1</span>       <span class="n">This</span> <span class="n">documentary</span> <span class="n">makes</span> <span class="n">you</span> <span class="n">travel</span> <span class="nb">all</span> <span class="n">around</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">globe</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="n">It</span> <span class="n">contains</span> <span class="n">rare</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">stunning</span> <span class="n">sequels</span> <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">the</span> <span class="n">wilderness</span> <span class="o">.</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这里，DataProvider可以是</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer.PyDataProvider2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>


<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">on_init</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># on_init will invoke when data provider is initialized. The dictionary</span>
    <span class="c1"># is passed from trainer_config, and is a dict object with type</span>
    <span class="c1"># (word string =&gt; word id).</span>

    <span class="c1"># set input types in runtime. It will do the same thing as</span>
    <span class="c1"># @provider(input_types) will do, but it is set dynamically during runtime.</span>
    <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">input_types</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
        <span class="c1"># The text is a sequence of integer values, and each value is a word id.</span>
        <span class="c1"># The whole sequence is the sentences that we want to predict its</span>
        <span class="c1"># sentimental.</span>
        <span class="n">integer_value</span><span class="p">(</span>
            <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">seq_type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">SequenceType</span><span class="p">),</span>  <span class="c1"># text input</span>

        <span class="c1"># label positive/negative</span>
        <span class="n">integer_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="p">]</span>

    <span class="c1"># save dictionary as settings.dictionary. It will be used in process</span>
    <span class="c1"># method.</span>
    <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span>


<span class="nd">@provider</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">init_hook</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">on_init</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">filename</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>  <span class="c1"># read each line of file</span>
        <span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sentence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="se">\t</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># get label and sentence</span>
        <span class="n">words</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sentence</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39; &#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># get words</span>

        <span class="c1"># convert word string to word id</span>
        <span class="c1"># the word not in dictionary will be ignored.</span>
        <span class="n">word_ids</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>

        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">each_word</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">words</span><span class="p">:</span>
            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">each_word</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">:</span>
                <span class="n">word_ids</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">settings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dictionary</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">each_word</span><span class="p">])</span>

        <span class="c1"># give data to paddle.</span>
        <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">word_ids</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这个序列模型比较复杂。主要是增加了初始化机制。其中 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_init</span></code> 函数是使用
<a class="reference internal" href="#provider">&#64;provider</a> 中的 <a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook">init_hook</a> 配置参数配置给DataProvider的。这个函数会在
DataProvider创建的时候执行。这个初始化函数具有如下参数:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>第一个参数是 settings 对象。</li>
<li>其他参数均使用key word argument形式传入。有部分参数是Paddle自动生成的，
参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook">init_hook</a> 。这里的 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">dictionary</span></code> 是从训练配置传入的dict对象。
即从单词字符串到单词id的字典。</li>
</ul>
<p>传入这个变量的方式为</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">paddle.trainer_config_helpers</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="o">*</span>

<span class="n">dictionary</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="o">...</span>  <span class="c1">#  read dictionary from outside</span>

<span class="n">define_py_data_sources2</span><span class="p">(</span>
    <span class="n">train_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;train.list&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">test_list</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">module</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;sentimental_provider&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;process&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
    <span class="c1"># above codes same as mnist sample.</span>
    <span class="n">args</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span>  <span class="c1"># pass to provider.</span>
        <span class="s1">&#39;dictionary&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">dictionary</span>
    <span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这个声明基本上和mnist的样例一致。除了</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>在配置中读取了字典</li>
<li>在声明DataProvider的时候传入了dictionary作为参数。</li>
</ul>
<p>在 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_init</span></code> 函数中，配置了 <cite>input_types</cite> 。这个和在 <a class="reference internal" href="#provider">&#64;provider</a> 中配置
<cite>input_types</cite> 效果一致，但是在 <cite>on_init</cite> 中配置 <cite>input_types</cite> 是在运行时执行的，所以
可以根据不同的数据配置不同的输入类型。这里的输入特征是词id的序列，所以将 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">seq_type</span></code>
设置成了序列(同时，也可以使用 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">integer_sequence</span></code> 类型来设置)。</p>
<p>同时，将字典存入了settings 对象。这个字典可以在 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code> 函数中使用。 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code>
函数中的 settings 和 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_init</span></code> 中的settings 是同一个对象。</p>
<p>而在 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">process</span></code> 函数中，基本的处理逻辑也和mnist逻辑一致。依次返回了文件中的每条数据。</p>
<p>至此，基本的PyDataProvider使用介绍完毕了。具体DataProvider还具有什么功能，请参考下节reference。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="reference">
<h2>参考(Reference)<a class="headerlink" href="#reference" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="provider">
<h3>&#64;provider<a class="headerlink" href="#provider" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">&#64;provider</span></code> 是一个Python的 <a class="reference external" href="http://www.learnpython.org/en/Decorators">Decorator</a> ，他可以将某一个函数标记成一个PyDataProvider。它包含的参数有:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 是数据输入格式。具体有哪些格式，参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a> 。</li>
<li>should_shuffle 是个DataProvider是不是要做shuffle，如果不设置的话，训练的时候默认shuffle，
测试的时候默认不shuffle。</li>
<li>min_pool_size 是设置DataProvider在内存中最小暂存的数据条数。这个也是PaddlePaddle所能够保证的shuffle粒度。
设置成-1的话，会预先读取全部数据到内存中。</li>
<li>pool_size 是设置DataProvider在内存中暂存的数据条数。设置成-1的话，即不在乎内存暂存多少条数据。</li>
<li>can_over_batch_size 表示是否允许Paddle暂存略微多余pool_size的数据。这样做可以避免很多死锁问题。
一般推荐设置成True</li>
<li>calc_batch_size 传入的是一个函数，这个函数以一条数据为参数，返回batch_size的大小。默认情况下一条数据
是一个batch size，但是有时为了计算均衡性，可以将一条数据设置成多个batch size</li>
<li>cache 是数据缓存的策略，参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#cache">cache</a></li>
<li>init_hook 是初始化时调用的函数，参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#init-hook">init_hook</a></li>
<li>check 设置成true的话，会根据input_types检查数据的合法性。</li>
<li>check_fail_continue 如果设置成true的话，即使在check中数据不合法，也会扔到这条数据，继续训练。 如果
check是false的话，没有作用。</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="input-types">
<h3>input_types<a class="headerlink" href="#input-types" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle的数据包括四种主要类型，和三种序列模式。其中，四种数据类型是</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>dense_vector 表示稠密的浮点数向量。</li>
<li>sparse_binary_vector 表示稀疏的零一向量，即大部分值为0，有值的位置只能取1</li>
<li>sparse_float_vector 表示稀疏的向量，即大部分值为0，有值的部分可以是任何浮点数</li>
<li>integer 表示整数标签。</li>
</ul>
<p>而三种序列模式为</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>SequenceType.NO_SEQUENCE 即不是一条序列</li>
<li>SequenceType.SEQUENCE 即是一条时间序列</li>
<li>SequenceType.SUB_SEQUENCE 即是一条时间序列，且序列的每一个元素还是一个时间序列。</li>
</ul>
<p>不同的数据类型和序列模式返回的格式不同，列表如下</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="17%" />
<col width="17%" />
<col width="28%" />
<col width="38%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">&nbsp;</th>
<th class="head">NO_SEQUENCE</th>
<th class="head">SEQUENCE</th>
<th class="head">SUB_SEQUENCE</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>dense_vector</td>
<td>[f, f, ...]</td>
<td>[[f, ...], [f, ...], ...]</td>
<td>[[[f, ...], ...], [[f, ...], ...],...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>sparse_binary_vector</td>
<td>[i, i, ...]</td>
<td>[[i, ...], [i, ...], ...]</td>
<td>[[[i, ...], ...], [[i, ...], ...],...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>sparse_float_vector</td>
<td>[(i,f), (i,f), ...]</td>
<td>[[(i,f), ...], [(i,f), ...], ...]</td>
<td>[[[(i,f), ...], ...], [[(i,f), ...], ...],...]</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>integer_value</td>
<td>i</td>
<td>[i, i, ...]</td>
<td>[[i, ...], [i, ...], ...]</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>其中，f代表一个浮点数，i代表一个整数。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="init-hook">
<h3>init_hook<a class="headerlink" href="#init-hook" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>init_hook可以传入一个函数。这个函数在初始化的时候会被调用。这个函数的参数是:</p>
<ul>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>第一个参数是 settings 对象。这个对象和process的第一个参数一致。具有的属性有</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last simple">
<li>settings.input_types 设置输入类型。参考 <a class="reference internal" href="#input-types">input_types</a></li>
<li>settings.logger 一个logging对象</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>其他参数都使用key word argument传入。这些参数包括paddle定义的参数，和用户传入的参数。</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last">
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>Paddle定义的参数包括:</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last simple">
<li>is_train bool参数，表示这个DataProvider是训练用的DataProvider或者测试用的
DataProvider</li>
<li>file_list 所有文件列表。</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><p class="first">用户定义的参数使用args在训练配置中设置。</p>
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ul>
<p>注意，PaddlePaddle保留添加参数的权力，所以init_hook尽量使用 <code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code> , 来接受不使用的
函数来保证兼容性。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="cache">
<h3>cache<a class="headerlink" href="#cache" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>DataProvider提供了两种简单的Cache策略。他们是</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>CacheType.NO_CACHE 不缓存任何数据，每次都会从python端读取数据</li>
<li>CacheType.CACHE_PASS_IN_MEM 第一个pass会从python端读取数据，剩下的pass会直接从内存里
读取数据。</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id4">
<h2>注意事项<a class="headerlink" href="#id4" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="section" id="id5">
<h3>可能的内存泄露问题<a class="headerlink" href="#id5" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>PaddlePaddle将train.list中的每一行，都传递给process函数，从而生成多个generator。
即如果train.list中，有100个训练文件，即会生成100个generator。这个本身不是一个很
严重的问题。</p>
<p>但是，如果在训练时，每一条训练数据都是一个文件，并且，训练数据非常多的情况下，就
会生成多个generator。每个generator在没有调用的时候，是几乎不占内存的。但是，当调
用过一次的时候，generator便会存下当前的上下文(Context)。而这个Context可能会非常
大。并且，generator至少调用两次才会知道是否停止。所以，即使在process里面只会有一
个yield，也需要两次随机选择到同样的generator的时候，才会释放该段内存。</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="mi">0</span>

<span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">()</span>  <span class="c1"># 创建generator</span>
<span class="n">tmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># 调用一次，返回0</span>
<span class="n">tmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span>  <span class="c1"># 调用第二次的时候，才会Stop Iteration</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>而如果按顺序调用这些generator就不会出现这个问题。</p>
<p>所以最佳实践推荐不要将每一个样本都放入train.list。而是将样本的地址放入另一个文本
文件，train.list写入那个文本文件的地址。 或者在python generator的上下文中尽量留
下非常少的变量引用。例如</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">real_process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="c1"># ... read from fn</span>
    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span>   <span class="c1"># 当函数返回的时候，python可以解除掉内部变量的引用。</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">real_process</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fn</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>这个问题是PyDataProvider读数据时候的逻辑问题，基本上不能整体修正。</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="id6">
<h3>内存不够用的情况<a class="headerlink" href="#id6" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>PyDataProvider2会尽量使用内存。所以如果对于内存比较小的机器，推荐设置
<code class="code docutils literal"><span class="pre">pool_size</span></code> 变量，而这个变量推荐大于训练的batch size，并且在内存足够
的情况下越大越好。</p>
</div>
</div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">PyDataProvider2的使用</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id1">简单的使用场景</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id3">序列模型数据提供</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference">参考(Reference)</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#provider">&#64;provider</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id5">可能的内存泄露问题</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#id6">内存不够用的情况</a></li>
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